Study Of Thyroid Disorders Research Articles

Study of thyroid disorders in pregnancy and their effects on feto-maternal outcomes

The second most common endocrine disease that occurs during pregnancy is thyroid disease. Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction can lead to adverse effects on both the fetus and the mother. Thyroid diseases during pregnancy affect maternal outcomes and neuropsychological development of the fetus. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of thyroid disorders on maternal health and its maternal and perinatal outcomes and to formulate a plan for the management of thyroid disorders in pregnancy. This prospective observational study involved 165 pregnant women. They will be assessed using thyroid function tests, and patients with deranged thyroid function will be treated and followed up. Pregnancy and outcomes were recorded. The findings of this research will offer important new information regarding possible side effects linked to thyroid issues in mothers as well as the clear advantages of therapy. Maternal thyroid diseases have several risk factors in addition to clear advantages of treatment.

Study of thyroid disorders in ankylosing spondylitis patients on anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a systemic rheumatic disease characterized mainly by involvement of sacroiliac joints and axial skeleton. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors are biologic agents which are Food and Drug Administration approved to treat AS and also act as a key factor in the treatment of autoimmune thyroid disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the thyroid gland disorders (functions and thyroid autoantibodies) in AS patients on anti-TNF-α biologics and their relation to disease activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This comparative cross-sectional study included 75 AS patients classified into two groups: Group I: treated with NSAIDs (n = 30) and Group II: treated with anti-TNF-α biologics (n = 45). Thyroid function tests, thyroid autoantibodies, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and human leukocytic antigen B27 were measured. AS disease activity was assessed by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) scores. Thyroid ultrasonography was used to detect any thyroid gland nodularity and echogenicity. RESULTS: There were significant differences between both groups regarding BASDAI (P = 0.005), CRP (P = 0.005), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (P = 0.001), and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) (P = 0.007). A significant difference was found regarding the thyroid status, with more normal thyroid and more hyperthyroid patients in the anti-TNF-treated group (P = 0.003). There were statistically significant positive correlations between BASDAI and CRP (P = 0.007), TSH (P = 0.004), and thyroid anti-TPO antibody (P = 0.008) in the anti-TNF-treated patients. By ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, 75.6% of the anti-TNF group had normal thyroid gland compared to 56.6% of the other group, and the reported nodules were mostly of benign TIRADS classification. Comparing different subgroups of thyroid nodularity with different treatment regimens revealed significant differences in BASDAI and different laboratory investigations in favor of the anti-TNF-treated patients. CONCLUSION: From this cohort study, we can conclude that thyroid autoimmune disease and thyroid nodules in AS patients can be controlled by treatment with anti-TNF-α biologic drugs better than NSAIDs alone.

Study of thyroid disorders in vitiligo.

Vitiligo, an acquired sometimes familial depigmentary disorder of the skin and hair that results from selective destruction of melanocytes or pigment cells. It is the single most important non-neo plastic disease that involves both the immune system and melanocytes which are subsequently destroyed and the affected area turns pale and becomes white. The prevalence of the disease is between 1% and 2% in general population. It is a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Over 90 vitiligo patients attending Dermatology OPD and vitiligo clinic are enrolled in the study. About 35 apparently healthy, age and sex matched individuals are selected to serve as control. A prescribed proforma containing all the demographic data, relevant questionnaire were recorded for each and every case with brief clinical history suggestive of any thyroid disease as well as those referred by the clinicians. P value <0.05 is considered significant. The Quantitative Determination of Thyroglobulin (Tg) Autoantibodies in Human Serum or Plasma by a Microplate Enzyme Immunoassay. Vitiligo group, thirty four (37.78%) patients have clinical hypothyroidism while 9 (10%) patients have clinical hyperthyroidism. This difference in the distribution is statistically significant (P < 0.05) with a Chi-square value of 10.08. The data are entered, analyzed and computed with SPSS version 15 software and well-known statistical test like Chi-square, students' 't' test have been advocated wherever found applicable. P value <0.05 is considered significant. There is increased incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases among vitiligo patients. The reason being vitiligo usually precedes the onset of thyroid dysfunction.

Study of Thyroid Disorders in Women with AUB in A Medial College in Rural Area of Jabalpur (M.P.)

Study of Thyroid Disorders in Women with AUB in A Medial College in Rural Area of Jabalpur (M.P.)

Etiological Study of Thyroid Disorders in the Foot Hill Settlements of Pir Panjal Range

Objectives: Fatigue and unrefreshing sleep are symptoms of fibromyalgia and part of its diagnostic criteria. The literature is inconsistent regarding the prevalence of sleep disorders in fibromyalgia. The purpose of the study was to determine if obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was more common in patients with fibromyalgia than in a general internal medicine clinic population. Methods: The records of 500 patients seen in a fibromyalgia clinic who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia were compared with 500 patients seen in a general internal medicine clinic who did not have the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. The presence of a diagnosis of OSA was abstracted from each record. Patients were matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. Pearson χ2 test and Fisher exact test were used for analysis. Results: OSA was significantly more common in patients presenting to a fibromyalgia clinic compared with the patient population lacking the fibromyalgia diagnosis. This finding was independent of body mass index in overweight and moderately obese cohorts. Conclusion: Patients with fibromyalgia should be screened for OSA because treatment of sleep disorders may help with symptoms of fatigue and unrefreshing sleep.

