Study Of Acute Respiratory Infections Research Articles

Study of acute respiratory infections in breastfeeding babies up to 2 years

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in less than two years of age. The frequent episodes of ARI need hospitalization of babies which becomes more equivocal to paediatrician /clinician. 94 babies upto 2 years with ARI were studied and compared with the same number of healthy babies (controlled group). Routine blood examination included CBC, ESR, PS, AEC, chest x-ray, and PFT was done only if necessary. The comparison of social-demographic students in both groups included gestational weeks, premature birth, birth weight, cesarean birth, employment of mother, siblings, habits of parents were found to be significant (p<0.001). In breastfeeding comparison 60 (± 3.8) ARI cases, 74 (± 5.3) controlled group and p<0.00. In the comparison of never, breastfed cases 26 (± 32) in RI cases, 14 (± 2.8) in a controlled group, and p<0.00 This pragmatic study has confirmed that malnourished babies are more prone to ARI and needs to be correlated with breastfed babies and nutrition supplementation must be recommended along with treatment.

Surveillance Study of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Incidence in The Pekauman Health Center Work Area

Abstract
 Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease with the highest incidence (1044 cases in 2021) in the work area of ​​Pekauman Health Center, Banjarmasin City. Acute Respiratory Infection disease surveillance activities need to be carried out to obtain an overview of the related factors so that a health promotion program can be planned to control the incidence of the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of ARI based on factors of age, gender, region, and trend of cases in a year. The results obtained that most ARI occurred in the age category ≥5 years (73.27%) and most of them were female (52%). The incidence of ARI per region is known to occur the most in Kelayan Selatan Village (29%) and the highest occurred in December 2021 (15.32%). It was concluded that in formulating health promotion programs, it could be focused on the age group 5 years, female, and mainly carried out in the Kelayan Selatan Sub-District, possibly before December. 
 Keywords. Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI); age; gender; region

370Measuring pneumococcal conjugate vaccine impact in a low-resource setting with minimal baseline data

Abstract Background We aimed to measure 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) impact on various pneumococcal endpoints with minimal baseline data. Methods PCV13 was introduced in October 2013 in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. We implemented studies to evaluate PCV13 impact: retrospective record review of pneumonia cases for three years pre-PCV13; prospective study of acute respiratory infection (ARI) for 4.5 years post-PCV to demonstrate effectiveness against hypoxic pneumonia; invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) surveillance (2004-2019); carriage in children hospitalised with ARI (2013-2019); and community carriage surveys pre- and two years post-PCV13. Results Annual incidence of hospitalized pneumonia pre-PCV13 in children 2-59 months was 1,530 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1,477-1,584) per 100,000. Vaccine effectiveness against hypoxic pneumonia was 37% (95% CI 6-57%). In children <5 years, 85% (11/13) of IPD cases were due to PCV13 serotypes pre-PCV13, and 43% (3/7) post-PCV13; and in individuals ≥5 years, 61% (27/44) and 42% (17/40), respectively. In hospitalised children, vaccine type carriage prevalence reduced from 20.0% (95% CI 15.2-24.9%) in 2013 to 12.8% (95% CI 8.5-17.1%) in 2019 with increasing vaccine coverage. Results were consistent with community carriage studies. Conclusions Despite limited baseline data in Laos, we found evidence of PCV13 impact using a variety of methods. Our approach could be used in similar settings to augment existing WHO guidelines. Key messages A combination of methods may be useful to determine the impact of vaccine introduction in countries with limited surveillance.

Seasonality and clinical impact of human parainfluenza viruses.

