Studies In Islamic History Research Articles

DYNAMICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAMLUK DYNASTY IN THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

The development of the Mamluk dynasty is not widely highlighted in the study of Islamic history, even though this dynasty played a role in Islamic historical civilization. This makes it urgent to carry out further research aimed at uncovering the development of the Mamluk Dynasty. This research method is descriptive qualitative research using literature study techniques. The findings show that in the development of the Mamluk Dynasty there were two main periods, namely the Mamluk Bahri and Mamluk Burji periods. Factors that supported the rise of the Mamluk dynasty were the ability to withstand attacks by Hulugu troops and the Crusaders, utilizing geographical factors to engage in international trade, and establishing good relations with European countries to increase wealth and reputation. Factors that caused the collapse of the Mamluk dynasty were internal conflicts such as competition for power, instability in government policies, economic problems such as corruption, economic crises and inflation. The weakening of the Mamluk Dynasty's power resulted in the loss of its territory so that it was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. In this case, the existence of the Mamluk dynasty is known to have had a significant impact on Islamic historical civilization, namely being the only dynasty that maintained Islamic culture when the Arabs declined and supported the progress of Islamic science. It is hoped that these findings can increase insight and understanding that the Mamluk Dynasty also played an important role in the history of Islamic civilization.

Research on Madrasas in International Publications: Bibliometric Analysis with Vosviewer

The large number of studies on madrasas on Scopus means that madrasas can be used as an option for researchers in conducting research. This research aims to look at the grouping and novelty of keywords using Vosviewer. This research used 323 documents that had been sorted according to keywords. From the results of the analysis, there are fourteen research groups based on keywords in madrasa research in the Scopus database, namely improving educational practices in madrasas, developing madrasa education in rural areas, preserving architectural heritage in madrasas, improving the Arabic language curriculum in Aliyah madrasas, Islamic pedagogy and practice. memorization, heritage preservation and restoration techniques, Islamic boarding school management, integration of character in online learning during the pandemic, madrasas and maktab religious education and national training, teacher performance and academic achievement, development of religious character, leadership in moral education, environmental learning in Muslim communities, as well as the study of Islamic history. Meanwhile, the novelty of keywords such as mausoleum, Islamic boarding schools, learners, character building, online learning, emotional intelligence, critical thinking skills, and learning outcomes indicates the novelty of the keywords so that these keywords can be used as research recommendations in research on madrasas in the Scopus database.

A Message of the Reason Behind the Sitting of the Prince of the Believers (peace be upon him) About Those Who Preceded Him، and His War with Muawiyah to Jamal Al-Din Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Fahd al-Hilli (841 AH)

Perhaps one of the most important topics that occupied the minds of researchers in the history of the early Islamic eras is the reality of the relations of the Prince of the Believers، Ali bin Abi Talib - peace be upon him - with those who preceded him، and the assumption of the caliphate of Saayed of the Messengers - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - while we see that he stopped warring of the firsts and their struggle، and he went to war of Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan، and he pushed his opposition while bearing huge losses.Questions and theories on this topic abounded، sometimes among Muslims themselves and sometimes among non-Muslims who are orientalists and researchers of historical ambiguities. Some of them responded to this important issue in the study of Islamic history، and its clear connection with theological investigations، especially in the issue of entitlement to the caliphate، the infallibility of the Imam and his knowledge. Ibn Fahd al-Hilli answered this question and pointed out shocking historical facts related to the case. In his satisfactory and brief answer، he referred first to the reasons for the stop warring Ali bin Abi Talib - peace be upon him – with first ones، and secondly to the reasons for his conduct of a war with Muawiyah by an explanation of a general rule on how to interpret the actions of the infallibles، peace be upon them، at the end of the answer.