Etiological Study of Thyroid Disorders in the Foot Hill Settlements of Pir Panjal Range

The present research work is an attempt to find out the concentration of Iodine (I) in soil and water phases of the natural environment and its relationship with the human health in the foot hill settlements of Pir Panjal Range in Anantnag district of Kashmir valley. Also, socio-economic determinants of health were taken into due account. Firstly, the area was divided into altitudinal zones and soils classes. Then, the soil and water samples were taken from each soil type in each altitudinal zone and were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The socio-economic character of the area was analyzed through surveying the area by using structured household schedules. In this area, people rely mostly on locally cultivated food items because of their economic condition. The study highlights that about 19.5%, 42.9% and 37.6% households in the study area have low (Rs. 10,000 month-1) income status respectively. The study reveals that iodine content in all the soil (0.970-1.230 mg kg-1) and water (1.6-4.2 µg L-1) samples in all the altitudinal zones is less than the average values in the world soils (2.8 mg kg-1) and fresh waters (8.7 μg L-1). About 17.6% of the population in sample villages suffers from Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs). These IDDs can be ascribed to the scarcity of iodine in soils and drinking waters (and hence diet), and lifestyle. Attempts have been made to suggest certain remedial measures to minimize the magnitude of IDD sufferers in the study area.

A Comprehensive Metabolic Modeling of Thyroid Pathway in Relation to Thyroid Pathophysiology and Therapeutics

The thyroid pathway represents a complex interaction of different glands for thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyrotropin releasing hormone is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates thyrotropin stimulating hormone gene expression in the pituitary gland. In order to understand the complexity of the thyroid pathways, and using experimental data retrieved from the biomedical literature (e.g., NCBI, HuGE Navigator, Protein Data Bank, and KEGG), we constructed a metabolic map of the thyroid hormone pathway at a molecular level and analyzed it topologically. A total of five hub nodes were predicted in regards to the transcription thyroid receptor (TR), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT 3), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) as being potentially important in study of thyroid disorders and as novel putative therapeutic drug targets. Notably, the thyroid receptor is a highly connected hub node and currently used as a therapeutic target in hypothyroidism. Our analysis represents the first comprehensive description of the thyroid pathway, which pertains to understanding the function of the protein and gene interaction networks. The findings from this study are therefore informative for pathophysiology and rational therapeutics of thyroid disorders.

Technetium-99m in the study of thyroid disorders.

Technetium-99m in the study of thyroid disorders.

The use of radioiodine in the study of thyroid disorders.

Many papers describing techniques for the use of radioiodine as a tracer substance have appeared, notably those of Ansell and Rotblat (1948), Dobyns, Skanse, and Maloof (1949), Pochin (1950), Cassen, Curtis, Reed, and Libby (1951), Bauer, Goodwin, Libby, and Cassen (1952, 1953). The present communication describes procedures which have been carried out at Westminster Hospital (London) in the study of a variety of thyroid disorders. Ansell and Rotblat in their investigations into the uptake of radioiodine by intrathoracic goiters used a heavily shielded counter attached to a mobile x-ray tube stand and provided with means for scanning the neck and chest. Dobyns et al. employed a similar method. In each case the collimating shield of the counter was placed at known positions on the patient and readings were taken. The scintigram was introduced in 1951 by Cassen, Curtis, Reed, and Libby. Although this latter technique has produced interesting results, it involves the use of somewhat complex equipment, which ...

Evaluation of a thyroid panel; practical application of scintillation counter in diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid.

Since I 131 , the eight day, half-life isotope of iodine, became available on a large scale, its uptake by the thyroid gland has been used as a diagnostic test in the study of thyroid disorders. The thyroid uptake or diagnostic tracer study is generally afforded equal importance with the determination of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), the basal metabolic rate, and the serum cholesterol level, the latter mainly in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Recent improvements in instrumentation and particularly the development of the sensitive, gamma detecting scintillation counter 1 have made possible the use of tracer amounts as small as one microcurie of I 131 for studying thyroid function. This amount is about one-hundreth of the dose that has been commonly used in the past and makes it possible, for the first time, to obtain repeat uptake values without exceeding a safe dosage level. This simple and reliable equipment, which is

THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE DETERMINATION IN THYROID DISORDERS*

Interest in the relationship between the phase angle of the electrical impedance of the human body and thyroid disturbances has been prompted by the recent work which Brazier (1), (2), (3), (4) has reported in England. During the past year the American Goiter Society granted Brazier its first award for her contribution to the study of thyroid disorders. Furthermore, at the present time an apparatus of the type described by Brazier is being offered for sale in England as a diagnostic instrument for use in thyroid disease. According to the publication of this author it is possible to follow the clinical course of thyroid disease very accurately, using this electrical measurement as the basis for the estimation of thyroid activity. Since impedance values are little affected by food, activity, menstrual cycle and so forth, it appeared that this measurement might offer decided advantages over metabolic rate determinations. The earliest attempts to measure the impedance of the human body were made with direct c...