BackgroundWidespread availability of rapid diagnostic testing for respiratory viruses allows more in‐depth studies of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV).ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess seasonality of HPIV types 1‐4, clinical outcomes by HPIV type, and risk factors for illness severity.Patients/MethodsThis retrospective study was performed from January 2013 to December 2015 in children and adults with HPIV, detected by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, participating in a community surveillance study of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in New York City and patients admitted to a tertiary care center in the same neighborhood. Seasonality trends by HPIV type were compared between the community and hospital groups. The associations between HPIV type, demographics, clinical characteristics, and illness severity were assessed.ResultsHPIV was detected in 69 (4%) of 1753 community surveillance participants (median age 9.2 years) and 680 hospitalized patients (median age 6.8 years). Seasonality for HPIV types 1‐3 agreed with previously described patterns; HPIV‐4 occurred annually in late summer and fall. In the community cohort, 22 (32%) participants sought medical care, 9 (13%) reported antibiotic use, and 20 (29%) reported ≥1 day of missed work or school. Among hospitalized patients, 24% had ≥4 chronic conditions. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression demonstrated that increased severity of illness was significantly associated with HPIV‐4 and chronic cardiovascular and respiratory conditions in children and with age ≥65 years and chronic respiratory conditions in adults.ConclusionsHPIV‐4 presented late summer and early fall annually and was associated with increased severity of illness in hospitalized children.

Epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Japan and Therapeutic Strategies for Macrolide-Resistant M. pneumoniae.

Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae pneumonia) is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide. The surveillance of M. pneumoniae pneumonia is important for etiological and epidemiological studies of acute respiratory infections. In Japan, nation-wide surveillance of M. pneumoniae pneumonia has been conducted as a part of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID) program. This surveillance started in 1981, and significant increases in the numbers of M. pneumoniae pneumonia patients were noted in 1984, 1988, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2015. The epidemics in 2011 and 2012 were particularly widespread and motivated researchers to conduct detailed epidemiological studies, including genotyping and drug resistance analyses of M. pneumoniae isolates. The genotyping studies based on the p1 gene sequence suggested that the p1 gene type 1 lineage has been dominant in Japan since 2003, including the epidemic period during 2011–2012. However, more detailed p1 typing analysis is required to determine whether the type 2 lineages become more relevant after the dominance of the type 1 lineage. There has been extensive research interest in implications of the p1 gene types on the epidemiology of M. pneumoniae infections. Serological characterizations of sera from patients have provided a glimpse into these associations, showing the presence of type specific antibody in the patient sera. Another important epidemiological issue of M. pneumoniae pneumonia is the emergence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP). MRMPs were noted among clinical isolates in Japan after 2000. At present, the isolation rate of MRMPs from pediatric patients is estimated at 50–90% in Japan, depending on the specific location. In view of the situation, Japanese societies have issued guiding principles for treating M. pneumoniae pneumonia. In these guiding principles, macrolides are still recommended as the first-line drug, however, if the fever does not subside in 48–72 h from first-line drug administration, a change of antibiotics to second-line drugs is recommended.

A comparative clinico-epidemiological study of acute respiratory infections and malnutrition in male and female children of central India

Background: In developing countries like India and many, some of the most commonly seen and prevalent conditions are the Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and Malnutrition in the pediatric age group. It is indeed a necessity of the time to understand the clinic-epidemiological aspects of it and develop an insight, which can help us to assess the ill effects on the child health and strengthen our policy. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in children aged 0-14 years. Children were clinically assessed and diagnosis was made as URTI or LRTI Also anthropometry was performed and accordingly children were divided into categories of No Malnutrition (NM), Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) in ‘under 5’ years age children according to WHO guidelines, whereas children aged ‘above 5’ years were categorized as per the IAP guidelines. Results: On comparing the various socio-demographic aspects and environmental factors the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections was found to be more or less equal in both male and female study subjects. The Anthropometric parameters were also similar and the difference was statistically insignificant. In Under 5 Age group study subjects incidence of SAM was 42.5% in male children as compared to 33.33% female children. In Above 5 age group study subjects 50% female study subjects were normal as compared to 42.10% male children. The incidence of overcrowding was 54.23% in male study subjects as compared to 70.73% female study subjects and the difference was found to be statistically significant as (P=0.04). Conclusions: When comparing male and female study subjects the incidence and association of various socio-demographic and environmental factors is more or less similar without any statistically significant difference. However incidence of SAM is slightly higher in males whereas incidence of MAM is slightly higher in females. Also females having overcrowding in their houses are more prone to pneumonia (LRTI) than males.

