Studies Of Climatic Effects Research Articles

A Study of Climate Effects on Pashto Verse Literature

Climate refers to the weather of a region for a short period of time, which has an impact on literature. In addition to this, we have another term that climate literature refers to. In the past, rural literature or other similar terms were also used for these climate literatures, which were later named climate literature. Here we have added these two types of literature to the systematic section of Pashto literature. The importance of the topic is that no one has studied this part of Pashto literature yet. Our aim was to divert Pashton researchers to this side. The type of research is bibliographic; the research has been done in light of the descriptive and analytical methods. In Pashto poetry, Pashtun poets have written interesting poems about climate change. They have written poems about spring, winter, autumn, and summer. The relationship has also made comparisons. Under the title of climate literature, the mention of political, social, and rural issues has become very good, which forms the basis of climate literature.

Hydrology influences breeding time in the white-throated dipper

BackgroundEarlier breeding is one of the strongest responses to global change in birds and is a key factor determining reproductive success. In most studies of climate effects, the focus has been on large-scale environmental indices or temperature averaged over large geographical areas, neglecting that animals are affected by the local conditions in their home ranges. In riverine ecosystems, climate change is altering the flow regime, in addition to changes resulting from the increasing demand for renewable and clean hydropower. Together with increasing temperatures, this can lead to shifts in the time window available for successful breeding of birds associated with the riverine habitat. Here, we investigated specifically how the environmental conditions at the territory level influence timing of breeding in a passerine bird with an aquatic lifestyle, the white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus. We relate daily river discharge and other important hydrological parameters, to a long-term dataset of breeding phenology (1978–2015) in a natural river system.ResultsDippers bred earlier when winter river discharge and groundwater levels in the weeks prior to breeding were high, and when there was little snow in the catchment area. Breeding was also earlier at lower altitudes, although the effect dramatically declined over the period. This suggests that territories at higher altitudes had more open water in winter later in the study period, which permitted early breeding also here. Unexpectedly, the largest effect inducing earlier breeding time was territory river discharge during the winter months and not immediately prior to breeding. The territory river discharge also increased during the study period.ConclusionsThe observed earlier breeding can thus be interpreted as a response to climate change. Measuring environmental variation at the scale of the territory thus provides detailed information about the interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment.

Non-stationary climate-salmon relationships in the Gulf of Alaska.

Studies of climate effects on ecology often account for non-stationarity in individual physical and biological variables, but rarely allow for non-stationary relationships among variables. Here, we show that non-stationary relationships among physical and biological variables are central to understanding climate effects on salmon (Onchorynchus spp.) in the Gulf of Alaska during 1965-2012. The relative importance of two leading patterns in North Pacific climate, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), changed around 1988/1989 as reflected by changing correlations with leading axes of sea surface temperature variability. Simultaneously, relationships between the PDO and Gulf of Alaska environmental variables weakened, and long-standing temperature-salmon and PDO-salmon covariance declined to zero. We propose a mechanistic explanation for changing climate-salmon relationships in terms of non-stationary atmosphere-ocean interactions coinciding with changing PDO-NPGO relative importance. We also show that regression models assuming stationary climate-salmon relationships are inappropriate over the multidecadal time scale we consider. Relaxing assumptions of stationary relationships markedly improved modelling of climate effects on salmon catches and productivity. Attempts to understand the implications of changing climate patterns in other ecosystems might also be aided by the application of models that allow associations among environmental and biological variables to change over time.

Large-scale climatic effects on traditional Hawaiian fishpond aquaculture.

