Study Of Self-medication Research Articles

Study of self-medication in students belonging to the area of Economic-Administrative Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit

Self-medication is a practice that is misguided by marketing and without permanent monitoring by drug regulatory authorities, which can cause serious damage to the health of the individual, the family and the community. The risks of self-medication occur mainly when the patient consumes prescription medicines that are sold freely. For this reason, it is important to know and study this behaviour in our social environment, so that problems can be identified and therefore strategies can be designed to improve the conditions that require it. The study of the practice of self-medication in the university community is of great interest for two fundamental reasons. Firstly, because students will be the most qualified professionals in the future and will possibly exert a certain influence at all levels of their environment, not only professionally but also socially and culturally. Secondly, because the university environment offers multiple possibilities, from the academic and extra-academic sphere, to propose and carry out training, educational, informative and informative actions on the issue of self-medication.

Statistical Study of Self Medication with OTC and Antibiotics in three major cities of Pakistan

Aim: To discover the frequency of self-medicine with antibiotics/OTC amongst population of 3 metro cities of Pakistan (Lahore, Multan, and Islamabad). Methods: As we realize that antibiotic resistance has the ability to have an effect on humans at any level of life, in addition to the healthcare, veterinary, and agriculture industries, making it one of the global’s most pressing public health issues. There are a couple of motives for resistance and the maximum not unusual are self-medication and pharma industries antibiotic wastage without remedy. The survey used was primarily based on a cross-Sectional examine that's used to collect data on a populace at a single factor in time. Results: The material required for this survey covered Performa containing a list of questions concerning self-medicinal drug with OTC drugs and antibiotics. One hundred patients from every metropolis have been interviewed in line with the Performa/ questionnaire. Conclusion: This survey indicated want for energetic involvement of health care experts, specially physicians and pharmacists, in educating and counseling the populace approximately the safe utilization of medication, even though it is hard to eliminate self-remedy practice legal rules can be made approximately the sale of OTC pills and antibiotics so as to maximize the exercise of rational use of medication. Keywords: Antibiotics, Prescription, Health Care, Rational, Wastage

The Role of Multidimensional Poverty in Antibiotic Misuse: A Study of Self-Medication and Non-Adherence in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

Background: Poverty is a proposed driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), influencing inappropriate antibiotic (AB) use in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, at sub-national levels, studies investigating poverty and AB use are sparse and the results inconsistent. Methods: The Holistic Approach to Unravelling Antimicrobial Resistance (HATUA) Consortium collected data from 6,827 patients presenting with urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Using Bayesian hierarchical modelling, we investigated the association between multidimensional poverty and self-reported AB self-medication and treatment non-adherence (skipping a dose and not completing the course). We also analysed linked qualitative in-depth patient interviews (IDIs) (n = 82) and unlinked focus group discussions (FGDs) with community members (n = 44 groups). Findings: AB self-medication and non-adherence to treatment courses was significantly more common in the least deprived group compared with those in severe poverty. Adjustment for AB ‘knowledge’, attitudes and socio-demographics diminished the association with self-medication, but not non-adherence. IDIs and FGDs suggested that self-medication and non-adherence are driven by perceived inconvenience of the healthcare system, financial barriers, and ease of unregulated AB access. Interpretation: Structural barriers to optimal AB use exist at all levels of the socioeconomic hierarchy. Inefficiencies in public healthcare may be fuelling alternative antibiotic access points, for those who can afford it. In designing interventions to tackle AMR and reduce AB misuse, the behaviours and needs of wealthier population groups should not be neglected. Funding Information: UK National Institute for Health Research, Medical Research Council and the Department of Health and Social Care. Declaration of Interests: None. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical approval for this project was obtained from the University of St Andrews, UK (No. MD14548, 10/09/19); National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania (No. 2831, updated 26/07/19), CUHAS/BMC research ethics and review committee (No. CREC/266/2018, updated on 02/2019), Mbeya Medical Research and Ethics Committee (No. SZEC-2439/R. A/V.1/303030), Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tanzania (No. 2293, updated 14/08/19). Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (number HS2406, 18/06/18); Makerere University, Uganda (number 514, 25/04/18); and Kenya Medical Research Institute (04/06/19, Scientific and Ethics Review Committee (SERU) number KEMRI/SERU/CMR/P00112/3865 V.1.2). For Uganda, administrative letters of support were obtained from the district health officers to allow the research to be conducted in the respective hospitals and health centres.