Prospective surveillance study of acute respiratory infections, influenza-like illness and seasonal influenza vaccine in a cohort of juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients

BackgroundAcute respiratory infections (ARI) are frequent in children and complications can occur in patients with chronic diseases. We evaluated the frequency and impact of ARI and influenza-like illness (ILI) episodes on disease activity, and the immunogenicity and safety of influenza vaccine in a cohort of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients.MethodsSurveillance of respiratory viruses was conducted in JIA patients during ARI season (March to August) in two consecutive years: 2007 (61 patients) and 2008 (63 patients). Patients with ARI or ILI had respiratory samples collected for virus detection by real time PCR. In 2008, 44 patients were immunized with influenza vaccine. JIA activity index (ACRPed30) was assessed during both surveillance periods. Influenza hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were measured before and 30-40 days after vaccination.ResultsDuring the study period 105 ARI episodes were reported and 26.6% of them were ILI. Of 33 samples collected, 60% were positive for at least one virus. Influenza and rhinovirus were the most frequently detected, in 30% of the samples. Of the 50 JIA flares observed, 20% were temporally associated to ARI. Influenza seroprotection rates were higher than 70% (91-100%) for all strains, and seroconversion rates exceeded 40% (74-93%). In general, response to influenza vaccine was not influenced by therapy or disease activity, but patients using anti-TNF alpha drugs presented lower seroconversion to H1N1 strain. No significant differences were found in ACRPed30 after vaccination and no patient reported ILI for 6 months after vaccination.ConclusionARI episodes are relatively frequent in JIA patients and may have a role triggering JIA flares. Trivalent split influenza vaccine seems to be immunogenic and safe in JIA patients.

Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in young Greenlandic children.

Acute respiratory infections cause considerable morbidity among Inuit children, but there is very little information on the risk factors for these infections in this population. To identify such factors, the authors performed a prospective community-based study of acute respiratory infections in an open cohort of 288 children aged 0-2 years in the town of Sisimiut, Greenland. Between July 1996 and August 1998, children were monitored weekly, and episodes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections were registered. Risk factor analyses were carried out using a multivariate Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Risk factors for upper respiratory tract infections included attending a child-care center (relative risk = 1.7 compared with home care) and sharing a bedroom with adults (relative risk = 2.5 for one adult and 3.1 for two adults). Risk factors for lower respiratory tract infections included being a boy (relative risk = 1.5), attending a child-care center (relative risk = 3.3), exposure to passive smoking (relative risk = 2.1), and sharing a bedroom with children aged 0-5 years (relative risk = 2.0 for two other children). Breastfeeding tended to be protective for lower respiratory tract infections. The population-attributable risk of lower respiratory tract infections associated with passive smoking and child-care centers was 47% and 48%, respectively. The incidence of acute respiratory infections among Inuit children may be reduced substantially through public health measures.

Population-based study of acute respiratory infections in children, Greenland.

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are frequent in Inuit children, in terms of incidence and severity. A cohort of 294 children <2 years of age was formed in Sisimiut, a community on the west coast of Greenland, and followed from 1996 to 1998. Data on ARI were collected during weekly visits at home and child-care centers; visits to the community health center were also recorded. The cohort had respiratory symptoms on 41.6% and fever on 4.9% of surveyed days. The incidence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections was 1.6 episodes and 0.9 episodes per 100 days at risk, respectively. Up to 65% of the episodes of ARI caused activity restriction; 40% led to contact with the health center. Compared with studies from other parts of the world, the incidence of ARI appears to be high in Inuit children.

Epidemiology of influenza virus infections in children with acute respiratory infections in Zambia.