Aquaculture accounts for almost one-half of global fish consumption. Understanding the regional impact of climate fluctuations on aquaculture production thus is critical for the sustainability of this crucial food resource. The objective of this work was to understand the role of climate fluctuations and climate change in subtropical coastal estuarine environments within the context of aquaculture practices in Heʻeia Fishpond, Oʻahu Island, Hawaiʻi. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study of climate effects on traditional aquaculture systems in the Hawaiian Islands. Data from adjacent weather stations were analyzed together with in situ water quality instrument deployments spanning a 12-year period (November 2004 –November 2016). We found correlations between two periods with extremely high fish mortality at Heʻeia Fishpond (May and October 2009) and slackening trade winds in the week preceding each mortality event, as well as surface water temperatures elevated 2–3°C higher than the background periods (March-December 2009). We posit that the lack of trade wind-driven surface water mixing enhanced surface heating and stratification of the water column, leading to hypoxic conditions and stress on fish populations, which had limited ability to move within net pen enclosures. Elevated water temperature and interruption of trade winds previously have been linked to the onset of El Niño in Hawaiʻi. Our results provide empirical evidence regarding El Niño effects on the coastal ocean, which can inform resource management efforts about potential impact of climate variation on aquaculture production. Finally, we provide recommendations for reducing the impact of warming events on fishponds, as these events are predicted to increase in magnitude and frequency as a consequence of global warming.

Comparative studies of climate effects on polar and subpolar ocean ecosystems, progress in observation and prediction: an introduction

Abstract Drinkwater, K. F., Hunt, G. L. Jr, Astthorsson, O. S., and Head, E. J. H. 2012. Comparative studies of climate effects on polar and subpolar ocean ecosystems, progress in observation and prediction: an introduction. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Background to and content of this part-product of the second ESSAS (Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas) symposium is provided, along with a call for future work of such nature to be continued, expanded, and enhanced, specifically with a view to determining global variations in resources and dynamics attributable to climate change.

Life-history evolution on tropidurinae lizards: influence of lineage, body size and climate.

The study of life history variation is central to the evolutionary theory. In many ectothermic lineages, including lizards, life history traits are plastic and relate to several sources of variation including body size, which is both a factor and a life history trait likely to modulate reproductive parameters. Larger species within a lineage, for example tend to be more fecund and have larger clutch size, but clutch size may also be influenced by climate, independently of body size. Thus, the study of climatic effects on lizard fecundity is mandatory on the current scenario of global climatic change. We asked how body and clutch size have responded to climate through time in a group of tropical lizards, the Tropidurinae, and how these two variables relate to each other. We used both traditional and phylogenetic comparative methods. Body and clutch size are variable within Tropidurinae, and both traits are influenced by phylogenetic position. Across the lineage, species which evolved larger size produce more eggs and neither trait is influenced by temperature components. A climatic component of precipitation, however, relates to larger female body size, and therefore seems to exert an indirect relationship on clutch size. This effect of precipitation on body size is likely a correlate of primary production. A decrease in fecundity is expected for Tropidurinae species on continental landmasses, which are predicted to undergo a decrease in summer rainfall.

Study of climatic effects on peak load and regional similarity of load profiles following disturbances based on data mining

The main climatic factors including temperature and relative humidity, and various disturbances including faults have conspicuous influence on either the trend or short-term variations of system load. It is very useful to acquire better understanding of the influence. This paper applies data-mining techniques to the CLP (China Light and Power) Power database in order to analyze (a) the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the peak load, (b) the cluster of load profiles in various buses in response to disturbances.

Dendrochronology in Pines of Arkansas

The study of climatic effects in trees has two closely related objectives. One seeks to evaluate the importance of the various factors which influence tree growth; the other studies ring widths as an indicator of climatic history. Each of these can well supplement the other. Fundamental differences in emphasis can result, however, from these different objectives. For example, the first problem, which has been extensively treated by botanists, demands an equal study of all forest sites, while the second leads to a search for those special sites which permit the tree-ring series to reveal past climate most clearly. It is this latter, dendrochronologic type which is the approach of this paper. The need of strong crossdating in treering series which are to be studied as climatic indicators has been especially emphasized by Douglass ('20, '41a); the results of his work from the general ecological standpoint have been outlined recently by the writer ('41a). The purpose of the present study is to investigate in some detail the possibilities of crossdating in pines in the state of Arkansas, partly in order to establish a tree-ring chronology of climate for that region, and partly for the light it might cast on the complex problem of dating the moundbuilder and other ruins of the Mississippi Valley by means of the rings in ancient building timbers.