Study of Self-medication among First and Seventh Semester Medical and Dental Undergraduate Students of Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Although appropriate self-medication can ease minor illness and is time and costeffective, it can lead to irrational drug use and increased resistance, leading to prolonged morbidity. Inclined towards medical information and drug indices, medical students have an open arena for self-medication practice. This study was conducted to find the prevalence of self-medication among first and seventh semester medical and dental students in a tertiary care hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and dental undergraduates from July 2020 to August 2020 after receiving ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (IRC Approval Number:35/20). A questionnaire was responded to by participants through a google form. Participants were enrolled through the convenience sampling method. Data were collected and entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Out of 199 respondents, the prevalence of self-medication was 100 (50.3%) (46.76-53.84 at 95% Confidence Interval). First semester medical 36 (73.5%) and dental undergraduates 24 (80%) had higher practice. Seventh-semester medical students 14 (51.9%) usually self-medicated within one day of onset of symptoms. Headache 47 (47%) was the most common indication. Analgesics 62 (62%) were most commonly used drugs procured most commonly from pharmacies 114 (57.3%). Dosage form was drug selection criteria for 120 (60.3%) students. Since self-medication is crammed with serious health hazards, proper exposure to the topic should be given to medical, dental students, and pharmacists. The implication of selfmedication into the pharmacology syllabus is a must.

Knowledge Exchange: Collaborative Reflexivity on Self-Medicated Victims of Crime

Collaborative research projects with service providers and their clients are becoming increasingly important for capturing a more comprehensive understanding of criminological matters. This article examines the role of academic—practitioner dialogue and collaboration in framing the concepts and protocols for an empirical study of self-medication among victims of crime. It reflects on the dynamic and nuanced encounters between criminologists, a victim support agency and victims of crime who identified as having self-medicated. Drawing from critical realist reflections on multi-agency partnerships, we offer a discussion of the benefits and hindrances for victims of such engagements, and identify the ethical implications of the practice of victim research and academic—practitioner collaboration. We reflect on the problems of authorisation, empowerment and unexpected outcomes of such research, in particular how the victims in our study appeared to place the researchers on the therapeutic continuum and what this means for victim research.

A study of self medication among the adult people of the Nanded city, western India

Background: Modern medicines are of prime importance to human being and are potentially hazardous when taken indiscriminately in the form of self medication. The main objective was to study the practice of self medication and the common ailments, drugs used, sources of information and the reasons for it.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out on 300 urban adults. From the four zone of Nanded city, one zone was selected by lottery method and from that zone one pharmacy (medical) shop was selected randomly for data collection. Adult people who bought medicines from the selected shop without any prescription were interviewed for information regarding sociodemographic factors like age, sex, residence, education, occupation etc and information about over the counter drug such as which drug they purchased, what was the main symptom of their illness, reasons for not consulting doctor, sources of information about over the counter drug etc. were collected on predesigned and pretested semi structured proforma.Results: Out of 300 study subjects 78.3% were males and 21.7% were females. Maximum study subjects, 39.0% were from 30-39 years of age group and 23% study subjects were educated up to secondary school level. Most common symptom was fever (21%) followed by headache (15%). The commonest category of drug used for self medication was analgesic drugs (27%) and majority of study subjects said pharmacist was the main source of information about OTC drugs (48.7%). 45% study subject stated that reason for self medication was high consultation fees of private doctors.Conclusions: Active age group male members in the family were more involved in self medication and high consultation fees of private doctors was the main reason for not consulting the doctor and practicing self medication.

