Study Of Language Research Articles

Classifying offensive language in Arabic: a novel taxonomy and dataset

Abstract This paper presents a streamlined taxonomy for categorizing offensive language in Arabic, specifically Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and the Levantine dialect. Addressing a gap in the existing literature, which has mainly focused on Indo-European languages, our taxonomy divides offensive language into seven levels (six explicit and one implicit). We adapted our framework from the simplified offensive language (SOL) taxonomy by (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara, Slavko Žitnik, Anna Bączkowska, Chaya Liebeskind, Jelena Mitrovic & Giedre Valunaite Oleškeviciente. 2021a. Lod-connected offensive language ontology and tagset enrichment. In Shubert R. Carvalho & Renato R. Souza (eds.), Proceedings of the workshops and tutorials held at ldk 2021 co-located with the 3rd language, data and knowledge conference, Vol. 3064, 135–150. CEUR Workshop Proceedings), customizing it to reflect the unique linguistic and cultural nuances of Arabic. To validate this taxonomy, we created a new dataset from various social media platforms, primarily focusing on Twitter. This dataset was manually curated by human annotators and is described in detail within the paper, serving as both a validation tool for our taxonomy and a foundation for future research on offensive language detection in Arabic. Initial analysis of the dataset reveals complex patterns of offensive expressions in MSA and Levantine Arabic, underscoring the need to account for linguistic and cultural variations in studying online abuse. Our taxonomy and dataset are vital for advancing research in Arabic sociocultural studies, natural language processing, and linguistic analysis, and contribute to the study of low-resource languages.

Learner Autonomy Through the Use of ChatGPT by Third-Year Students of English Faculty at University of Foreign Language Studies (UFLS)

This study aimed to investigate the impact of utilizing ChatGPT on learner autonomy of third-year students of Faculty of English at the University of Danang – University of Foreign Language Studies (UD – UFLS). In this research, quantitative methods were employed with a close-ended questionnaire aiming to figure the relationship between student use of ChatGPT and their autonomy. Learner autonomy, in this study, was examined in two aspects, study habits and independence of learning. The survey involved 103 students; the collected data were analyzed statistically to answer the research questions. The study’s results showed that ChatGPT has little impact on the participants’ learning autonomy. However, this tool can be useful for learners’ study habits thanks to its personalized feedback and recommendations. Although our research has provided more insights into the field of technology-assisted language learning, especially learning with the use of ChatGPT, further research on the relationship of learning autonomy and ChatGPT with a larger sample and in a longer time should be conducted to ensure consistency and reliability of the impacts of ChatGPT on learner autonomy.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කඳුකර සිංහල මානව සංස්කෘතිය කොළොන්න කෝරළයේ කඳුකර ගම්මාන ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශීය භාෂාව මත සිදු කරන ලද සංකල්පීයකරණ අධ්‍යයනයක් Sinhalese Hill Culture in Sri Lanka: A Conceptual Study of the Regional Language in Hill Areas of Kolonna Korala

There is a unique cultural significance and identity in the cultural life of the Sinhalese villagers who reside in hill areas of Sabaragamuwa, Uwa and Central provinces. It was observed that this hill culture is different from the Sri Lankan established village. Hill country Sinhalese are entwined with the geographical hill area economically, socially, religiously, agriculturally and politically. Hill country and humans are interconnected with cultural values and factors. This study attempts to study the regional language of hill country culture and introduce it to Sri Lankan academic discourse. It is proposed to explore hill country community as a social structure different from traditional village community. The objective of the study was to identify the cultural identity of hill country community and propose the cultural and theoretical foundation which is necessary to understand their social, economic political and religious needs. This is a qualitative research study conducted using inductive method. Sri Lankan village is recognized with the 'lake, stupa, village, temple' concept. It is the main concept with reference to village in cultural discourse. It was conceptualized by this language study that a hill country village culture was developed in relation to hill country and Sabaragamu hills from a long time. By differentiating this hill country human culture as a new social set, a novel village cultural text could be introduced to Sri Lankan society.