A viral aetiological and epidemiological study of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children was carried out in Lusaka, Zambia between June 1993 and September 1995. A total of 3,760 throat swab specimens were collected for virus isolation from children under 5 years of age who had ARI and were attending three health centres in Lusaka. Between June and November 1993, 52 cases of the influenza A/H3N2 viruses were isolated. Between May and July 1994, 34 influenza B cases were isolated. In 1995, one A/H3N2 influenza virus was isolated in January and then the same type of influenza virus was isolated from 55 samples between June and August. The isolation rate of influenza virus was highest at 14.3% (20/139) in August 1993, at 15.1% (18/119) in June 1994 and at 25.4% (43/169) in July 1995. This is the first report of a consecutive study of influenza virus infections in Zambia and the results reveal that influenza virus infections are one of the most important pathogens of ARI in children in the cool, dry season (June-August) in this country.

A community-based study of acute respiratory infections among preschool children in Syria.

A longitudinal community-based study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children less than 5 years old was carried out in a low income peri-urban area of Syria. A total of 1030 children were followed up by weekly morbidity surveillance for a period of 24 weeks, starting September 1989. The results revealed that, on average, a child suffered 3.4 episodes of ARI per 100 child-days at risk. The average prevalence of ARI was 23 per cent of time of observation. The peak age-specific incidence occurred in children 6-12 months old for cough/cold, and in children 0-5 months for pneumonia. Male children experienced higher incidence and prevalence of ARI. The most frequently reported symptoms were nasal discharge and cough.

Insights from community-based research on child pneumonia in Pakistan.

Although pneumonia is a major cause of death in Pakistan, little is known about community beliefs and practices surrounding the disease. In this study, 35 mothers and four self-trained allopathic practitioners were interviewed in Karachi squatter settlements and rural Punjab. The findings indicate that maternal ideas about chest anatomy and the cause of pneumonia (principally "coldness") are very different from biomedical concepts. Further, mothers judge fast breathing impressionistically and tend to attribute it to fever alone. Nevertheless, they know that it is abnormal and most also link chest indrawing with pneumonia. Only mothers lacking other options take their children to government health facilities. Instead, most turn to private (frequently unlicensed) practitioners, although observation shows that such individuals are unable to diagnose pneumonia correctly and that they build their practices around the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The study demonstrates that the target of ARI education in Pakistan should extend beyond government doctors to mothers and private practitioners as well.

Difficulties encountered in a community-based study of acute respiratory infections in Uruguay.

A cohort study on acute respiratory infections, involving 270 children observed by pediatricians in their homes every 10 days over a period of 32 months, gave the opportunity to experience logistic and methodological problems seldom described in the literature. The purpose of this article is to alert researchers as to the difficulties faced when performing community-based studies in developing countries. Although a carefully planned project was undertaken, problem areas included the establishment of the target population, population dynamics, field related problems, laboratory aspects and data management. It is hoped that other investigators may benefit from the extensive experience gained from our program in foreseeing and coping with the difficulties involved.

Child care practices of mothers: implications for intervention in acute respiratory infections

An epidemiological study of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in an urban community showed poor utilization of available health services. This prompted us to undertake this study to identify determinants of child care practices of mothers through a focus group discussion and survey of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers. The results will form the basis of appropriate health education strategy geared towards control of ARI. They showed that, generally, the mothers were unable to recognize a severe infection. Poor diagnostic ability compounded by a limited knowledge of the appropriate management of varying types or degrees of ARI resulted in inappropriate action. Consequently, there was a high rate of self-medication and a low rate of health service utilization. In addition, there was low compliance with childhood immunizations. With these limitations in the mother's knowledge and practices, an education programme utilizing an informative print material was devised to upgrade the mother's ability to recognize signs of ARI and to improve her management of the condition.

Acute respiratory infections in day care.

