Study Of Photon Statistics Research Articles

How many photons are needed for FRET imaging?

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging is an essential analytical method in biomedical research. The limited photon-budget experimentally available, however, imposes compromises between spatiotemporal and biochemical resolutions, photodamage and phototoxicity. The study of photon-statistics in biochemical imaging is thus important in guiding the efficient design of instrumentation and assays. Here, we show a comparative analysis of photon-statistics in FRET imaging demonstrating how the precision of FRET imaging varies vastly with imaging parameters. Therefore, we provide analytical and numerical tools for assay optimization. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a very robust technique with excellent photon-efficiencies. However, we show that also intensity-based FRET imaging can reach high precision by utilizing information from both donor and acceptor fluorophores.

Study of photon statistics using a compound Poisson distribution and quadrature measurements

This paper describes the model of a compound Poisson distribution for photon statistics with regard to their bunching in Fock states, thermal states, and others. The method of generating functions is used to calculate the probability distributions, moments, and correlation functions. The parameters of conditional states arising from the subtraction of photons by splitting the beam are determined. The problem of state reconstruction with regard to quadrature quantum measurements is considered. The study is aimed at developing high-precision methods for generating and controlling optical quantum states.

Alternate orderings: A new tool for the study of phase and photon statistics.

A new way to expand an arbitrary boson-field operator into ordered products of creation and annihilation operators is introduced: alternate ordering. A continuous order parameter s characterizes the order and takes the value s=+1 for normal-alternate order, s=0 for symmetric-alternate order, and s=-1 for antinormal-alternate order. All of the alternate moments of a number of well-known states of light are calculated. The expansion of density matrices and operators in terms of alternate products is briefly discussed as well as the relation with the concepts of phase and higher-order phase dependence. Finally, the relevance of the new ordering scheme in the study of photon statistics is outlined and illustrated in the derivation of moment equations for phase-sensitive light amplifiers and absorbers.