Factors contributing to persistent shoulder pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Protocol for a scoping review

Introduction Rotator cuff (RC) tears are the most common and disabling musculoskeletal ailments among patients with shoulder pain. Although most individuals show improvement in function and pain following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), a subgroup of patients continue to suffer from persistent shoulder pain following the surgical procedure. Identifying these factors is important in planning preoperative management to improve patient outcomes. Objective This scoping review aims to identify biological factors, psychological factors, and social determinants of health contributing to the development of persistent pain in individuals after the ARCR procedure. Inclusion criteria All prospective and retrospective longitudinal studies reporting the risk factors contributing to persistent pain three months or longer after the ARCR surgery will be considered for this scoping review. Methods Our review will adhere to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review methodology. Four electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus will be searched for studies in the English language. Additional studies can be found by conducting a citation analysis of the included studies. Title and abstract screening will be performed by two independent reviewers following the inclusion criteria, a third reviewer will be consulted about any differences. Next, full-text screening will be conducted, and the remaining search results will be reviewed to extract data, as well as to synthesize findings from all research. An overview of findings will be depicted in tabular format accompanied by a narrative summary of various factors contributing to persistent pain.

THE LEXICON OF CONTEMPORARY WAR TIME: COMPRESSIVE PROFESSIONAL SLANG UNITS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

The article seeks to reveal the concept of compressive processes implemented in the professional slang of Ukrainian military people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- of Ukrainian military people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- of Ukrainian military people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- Ukrainian military people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- Ukrainian military people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- military people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- military people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- people and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- and volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- volunteers. It is a conti nuati on of a series of works covering the cur- volunteers. It is a continuation of a series of works covering the cur- rent processes in language and speech. The main focus here is placed on abbreviation and univerbation as the processes able to create compressed modification of nominative units – both analytical, and synthetic, i.e., the processes belonging to internal, speech-based word formation. The topicality of the paper lies in its focus on phenomena that gradually become the history of the Ukrainian language and Slavic studies as a whole, including neologization and adjacent phenomena. Тhe research aims to define the productivity of compressives as units of military discourse, on one hand, and as the emergent linguistic material, on the other. The objectives of the study are as follows: 1) to separate compressives from the traditional derivates; 2) to determine the criteria for distinguishing the main compressive processes – abbreviation and univerbation; 3) to formulate the causes of the emergence of the investigated slang; 4) to give reasoning for the study of compressives in military discourse as a pro- spective research issue. The main research methods include the descriptive and structural ones, as they help demonstrate the specificity of univerbs and abbreviation as instances of speech compression. We have utilized the dis- tributive analysis approach to determine the types of nominative units’ transformation. Military discourse is the field of language functioning that fosters the production of neologisms emerging as a result of different types of compression. It reflects the dynamic nature of military discourse with its need to convey maximum amount of information within the minimum period of time, striving for clearance, laconic forms, and rich content. Within the range of Ukrainian military lexicon under analysis, we single out nouns (formed by means of abbreviation, univerbation, and simulation of univerbation) as well as verbs and their verb forms (which often result from univerbation). The emergence of compressive nominations in question follows the general tendency of lexical nomination towards modifying analytical or complex synthetic units into shorter speech segments, being a universal feature of the current state of the Indo-European languages as a whole.

DMYTRО DONTSOV’S TEXTS IN THE ASPECT OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND LEXICOGRAPHY

Increasingly, computer technologies in linguistics offer their advanced tools to process, store and select language data, which has triggered the fast development of the actual branch of linguistic studies – corpus linguistics. Through the use of large-scale empirical data and advanced computer technologies to reach objective insights into language function, linguistic corpora have quickly become invaluable resources. Data obtained through corpus analysis facilitate the drawing of qualitatively new conclusions about language and highlight research directions that previously received little attention. Despite substantial linguistic work on Dmytro Dontsov’s writings, there still exist a number of questions not studied so far. Among these are compiling a linguistic language corpus as well as a concordance of this prominent thinker, public figure, publicist utilizing modern methods to calculate and fix lexemes in order to identify their attributive collocation. Any available means of programming, facilitating processing language material of a big mass, have been realized to be an undoubtedly productive way to properly perform conceptual analysis and to serve as an additional tool for studying. The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of the unique features of Dmytro Dontsov’s maxims in the aspect of corpus linguistics and lexicography on the basis of the corpus space that forms the linguistic vision of the world and is a source of creating lexicographical pieces of work (concordances, a writing language, a writer language, etc.). We emphasize that the creation of Dmytro Dontsov’s writing concordance has become the subject of corpus linguistics study for the first time. The subject of our study is the writings of Dmytro Dontsov, their lexicographical parametrization which provides all possible words with their description (phonetic, word-creating, grammatical), along with quantitative indices, i.e. it is the result of learning many linguistic disciplines, unified by the dictionary. The methodology of study is the combination of general theoretical methods (analysis, generalization, explanation) with the applied methods of linguistics. Analysis of the studied conception is grounded in “The Spirit of Our Antiquity” text corpus compiled by using the Sketch Engine program. On the basis of the analysis, it is found out that an electronic corpus provides the opportunity to accelerate language study and increase its effectiveness, probability and checkability significantly. The article reveals heuristic potential, practical effectiveness of the corpus and application of concordant technologies in conceptual studies. It was discovered that, the construction of the full concordance of the writings of Dmytro Dontsov will enable showing the picture of the world on the basis of learning the author’s lexical wealth and reproducing his understanding of the political situation. The created concordance is a stage of forming lexicographical works about Dontsov, which provides understanding of stages, methods, principles and peculiarities of compiling Dmytro Dontsov’s writing language dictionary. The multifaceted study of D. Dontsov’s writings is believed to be of importance. The concordance serves as a new material, important for politicians, journalists, teachers, students, for it is an entrance in a system of new words, filling with new ideas, and possibility to perceive the world through the nation-state aspirations of a great thinker. Realization of his project will help to create a political-intellectual product of great importance to offer bright prospects for future linguistic study, whose tasks are supposed to use linguistic material.

Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Systematic Review and Multidisciplinary Treatment Recommendations

Background/Objectives: Acute ischemic stroke is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI). Despite improvements in device technology and procedural techniques, stroke rates have remained stable, with cerebral embolic protection devices demonstrating only limited efficacy to date. Therefore, the management of acute ischemic stroke complicating TAVI (AISCT) remains a key priority. We conducted a systematic review of the management of AISCT and provided multidisciplinary consensus recommendations for optimal management. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to October 2023. All the original studies focusing on the treatment of AISCT were included. Non-English language studies, review articles, and studies in pediatric populations were excluded. Consensus recommendations were made by a working group comprising experts in stroke medicine and structural interventional cardiology. Results: A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 14 case reports/series and 4 observational studies. No clinical trials were identified. The included case reports and series suggest that tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) might be effective strategies for managing AISCT. However, significant bleeding complications were reported in two out of the four patients receiving tPA. Four observational studies also suggest an association between tPA and/or MT and improved functional outcomes and survival compared to conservative management. Higher bleeding rates were reported following tPA. Observational data suggest that there is currently little real-world utilization of either reperfusion strategy. Conclusions: There is an absence of high-quality randomized data to guide clinical decision making in this important area. Observational data suggest reperfusion strategies are associated with improved clinical outcomes once important confounders such as stroke severity have been accounted for. While MT can be recommended as the standard of care in appropriately selected patients, significantly increased rates of bleeding with tPA following large-bore arterial access raise important safety concerns. We present simple clinical guidance for AISCT based on the limited available data. Close multidisciplinary work and patient-specific consideration of ischemic and bleeding risk is essential.

ICT-Based Teaching Aids to Enhance English Language Proficiency of Indian Engineering Students

Technology has provided access to a wide variety of teaching tools, including digital tools like Google Classroom, Quizlet, Zoom, Kahoot, and Nearpod, as well as older technology like radio, television, video, and computers for those who are both teaching and learning the English language. Even before personal computers first became a common household item in the 1990s, many people believed they would revolutionize education, and using computer-based instruction and learning for the study of languages was no exception. Nevertheless, ICT-based English language learning has only recently become available in India. Technology is currently used in many educational institutions to teach subjects like languages. Consequently, technology in general and information and communication technology (ICT) in particular have made it possible for everyone around the globe to learn for themselves. Therefore, the focus of the researchers nowadays is on utilizing particular ICT-based instructional materials to improve the English language skills of engineering students from rural backgrounds. In the modern day, obtaining a job no longer solely depends on subject-matter expertise. Without a doubt, Rural Background Engineering (RBE) students must be skilled communicators in English these days in order to find employment. This paper focuses on the effective use of technology to enhance Indian RBE students English language instruction within a result-focused context. Therefore, integrating technology into language instruction offers clear benefits that pertain to both language education and preparing pupils for today’s information culture.digital tools

Contrastive feature hierarchies and Germanic phonology

Abstract I discuss an analysis of changes in the Scandinavian runic alphabet, or futhark, by Jørgen Rischel (1966). Rischel’s article accounts for some puzzling changes in the futhark by employing contrastive feature hierarchies represented as branching trees. Feature hierarchies can be traced back to the work of Roman Jakobson and his colleagues. They enjoyed a brief period of prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, but then disappeared from mainstream phonological theory. However, they were employed in a number of interesting studies of Germanic and other languages whose insights we can still profit from today. The goal of this paper is to bring attention to this largely forgotten approach to phonological analysis, and to spell out the principles that underlie it.