ANALYSIS OF THE WORK AL-TABAQAT AL-KUBRA BY IBN SA’D ZUHRI

This article covers the study of the life of the great historian, faqih, muhaddith Ibn Sa’d Zuhri, and his famous work “at-Tabaqat al-Kubra”. It tells about the scholar’s life, his scientific travels, fields of activity, his writings, and his respect in the eyes of scientists. The content, structure, narrations, modern editions of “at-Tabaqat al-Kubra” and, most importantly, its role in the study of Islamic history are also presented. “at-Tabaqat al-Kubra” is one of the oldest works written in its direction and has reached us. In the first two volumes of this book, Ibn Sa’d wrote a biography of the companions, then the followers, and then the scholars who lived up to his time, after covering the biographies of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Describing the biographies of thousands of individuals, this book spread widely in the Islamic world and became the most important and widely used source in Islamic history. Today, several modern research is being carried out on the work, which has been published in modern editions. After all, “Tabaqat” objectively covers the first three centuries of Islamic history, narrates the personalities of this period, important historical events, social life, and scientific environment uniquely. There are many aspects of Ibn Sa’d and “at-Tabaqat al-Kubra” that still need to be studied. This article will be one of the first steps taken in our country on this topic.

عہد نبوی میں ریاست مدینہ کا شہری نظم و نسق اور عصر حاضر میں اس کی معنویت

The establishment of a state is essential to unite society. The study of Islamic history tells us that the foundations of the Prophetic state of Madinah were very enduring. So, we can say that a state which will be established in modern times must adhere to the principles of that prophetic state. This article explains the principles and structure of the prophetic state of Madinah. It urges us to establish states similar to that state. The principles of Madinah state were important and its civic administration structure was very ideal. This state promoted the prosperity, education, peace, and health of the public. That is why an educated, peaceful, healthy, and sincere society was formed under the patronage of the Madinah state.

MUGHALKINGDOM IN INDIA ACCORDING TO HAMKAS SEJARAH UMAT ISLAM

India is important in the study of Islamic history and civilization research as it was one of the earliest territories that received Islamic preaching and was the site for various Islamic kingdoms until the year 1857. The achievements of Islamic civilization in India, particularly during the Mughal era, added sparkle to the glory of Islamic history. For this reason, the facts relating the Mughal Kingdom in India have been discussed in writings on Islamic history and civilization, including the book, Sejarah Umat Islam, by Hamka. The purpose of this article is to study Hamkas work on the history of the Mughal Kingdom in India and analyse the narration and discussion he submitted. This research adopts a qualitative approach using historial study and content analysis to gather and analyse data. Research results find that Hamka had the interest and knowledge in writing Islamic history by describing Muslim societies and Islamic states from their inception to their end, including the Mughal Kingdom in India. In his narrative of Mughal history, Hamka inserted the element of teaching or ibrah (lesson), particularly when discussing the time of Mughal decline. The narrative approach is consistent with the philosophy of Islamic history that stresses on the ibrah concept, which was meaningful to Hamkas own personality as a missionary. Hence, his work, SejarahUmatIslam, proved Hamkas ability to discuss Islamic history, and simultaneously resonated with readers interested in issues of Islamic history.

THE EFFECT OF SNAKE AND LADDER GAME ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES IN STUDYING OF ISLAMIC HISTORY “FATHU MECCA” AT THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MUHAMMADIYAH, NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA

This study examines the effect of the snake and ladder game on Islamic history Fathu Mecca learning outcomes based on observations at the SD (Elementary School) Muhammadiyah in Indonesia. Students have been shown to acquire standard competency through the study of Islamic history. This course is very important to build a strong Muslim identity, especially in Islamic School Muhammadiyah. Meanwhile, the snake and ladder game has been used by several educators in the teaching and learning process. This game positively influences students’ learning outcomes. Therefore, the authors developed and integrated Islamic history into the snake and ladder game board. This research was a quantitative study conducted on 60 fifth-grade students divided into experiment and control classes. Furthermore, the data were collected using observation, interview, and t-test hypotheses. The results showed that the snake and ladder game positively affects students’ learning outcomes in studying Islamic history. Based on the result, this game provides opportunities for students to explore, identify, practice, and understand concepts. The teachers are expected to encourage students to develop skills for discovering knowledge through an inspiring and fun learning atmosphere.