An epidemiological study of self-medication among urban adults of Aligarh

Background: Self prescribing is usually defined as “medication that is taken on the patient’s own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or lay person.” In developing countries like India, private pharmacies are the predominant drug dispensers and “prescription only” drugs are available for sale in official pharmacies without a prescription. Modern medicament though of prime importance to humanity is potentially hazardous when administered indiscriminately in the form of “self-medication.” Objectives: To study the prevalence and pattern of self-medication among urban adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 424 adults aged 18 years and above residing in registered field practice area of Urban Health Training Centre. The sample was drawn using systematic random sampling with probability proportionate to size. The interview was taken using predesigned and pre-tested questionnaire. Out of 424, 395 adults responded to the questionnaire. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Tests of proportion were used. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was found to be 83%. Pain was the most common symptom for self-medication. The source of drugs was mainly medical store. Lack of time, mild illnesses were the most common reason for not seeking medical advice. The majority of them were unaware of the adverse effects related to self-medication. Conclusion: Higher prevalence, as well as low awareness of side effects of self-medication, was seen. Awareness regarding the adverse consequence related to self-medication should be raised to lower the prevalence of self-medication.

Cross-sex hormone use does not increase cardiovascular risk in young male-to-female transsexuals: a study of self-medication by healthy Thai cabaret dancers

Background: Cross-sex hormone (CSH) use is widespread among transsexuals in Thailand. CSHs are used by male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals for feminization. Objectives: To determine effects of self-medication with CSH on cardiovascular risk biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen (Fb), in Thai MtF transsexuals. Methods: Data were collected from healthy MtF transsexual cabaret dancers in Pattaya city, Thailand, using a questionnaire and descriptive interview. Blood samples were collected to determine lipid profile, CRP, Fb, and sex hormone levels. ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression were analyzed for effects of CSH on biomarkers; comparing CSH users with non-using controls. Results: We grouped 102 MtF transsexual participants (average age 28 years) as CSH (n = 66) and non-hormone using controls (n = 36). Several female and antimale hormonal products were used in CSH self-medication, with an average 12.5-year exposure. In the CSH group, significantly higher HDL with lower CRP levels and a negative correlation between total cholesterol, LDL, and 17?-estradiol were observed. Risk prevalence analysis exhibited lower prevalence of disease susceptibility in the CSH group. Logistic regression accordingly revealed the effect of CSH on CRP levels with odds ratios of 0.26 (CI 0.1–0.68) and 0.34 (CI 0.13–0.93) in crude and adjusted models, respectively. Conclusions: Moderate exposure to low doses of CSH use showed no serious risk or health problems in healthy MtF transsexuals in terms of cardiovascular risk biomarkers. Keywords: C-reactive protein, cardiovascular, estrogen, fibrinogen, male-to-female transsexuals progesterone, testosterone

Self-Medication Prevalence for Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Population Level Determinants

Estimated prevalence of self-medication for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in observational studies differs between studies and it may vary according to population characteristics. We investigated the extent of self-medication use for STD and explored population and study level factors correlated to the variability observed between populations. Medical databases were systematically searched for published studies. Crude prevalence data were extracted. Pooled estimates were calculated using random effects models. Univariate and multivariate meta-regression models with categorical population level covariates were constructed. Of the 35 studies that met the inclusion criteria for all self-medication use, 20 were also included in the analysis of antibiotic only use. There was significant heterogeneity present across prevalence estimates for all self-medication, Q = 3954.82, P <0.001; and among antibiotic only self-medication, Q = 3797.94, P <0.001. In meta-regression analyses, publication year seemed to explain 22.5% of variation among studies of self-medication with antibiotic only. No other significant associations with population or study characteristics were found. No population level factors leading to high levels of self-medication use for STD were identified. Publications before year 2000 seem to present a higher prevalence of antibiotic use for self-medication. Greater risk awareness of antibiotic misuse and improved control of antibiotic availability at population level might explain this result. An analysis of individual level characteristics should indicate which are influential and whether their local prevalence can explain the observed heterogeneity better.