Exploring Enjoyment and Flow among Monolingual and Bilingual Learners of English

Emotions play a prominent role in foreign language learning, with positive emotions, such as enjoyment, gaining significant attention in recent years. Enjoyment has been identified as a strong predictor of flow experiences as learners progress to more advanced levels in their language studies (Dewaele and MacIntyre 2022). This study aims to explore the factors that trigger enjoyment, which also serve as components of flow as originally defined by Csikszentmihályi (1975). Adopting a qualitative approach within the framework of positive psychology and flow theory, we empirically examined the antecedent conditions of flow in an online sample of 216 language learners from three different settings: two monolingual contexts (Hungary and Poland) and one bilingual context (Transylvania, Romania). We investigated whether there are differences in the experiences of enjoyment and flow between monolingual and bilingual students. Data were collected through online surveys where participants recounted memorable and enjoyable English language learning experiences. Using content analysis, we explored the close connection between enjoyment and flow in learners’ narratives. We described patterns of flow components, which further emphasize the role of enjoyment in language learning. The findings, illustrated by participants’ reports, highlight factors that align with flow states, including a sense of complete involvement in tasks, intense focus, joy, loss of sense of time/place, and spontaneous connection with peers and teachers. The results suggest that while enhanced enjoyment and flow are significant in foreign language learning, they are not necessarily linked to being a bilingual language learner.

Critical Thinking and L2 Learning in the Persian Context: A Meta-analysis

Correlational studies are one of the rich literatures in Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) studies. In the present study, an attempt is made to provide a systematic review of the correlational studies of Critical Thinking (CT) and Second Language (L2) conducted in Iran. The studies were retrieved from both English and Persian indexing sources such as Google Scholar, Noormags, Civilica, and the Scientific Information Database (SID). Thus, the gray literature was not included. The risk of bias in this systematic review was considered and computed. This review followed the fixed stages of the statistical systematic review, and 77 effect sizes out of 53 published studies were identified. After eliminating seven outliers, 70 studies were included in the meta-analysis (N=9,120). The findings uncovered that CT and EFL learning had a remarkable relationship in Iran. The results covered that language proficiency is complex and requires further investigation and distinct L2 learning-related skills were moderators among the included studies. Based on the findings, EFL learners of Master of Arts (M.A.) levels showed higher associations with CT. Since this meta-analysis can be considered one of the pioneers in internationalizing CT in EFL education, this study might be a cornerstone for subsequent steps in the teaching and research of CT in Iranian EFL educational fields. However, the high heterogeneity and potential publication bias underscore the need for cautious interpretation and further research.

The Influence of Vowels on the Identification of Spoken Disyllabic Words in the Malayalam Language for Individuals with Hearing Loss

Background/Objectives: The present study investigates the reasons for better recognition of disyllabic words in Malayalam among individuals with hearing loss. This research was conducted in three experiments. Experiment 1 measured the psychometric properties (slope, intercept, and maximum scores) of disyllabic wordlists. Experiment 2 examined PBmax scores across varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and compared these findings with studies in other Indian and global languages. Experiment 3 analyzed the recognition performance of different vowel combinations across varying degrees of hearing loss. Methods: Experiment 1: Psychometric functions for disyllabic word recognition were derived from 45 individuals with normal hearing. Word recognition was tested in quiet at nine hearing levels ranging from −10 to +40 dB HL. Experiment 2: 1000 participants with SNHL were categorized by hearing loss severity (mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe, and profound). Word recognition scores, including PBmax, were analyzed and compared across severity levels. Experiment 3: Percent error scores for 17 vowel combinations were assessed in 37 participants with SNHL. Ten disyllabic words represented each combination. Results: Disyllabic wordlists showed significantly higher word recognition scores than monosyllabic lists across all degrees of hearing loss. Individuals with mild-to-moderately severe SNHL achieved higher PBmax scores, with performance declining at severe- and profound-loss levels. The higher recognition of disyllabic words was attributed to contextual cues and low-frequency vowel-based information, particularly benefiting those with residual low-frequency hearing. Error analysis highlighted the influence of specific vowel combinations on word recognition performance. Conclusions: Disyllabic words are easier to recognize than monosyllabic words for individuals with SNHL due to their rich contextual and low-frequency energy cues. Disyllabic wordlists sustain higher recognition scores up to moderately severe hearing loss but show a marked decline with more severe losses. The phonemic balance of wordlists and vowel combinations significantly influences word recognition, emphasizing the importance of these factors in developing wordlists for clinical use.

Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4

Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2024.

Visualizing Language and Aging From 2013-2022

Abstract Declining cognitive abilities can be a concomitant of advanced age. As language is closely associated with cognitive abilities, changes in language abilities can be an important marker of changes in cognitive abilities. The current study is to review cognitive studies of language and aging by first identifying and exploring the major clusters and pivotal articles and then detecting emerging trends. Data of 3, 266 articles on language and aging from 2013 to 2022 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Adopting Document Co-citation Analysis, Freeman’s betweenness centrality metric (Freeman, 2002) and Kleinberg’s burst detection algorithm (Kleinberg, 2002), we explored major clusters, pivotal articles and emerging trends in this field. Cognition appears to be the most remarkable cluster. Bilingualism, speech production, listening effort, and reading comprehension are other major active clusters in a certain period. The most recent active cluster concerns the studies of Alzheimer’s disease. Articles serving as pivotal points concentrate on cognitive studies of the Framework for Understanding Effortful Listening (FUEL), the new Ease of Language Understanding model (EUL) and a hierarchical multi-representational generative framework of language comprehension. The progress in statistical methods, the relationship between language and cognitive impairment and the relationship between language abilities and cognition are the emerging trends. These emerging trends will provide some insights into how cognitive abilities influence language abilities in aging.

Metamodern Subject: Towards Metaxy and Fragmentation

The very last quarter of the century is characterised by a large-scale and deep-seated changes which distinguish it from the postmodern epoch. This is in part due to globalisation that has remolded the economic, social and cultural space. Those unprecedented alterations manifest themselves in all areas of human life as the key features of the contemporary cultural landscape. One of its mains, which must not be treated with eyes wide shut, is the reemerged subject that should be taken neither as the old modern nor the postmodern one as it encompasses no transcendental explanations. Concepts like identity, selfhood and subjectivity might continuously be dismantled and deconstructed.The fact that the theme of identity is engaged as an episteme to delineate metamodernist novelists’ conceptions can seem as if snappishly chosen, yet this is not the case. The question comes as follows: why exactly the theme of identity is singled out among others, particularly in metamodernist literature? The thematic should be considered within the historical context of metamodernism, which is not by chance coincided with the twenty-first century transformations. Identity has been one of the debatable issues among scholars from different disciplines since antiquity; it has never been cartelised by a certain discipline or field. However, more than ever before, new-fangled technologies at the turn of the twenty century have made identity a pinnacle compared to other themes. The first-time changes, which have resulted from the rise of technologies, and new forms of communication, have overlapped with the new sensitivity of 'metamodernism. As long as the centrality of language in literary works and linguistics as the study of language has the authority to study literature, the paper adopted linguistic analysis, notably stylistics. By virtue of the latter, it is argued that literary writers, namely metamodernist novelists have contributed to such an exchange over identity. Through a microscopic analysis of forms, functions, and meanings of literary language in a systematic way, it is asserted that the influx, hence, of values, morals, behaviours, and the multiple, fragmented and oscillating self is unequivocally exhibited in the metamodernist novels.

Resultative secondary predicates in cooking recipes: an empirical study of Germanic and Romance languages

Resultative secondary predicates in cooking recipes: an empirical study of Germanic and Romance languages

Language Mindsets and Strategic Approaches to Studying: The Mediating Roles of Control‐Value Appraisals and Emotions

ABSTRACTLanguage mindsets influence learners' behavior, motivation, and strategic approaches to studying a language. These mindsets impact how learners perceive control and value in achievement activities, which, in turn, affect their achievement emotions and ultimately their learning strategies and academic performance. This study investigates the effects of growth and fixed language mindsets on strategic approaches to studying English, with perceived academic control, task value, and positive/negative achievement emotions serving as mediators. Questionnaire surveys were administered to 517 university students in Taiwan. The structural models revealed that students with growth language mindsets exhibited stronger academic control and task value, experienced more positive emotions, and employed more study strategies. These factors partially mediated the relationship between growth language mindsets and study strategies. In contrast, fixed language mindsets did not predict task value or study strategies, but they negatively predicted academic control. No mediating effects were found between fixed language mindsets and study strategies.