Fundamentalism: Study of Islamic History

This paper is a literary study by analyzing various thoughts from various readings. The concern of this study is about fundamentalism in the study of Islamic history. The discussion material includes; contextualization, history and various thoughts in response to fundamentalism. Regarding contextualization, a discussion arises whether fundamentalism exists as a product, as an agent, or both? If it is related to social changes in Islamic society in particular. Is Islamic fundamentalism more of a religion matters? Some refer to the events of the Iranian revolution in 1979, to the 18th century Wahhabi movement, some others point to the Al-Mihnah policy by the Mu'tazilah during the reign of the caliph Al-Ma'mun in the 9th century. There are even those who say that the genealogy of fundamentalism has existed since the beginning of Islamic history, namely the emergence of the Khawarij which is seen as having the same qualifications as contemporary fundamentalism. Responses to fundamentalists have been written in various ways, such as the assumption about the hegemonic nature of Western civilization which is said to be an obstacle to the accommodation of the basics of mutual equality, as well as an attitude of mutual respect and recognition. Other responses were in the form of proposals for the deconstruction of fundamentalism, the idea of developing Islamic values of compassion and moderation as a way or policy of dealing with fundamentalism.

The Impact of Non-Islamic Sources on the Sirah-Writing: An Analytical Study of the Contemporary Western Scholarship

The eighteenth century Europe witnessed the application of the newly introduced historical-critical methods to the social sciences. Relying upon such methods, some Western scholars criticized the traditional approaches to the Islamic studies. Although the major Islamic sources were translated into European languages and thus became widely accessible, they incorporated several non-Islamic sources in the study of Islamic history and civilization after discovering them from the ancient archives. Hence, it is also claimed that there are some covenants allegedly concluded by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) with certain Christian communities of his time, which are surprisingly not recorded in the classical Islamic literature. Thus, this kind of non-Islamic sources have significantly drawn the attention of both Muslim and non-Muslim historians across the globe. This paper attempts to apply the criteria of Islamic sources set by the classical Islamic scholars, to the non-Islamic sources in order to examine the latter’s authenticity. The conclusion reached by the scholars in this regard shows the latter’s disagreement with a number of established Islamic doctrines. Moreover, it expounds how and to what extent one can rely upon the non-Islamic sources in this regard.

IBN KHALDUN’S RELIGIONSWISSENSCHAFT: EXPLORING THE SOURCES IN THE MUQADDIMAH

Ibn Khaldun is one of many Muslim scholars in the study of Islamic history and civilization, who is popularly known for his Muqaddimah. The Muqaddimah is meant to be an introduction to the voluminous Kitab al-cIbar. Yet, the creation of Muqaddimah includes information on the study of human, which includes information on the non-Muslim religions. By including information on the non-Muslim religions in his Muqaddimah, this means that there are specific sources used by Ibn Khaldun for this purpose. In any research writings, credible and reliable sources of information are among important elements in determining a valid, useful and accurate research finding. Through the use of qualitative content analysis on Muqaddimah text, this article explores Ibn Khaldun’s sources of information on the non-Muslim religions. Two typologies of Ibn Khaldun’s sources are relayed in this article, namely their main forms and their religious origin. In terms of main forms of sources, there are two main forms of sources found in the Muqaddimah, namely critical observation and textual sources. While for their religious origin, Ibn Khaldun’s sources of other religions could be divided into three main types, namely first, Muslim sources, second, Christian sources and third, Jewish sources. This article opines that these sources are proofs of Ibn Khaldun’s epistemology, altogether of his understanding of knowledge and religion, as integrative or in tawhidic manner. It is possible to conclude that due to this integrative or tawhidic understanding, Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah has been recognized as amongst world’s great literatures and referred by many international scholars until today.

The Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya by Amar S. Baadj

The Maghreb Review, Vol. 42, 3, 2017 © The Maghreb Review 2017 This publication is printed on FSC Mix paper from responsible sources BOOK REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS Books reviewed in The Maghreb Review can be ordered from The Maghreb Bookshop. Our catalogue is also available on our website: www.maghrebbookshop.com AMAR S. BAADJ, SALADIN, THE ALMOHADS AND THE BANŪ GHĀNIYA. THE CONTEST FOR NORTH AFRICA (12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES). LEIDEN: BRILL, 2015. In the 1180s, an unusual alliance was forged in North Africa. ʿAlī ibn Ghāniya, leader of the Majorca-based Banū Ghāniya, who were loyal to the Almoravids, joined forces with a man named Qarāqūsh (‘black bird’ in Turkish), an officer who served Saladin and the Ayyubids who had taken over Egypt from the Fatimids in 1171. The opponents of this coalition were the Almohads who would prevail and install the Hafsids in Ifrīqiya. These events, which are the main subject of the present monograph, illustrate a common limitation in the study of Islamic history: scholars tend to specialize either in the Maghrib or the Mashriq. Although Saladin has attracted a fair amount of attention, for the most part the Maghribi episode in his career appears to have fallen between the cracks. Other protagonists of this period in North African history have hardly received their share of the limelight. As the author points out in the introduction, the last in-depth treatment of the Banū Ghāniya in a western European language is Alfred Bel’s 1903 monograph, Les Benou Ghânya. The ambition of the present book is twofold. First, the author seeks to offer a new survey of the history of the Banū Ghāniya and the involvement of the Ayyubids in North Africa, taking into account recent scholarship in both Arabic and western European languages, as well as medieval Arabic sources that have not been fully exploited. Apart from offering a more detailed account, the author also corrects what he criticizes as a romanticized view of Saladin. Instead of endorsing his role as a pan-Islamic hero, he argues that pragmatic and even cynical motivations led Saladin to support the Banū Ghāniya against the Almohads, who sometimes occupy the role of villains in modern Arabic scholarship. For although Saladin would later pretend otherwise, he must have endorsed or commanded Qarāqūsh’s attack on fellow Sunnis. Such skewed views of Saladin and his Maghribi contemporaries constitute just one of the misrepresentations the author tackles throughout the book. He also redresses the reputation of the Banū Hilāl and Banū Sulaym as barbarian invaders, unleashed by the Fatimids as a scourge against the renegade Zirids. Baadj argues instead for localized disruptions, notably the sack of Qayrawan in 1057, and for a more continuous decline of agricultural production. Another BOOK REVIEWS / COMPTES RENDUS 371 challenge to understanding this period is the confusing nature of the events. The twelfth century reads as a never-ending series of battles, rebellions, of allegiances forged and dissolved, of sieges and invasions, of ‘near-constant turmoil’ (p. 3). The protagonists too are confusing: apart from Almoravids, Almohads, Banū Ghāniya and Ayyubids, there are Arab tribes relocated to the West, local tribes and the inhabitants of various cities, all with their own interests that were subject to change. The main contribution of this book is to offer a sustained and detailed account of the rise and fall of these diverse players in North Africa, especially Ifrīqiya. While the scope extends from the Fatimids to the Hafsides, the focus lies on the twelfth century. The book is organized mainly in a chronological order. It begins with a detailed description of the natural, social, economic and political landscape in which the events took place, and the organization and movement of tribes; the strategic significance of trade routes, mostly for gold and slaves, receives particular attention. The dramatis personae also include Christian powers, mostly the Italian traders who were gaining a foothold in North Africa, but also proto-Spanish reconquistadores and Sicilian Normans as well as Levantine Crusaders. The second chapter opens with the aftermath of the Hilālian invasions, which left behind a fragmented political landscape...

Al-Huda International

Al-Huda International was founded in Islamabad in 1994 by Farhat Hashmi and has since spread across several continents. Its rapid spread has been considerably aided by the online classes in English and Urdu from its headquarters in Canada. Its goal is to teach the Qur’an in Arabic to as many women as possible so they can access the sacred text directly without mediation and live in greater harmony with Qur’anic values. One might argue that Al-Huda uses a very “modern” technology, the Internet, to promote “traditional” religious values. But online students’ mastery of Arabic and intensive study of Islamic history and theology, my study argues, simultaneously gives them voice and a sense of empowerment, thereby challenging both traditional Islamic authority structures and Western representations of Muslim women. In this study, based on research grounded in participant observation as a former online student at Al-Huda, I provide an ethnographic portrait of the online learning experience.