A 16-year, longitudinal study of acute respiratory infections was conducted in a day care center. The incidence of infections peaked in the second six months of life (10 per child per year) and declined thereafter. Fewer than 10% of infections involved the lower respiratory tract. The isolation of respiratory viruses was associated closely with illnesses, and viruses appeared to be the most important causes of respiratory infections. Haemophilus influenzae type b was isolated infrequently and caused no invasive disease. Nontypable H. influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated frequently but were not associated epidemiologically with illnesses. Group A streptococci were isolated with moderate frequency but were not a major problem. Although the data presented are an inadequate basis for firm conclusions, they suggest that the incidence of acute respiratory infections during the first year of life is higher among children in day care centers than among those cared for at home but that the incidence in later years is perhaps lower for children who enter day care as infants and remain in day care through the preschool years.

The Virological and Serological Studies of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children

Pediatrics InternationalVolume 11, Issue 2 p. 102-102 The Virological and Serological Studies of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Hitoshi Suzuki, Hitoshi Suzuki Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Prefectural Medical College (Director: Prof. Noriaki Ohara) *Department of Bacteriology, Fukushima Prefectural Medical College (Director: Prof. Tomezo Fujiwara)Search for more papers by this author Hitoshi Suzuki, Hitoshi Suzuki Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Prefectural Medical College (Director: Prof. Noriaki Ohara) *Department of Bacteriology, Fukushima Prefectural Medical College (Director: Prof. Tomezo Fujiwara)Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1969 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.1969.tb02792.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue2December 1969Pages 102-102 RelatedInformation

An aetiological study of respiratory infection in children, Edinburgh City Hospital, 1961–1963

The findings are described of a combined clinical, bacteriological and virological study which included all children admitted to the City Hospital, Edinburgh, with acute respiratory infection and whooping cough during the winters 1961–62 and 1962–63. During the first winter 131 cases aged 0–12 years and in the second winter 133 aged 0–6 years were examined. The respiratory illnesses were divisible into upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, and whooping cough; many of the cases of whooping cough had respiratory complications with bronchitis or pneumonia.Paired sera, a throat swab and a faecal specimen were taken from each child and investigated vircdogically. Over both winters the highest total virus isolation rate was found in the group suffering from upper respiratory disease. Approximately two-thirds of the total number of patients from whom virus was isolated and from whom both acute and convalescent sera were available gave a serological response to the homologous virus; the highest proportion of these patients occurred in the pneumonia and URTI groups. The groups of viruses associated with a fourfold or greater rise in antibodies occurred in the following proportions of the cases: myxovirus 9 %; adeno virus 7 %; entero virus 4 %; herpes simplex 3 %.Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 37 % of patients in 1961–62 and from 49 % in 1962–63,Staph. pyogenesbeing the most common pathogen. Isolation of pneumococci was facilitated during the second year by the examination of a nasal swab. Pre-admission chemotherapy did not significantly alter the bacterial isolation rates. Agglutination studies were carried out on forty clinical cases of whooping cough admitted during the two winters and thirty-two showed significant stable titres toBordetella pertussis; only 9 (18 %) of these cases gave a history of prophylactic immunization.A third of the patients had neither bacterial nor viral pathogens.The findings in this survey illustrate the need for further intensive virological and bacteriological studies of acute respiratory infections in early childhood.

STUDIES OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

Journal Article STUDIES OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS: V. ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE BACTERIOPHAGE FOR PNEUMOCOCCI AND INFLUENZA BACILLI Get access D. H. BRAINARD, D. H. BRAINARD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W. C. NOBLE, JR. W. C. NOBLE, JR. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 21, Issue 1, January 1935, Pages 58–63, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118120 Published: 01 January 1935 Article history Received: 12 January 1934 Published: 01 January 1935

STUDIES OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS*

Journal Article STUDIES OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS: IV. FILTER-PASSING ANAEROBIC BACTERIA FROM CASES OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1928–1929 Get access W. C. NOBLE, Jr., W. C. NOBLE, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. H. BRAINARD D. H. BRAINARD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 20, Issue 1, July 1934, Pages 181–190, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118060 Published: 01 July 1934 Article history Received: 12 January 1934 Published: 01 July 1934