Life Satisfaction After Burn Injury—A Comprehensive Review

Burn injuries can have long-lasting effects not only on a person’s bodily integrity but also on their psychosocial well-being. Since medical advancements have increased survival from burn injuries, improving psychosocial health has become a pivotal goal for burn rehabilitation. Besides health-related quality of life, life satisfaction has become an important parameter for evaluating long-term outcomes after burns. We reviewed life satisfaction after burns among adult burn patients to evaluate the current assessment methods and gain insight into recovery patterns. PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, and Cochrane Library were searched systematically for studies in the English language covering life satisfaction after burns, resulting in the inclusion of 18 studies. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was the most commonly used assessment tool. Others included the Life Satisfaction Index-A (LSI-A) and a non-standardized tool. Most studies’ recovery patterns showed a decreased life satisfaction post-burn injury. There was strong agreement that inhalation injury, body dysfunction, an extended hospital stay, and psychological illness before the injury are possible determinants of post-burn life satisfaction and have shown a negative correlation. There seems to be a consistent use of assessment tools, which opens up the possibility of a further comparative investigation to better understand factors that influence life satisfaction after a burn so that this knowledge can be used to improve patients’ recovery.

Kidney Transplantation in Older Recipients Regarding Surgical and Clinical Complications, Outcomes, and Survival: A Literature Review.

Context: The best treatment for end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESKD) is kidney transplantation (KT). As a result of an aging population, each year more kidney transplants in older adults are performed. Nevertheless, older recipients, characterized by more comorbidities and frailty, raise concerns about the outcomes, potential complications, and the general approach. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to study the outcomes, graft and patient survival, as well as common complications, to establish safety and increase awareness of the potential complications of kidney transplantation in the older population. Methods: PubMed and Google scholar databases were searched. The cut-off age defining an old patient was 60 years. The inclusion criteria were as follows: first kidney transplantation, and studies in English language. The exclusion criteria were as follows: more than one organ transplant, dual transplants, articles published before 2015, meta-analysis, reviews, letter to the editor, case reports, and studies published only as a conference abstract. Comparative and noncomparative studies addressing patient survival, death-censored graft survival, surgical complications, and clinical complications, such as delayed graft function (DGF) and biopsy proven acute rejection (PBAR), were included. Results: After screening the papers, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for review. Eleven papers compared older recipients with younger recipients and in six papers only older patients were analysed. Two studies used paired deceased donors to eliminate donor bias. The rest of the studies used either deceased donors or both living and deceased donors. The majority of patients were male (61.83%) and received a kidney from a deceased donor (58.08%). Conclusions: Kidney transplantation is safe and can be beneficial for recipients over 60 years of age. Older patients suffered more infectious complications, which were also one of the main reasons for death. Most studies did not show a significant difference in death-censored graft survival compared to the younger population. More research is needed to establish the prevalence of surgical complications, and some clinical complications.

TIRADS-based artificial intelligence systems for ultrasound images of thyroid nodules: protocol for a systematic review.

The thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) was developed as a standard global term to describe thyroid nodule risk features, aiming to address issues such as variability and low reproducibility in nodule feature detection and interpretation by different physicians. The objective of this study is to comprehensively study articles that utilize AI techniques to design and develop decision support systems for classifying thyroid nodule risk on the basis of various TIRADS guidelines from ultrasound images. This protocol includes five steps: identification of key research questions of the review, descriptions of the systematic literature search strategies, criteria for study inclusion and exclusion, study quality measures, and the data extraction process. We designed a complete search string using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to retrieve all relevant English language studies up to January 2024. A PRISMA diagram was constructed, inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined, and after a quality assessment of the included papers, relevant data were extracted. The protocol of this systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024551311). We anticipate that our findings will assist researchers in creating higher-quality systems with increased efficiency, reducing unnecessary biopsies, improving the reproducibility and reliability of thyroid nodule diagnostics, and providing good educational opportunities for less experienced physicians. In this study, a protocol was used for performing a systematic review to evaluate the diagnostic performance and other various aspects used in the design and development of artificial intelligence CAD systems based on various thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TI-RADSs).