Studies in Islamic History. By Martin Hinds, edited by Jere Bacharach, Lawrence I. Conrad and Patricia Crone with an introduction by G. R. Hawting. (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, 4.) pp. xx, 262, illus. in col. and bl. & wh. Princeton, New Jersey, The Darwin Press, 1996.

Studies in Islamic History. By Martin Hinds, edited by Jere Bacharach, Lawrence I. Conrad and Patricia Crone with an introduction by G. R. Hawting. (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, 4.) pp. xx, 262, illus. in col. and bl. & wh. Princeton, New Jersey, The Darwin Press, 1996. - Volume 11 Issue 2

Studies in Islamic history and civilization in honour of Professor David Ayalon. Edited by M. Sharon, pp. 611, 18pl., front. Jerusalem, Cana Ltd. and Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1986. Guilders 145, US$66.00.

Studies in Islamic history and civilization in honour of Professor David Ayalon. Edited by M. Sharon, pp. 611, 18pl., front. Jerusalem, Cana Ltd. and Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1986. Guilders 145, US$66.00.

The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525

would encompass the world. In the same period Ottoman sultans, entering upon a century of major expansion, created an Islamic seaborne empire. Corresponding in time but different in character, these two imperial maritime ventures came together along the northern coastline of the Indian Ocean to create a new frontier that firmly separated two different societies. Until recently the study of joint Ottoman and Iberian naval expansion during the years when Christian Europe rose to the position of a world power on the oceans has not attracted attention. European historians, preoccupied with the identification of their own history, first unraveled the dramatic story of the oceanic voyages, the discoveries, and the European commercial and colonial empires, only stopping to consider how Muslim actions influenced the course of European history: Did the Ottoman Turks cause the oceanic explorations? Did the Portuguese discovery of the new route to India divert Asian trade from Mediterranean to Atlantic ports?1 Once these questions were answered, the study of Islamic history became the work of small, specialized disciplines, such as Oriental studies, which occupied a position on the periphery of the Western historical profession. Finally the successful imperial expansion of Western states in Islamic territories during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries confirmed for most Europeans the idea that the history of Islam, let alone the deeds of Ottoman sultans, had little influence on the expansion of the West. In the long run, however, the forces that stimulated Western imperialism led to a greater interest in Islamic history. The voyages of discovery, as revolutionary leaps in the technology of communication, reduced the distance between the world's societies and, therefore, brought Muslims and Christians together as - An assistant pr-ofessor of history at Temple University, Mr. Hess, who specializes in Ottoman history, received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1966, having studied with Stanford Shaw. An earlier ar

Munir-ud-Din Ahmed, Muslim Education and the Scholar's Social Status up to the 5th century Muslim Era (IIth century Christian Era) in the light of Ta'rīkh Baghdād (Zürich, Verlag ‘Der Islam’, 1968). Studies in Islamic History. Pp. vii + 290.

Munir-ud-Din Ahmed, Muslim Education and the Scholar's Social Status up to the 5th century Muslim Era (IIth century Christian Era) in the light of Ta'rīkh Baghdād (Zürich, Verlag ‘Der Islam’, 1968). Studies in Islamic History. Pp. vii + 290. - Volume 1 Issue 4

Studies in Islamic History and Institutions

Studies in Islamic History and Institutions

S. D. Goitein, Studies in Islamic History and Institutions

S. D. Goitein, Studies in Islamic History and Institutions

Munir-Ud-Din Ahmed: Muslim education and the scholars' social status up to the 5th century Muslim era (11th century Christian era) in the light of Ta'rÎkh Baghdád. (Studies in Islamic History.) [iv], vii, 290 pp. ZÜrich: Verlag ‘Der Islam’, 1968. DM 25.

Munir-Ud-Din Ahmed: Muslim education and the scholars' social status up to the 5th century Muslim era (11th century Christian era) in the light of Ta'rÎkh Baghdád. (Studies in Islamic History.) [iv], vii, 290 pp. ZÜrich: Verlag ‘Der Islam’, 1968. DM 25.

Studies in Islamic History and Institutions

Studies in Islamic History and Institutions