Study Of Nitrite Research Articles

The relationship between consumption of nitrite or nitrate and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Epidemiologic studies of the relationship between nitrite or nitrate consumption and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) remain controversial. The current meta-analysis aimed to reexamine the evidence and quantitatively evaluate that relationship. Manuscripts were retrieved from the Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed databases up to May 2019. From the studies included in the review, results were combined and presented as odds ratios (OR). To conduct a dose-response (DR) analysis, studies presenting risk estimates over a series of categories of exposure were selected. Our data indicate that the consumption of nitrite was linked to a significantly increased hazard of NHL (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.14–1.65), rather than nitrate (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.94–1.10). According to Egger’s and Begg’s tests (P > 0.05), there was no evidence of significant publication bias. Moreover, our DR analysis indicated that the risk of NHL grew by 26% for each additional microgram of nitrite consumed in the diet per day (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09–1.42). Through subset analysis of the nitrite studies, data from the high-quality studies indicated that consumption was positively associated with carcinogenicity, leading to NHL (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.17–1.77) and positively correlated with the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.07–2.26), but not other NHL subtypes. In addition, the data suggested that females (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.15–1.95) and high levels of nitrite intake (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.28–2.09) had a higher risk of NHL. Our meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that nitrite intake, but not that of nitrate, raises the risk of developing NHL. In the future, better designed prospective research studies should be conducted to confirm our findings, clarify potential biological mechanisms and instruct clinicians about NHL prophylaxis.

Study of Nitrite in Hamburgers Supplied in Tehran, Iran

One of the food additives that adds color, taste, and protection against micro-organisms is nitrite; however, when nitrite content exceeds a specific level, it acts as a toxic element and may cause cancer. Using chemical preservatives in natural and organic foods is not legal, so that traditional curing agents are used for cured meat. Therefore, using nitrite on hamburgers is not legal. Purpose of the present study is to measure nitrite content of hamburger products in Tehran's market in 2015. To this end, 120 samples were collected randomly and analyzed following Official AOAC Method 973. The results showed that residual nitrite in the sample was at the range 28-100 mg/kg (p<0.001). Nitrite was detected in 83.3% of the samples; which indicated an undesirable condition and failure to observe sodium nitrite standards at hamburger factories.

Urine dipstick test for diagnosing urinary tract infection

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common diseasein children. Approximately 3-5% of girls and 1 % of boys developa UTI. In children, prompt treatment is essential because UTImay be a risk factor for developing renal insufficiency or end stagerenal disease. Howevet; prompt treatment depends on having arapid diagnosis. Urine dipstick testis a useful and commonly usedbecause it is low cost and gives rapid results, compared to urinecultures for diagnosing UTis. However, the diagnostic accuracyof the urine dipstick test is debatable.Objective To compare urine dipstick test (leukocyte esterase,nitrite, and combined leukocyte es terase and nitrite) to urineculture for diagnosing UTis.Methods A diagnostic study was held in H. Adam Malik Hospitalfrom May to June 2010. There were 70 children aged 2 to 14years and recruited by consecutive sampling. Two midstreamurine specimens were collected from subjects after cleaning theexternal urethral orifice. The first specimen was used for urinedipstick testing for leukocyte esterase and nitrite. The secondurine specimen was cultured in the laboratory. Urinalysis forleukocyte esterase and nitrite studies were performed with freshand uncentrifuged urine. Leukocyte esteras e and nitrite causeda change in dipstick color apparent within 2 minutes. Urinalyseswere considered to be positive for UTI if either leukocyte esteraseor nitrite were positive. The results of urine culture were used asthe golden standard.Results The sensitivities of leukocyte esterase and nitratetests were 90 .5% and 73.8%, respectively. However, thesensitivity for combined leukocyte esterase and nitrite testwas 96.4%. Nitrite test was more specific (60.7%) than theleukocyte esterase test (39.3%). The specificity of both teststaken together was 64.3% . For leukocyte esterase alone, nitratealone, and the two combined the positive predictive values(PPV) were 69.1 %, 73.8%, and 64.3.%, respectively, and thenegative predictive values (NPV) were 73.3%, 60.7%, and96.4%, respectively.Conclusion Urine dipstick test for leukocyte esterase and nitritecombined may be a good alternative diagnostic test for UTis inchildren than leukocyte esterase or nitrite by themselves in areaswith limited resources.