Plants Consumed by Eulemur fulvus in Comoros Islands (Mayotte) and Potential Effects on Intestinal Parasites

The study of self-medication among animals—zoopharmacognosy—is founded on observations that suggest that wild animals use plants with specific biological properties that may be beneficial to them. To verify whether self-vermifugation occurs among Eulemur fulvus in the wild, we studied their feeding behavior in both the dry and humid forests of Mayotte (Comoros Islands). We used the focal individual sampling method over an annual cycle. We conducted a complementary study during the 2-mo mating season, via the scan sampling method (at 10-min intervals). Among the 29 plant species brown lemurs consumed, we tested 16 in vitro as antiparasitic agents on 3 experimental parasite models (Rhabditis pseudoelongata, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba invadens). We obtained crude extracts to be tested after 2 successive chemical extractions (ethyl acetate and methanol), and 7 of them, belonging to 4 different plant species, showed an antiparasitic property: lemurs consumed Annona squamosa and Mimusops comorensis in large amounts, but ingested Ixora cremixora and Syzygium jambos sporadically. The 4 plants were active on the flagellate but only one of them (Ixora cremixora) also demonstrated antinematode properties. Humans use 2 of the plants as intestinal antiparasitic agents in traditional medicine and include numerous other plants in the diet. The relative lake of amoebas and flagellates in stools of Eulemur fulvus may be related to the consumption of plants with antiprotozoal properties. Nevertheless, in the absence of specific behavior that could be linked to a voluntary therapeutic action during our study, self-vermifugation in Eulemur fulvus remains elusive.

An observational study of self-medication of analgesic drugs after caesarean section

An observational study of self-medication of analgesic drugs after caesarean section

Current evidence for self-medication in primates: A multidisciplinary perspective

The study of self-medication in non-human primates sheds new light on the complex interactions of animal, plant and parasite. A variety of non-nutritional plant secondary compounds and nutrient-poor bark is found in the primate diet, but little is yet known about the possible medicinal consequences of their ingestion. Recent studies of the African great apes support a hypothesis in progress that the non-nutritional ingestion of certain plant species aid in the control of parasite infection and provide relief from related gastrointestinal upsets. Detailed behavioral, pharmacological and parasitological investigations of two such behaviors, bitter pith chewing and leaf swallowing, have been conducted on three East African chimpanzee populations, but they are now known to occur widely among all chimpanzee subspecies, as well as bonobos and lowland gorillas. For both bitter pith chewing and leaf swallowing, selection of the same plant species tends to occur among neighboring groups of same ape species. These local cultural traditions of plant selection may be transmitted when females of the same species transfer into non-natal groups. However, selection of the same plant species or species of related plant genera by two sympatric ape species or between regional populations of great ape subspecies strongly suggests a common criteria of medicinal plant selection. This and the intriguing observa- tion that the same medicinal plant is selected by apes and humans with similar illnesses provide insight into the evolution of medicinal behavior in modern humans and the possible nature of self-medication in early hominids. The occurrence of these and other specific self-medicative behaviors, such as fur rubbing and geophagy, in primates and other animal taxa suggest the existence of an underlying mechanism for the recognition and use of plants and soils with common medicinal or functional properties. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 40:171-200, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Self-medicating practices for managing chronic pain after spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injured (SCI) persons often experience chronic pain. Methods of dealing with pain that the SCI client found helpful in the past may not be beneficial after the injury. This article describes a study of self-medication for the purpose of pain relief. Over-the-counter, prescription, or illicit drugs or alcohol are among the agents employed in self-medication. The rehabilitation nurse has a role in helping the SCI person to identify appropriate methods of managing chronic pain throughout life.

A Community Survey of Self-Medication Activities

The objectives of this research were to explore lay medication activities as an aspect of self-managed health care in the Canadian context and to identify the sociodemographic and sociomedical characteristics of those who engage in self-medication. Interview data were collected in 1983 from a random cross-sectional sample of 524 adult residents living in Winnipeg, Canada. Respondents were questioned about the types of medicines they keep in their home (both prescribed and nonprescribed), self-treated symptomatic conditions; recent medication activities, the use of prescribed medicine in self-treated illness episodes, and the use of home remedies. This study contributes to a growing body of international evidence that has demonstrated that self-medication is a vital part of daily self-care behavior. For the most part, the results are comparable to those reported by previous British and U.S. studies of self-medication. Winnipeg residents were found to be active self-care providers who engage in a variety of self-medication practices. The study also illustrates the fact that the altered use of prescribed drugs (particularly by those with higher levels of formal education) is an important aspect of self-medication behavior. These findings have clear implications for health care practitioners.