Urine dipstick test for diagnosing urinary tract infection

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common diseasein children. Approximately 3-5% of girls and 1 % of boys developa UTI. In children, prompt treatment is essential because UTImay be a risk factor for developing renal insufficiency or end stagerenal disease. Howevet; prompt treatment depends on having arapid diagnosis. Urine dipstick testis a useful and commonly usedbecause it is low cost and gives rapid results, compared to urinecultures for diagnosing UTis. However, the diagnostic accuracyof the urine dipstick test is debatable.Objective To compare urine dipstick test (leukocyte esterase,nitrite, and combined leukocyte es terase and nitrite) to urineculture for diagnosing UTis.Methods A diagnostic study was held in H. Adam Malik Hospitalfrom May to June 2010. There were 70 children aged 2 to 14years and recruited by consecutive sampling. Two midstreamurine specimens were collected from subjects after cleaning theexternal urethral orifice. The first specimen was used for urinedipstick testing for leukocyte esterase and nitrite. The secondurine specimen was cultured in the laboratory. Urinalysis forleukocyte esterase and nitrite studies were performed with freshand uncentrifuged urine. Leukocyte esteras e and nitrite causeda change in dipstick color apparent within 2 minutes. Urinalyseswere considered to be positive for UTI if either leukocyte esteraseor nitrite were positive. The results of urine culture were used asthe golden standard.Results The sensitivities of leukocyte esterase and nitratetests were 90 .5% and 73.8%, respectively. However, thesensitivity for combined leukocyte esterase and nitrite testwas 96.4%. Nitrite test was more specific (60.7%) than theleukocyte esterase test (39.3%). The specificity of both teststaken together was 64.3% . For leukocyte esterase alone, nitratealone, and the two combined the positive predictive values(PPV) were 69.1 %, 73.8%, and 64.3.%, respectively, and thenegative predictive values (NPV) were 73.3%, 60.7%, and96.4%, respectively.Conclusion Urine dipstick test for leukocyte esterase and nitritecombined may be a good alternative diagnostic test for UTis inchildren than leukocyte esterase or nitrite by themselves in areaswith limited resources.

Comparison of Studies on Saccharin and Sodium Nitrite

A review of long term animal studies of saccharin and sodium nitrite was undertaken to assess the effect of variability of selected protocol elements on the results obtained. These elements were divided into 4 general categories: design, including selection of test animals, basal diet, dosage form and doses of test substance, route of administration, and duration of exposure; observations, including gross observations during life and at necropsy, clinical tests, and histopathology; performance, including conduct of the test and animal husbandry; and analytical procedures, including chemical and statistical analyses. Because many of the protocol elements are not fully discussed in study reports, it was often impossible to determine what actually had been done. The review of various saccharin studies suggests that bladder tumors resulted following in utero exposure. In utero exposure with sodium nitrite did not appear to cause reticuloendothelial changes. The numerous variations in protocol elements in the nitrite studies precluded identification of a prime element responsible for the variation in reticuloendothelial changes observed. It can be concluded from this review that achievement of reproducibility in long term studies requires minimal variation of protocol elements for the new study.

Nitrite studies in oesophageal cancer.

As nitrate consumption may have considerable importance for the in vivo formation of nitrites and potentially carcinogenic N-Nitroso compounds, we have studied salivary nitrite levels in patients with oesophageal cancer and adult volunteers before and after administering 100 ml beet juice containing 160 mg nitrate. Initial salivary nitrite levels were slightly lower in the cancer patients, perhaps because of previous malnutrition. In both groups there was a marked increase in salivary nitrite levels 90 minutes after ingesting beet juice and the attained levels in the two groups were similar. The results imply that formation of salivary nitrite is highly dependent on exogenous dietary nitrate and that there is no difference in the capacity to form nitrites between oesophageal cancer patients and healthy adult subjects.