Criminological Studies Research Articles

The Ordinary Soldier in Military Organization

Abstract Drawing on social psychology, this article raises seemingly counterintuitive questions about international criminal law’s assumptions of human agency in a highly specific social environment. Is military institution hostile to the ‘normative individualism’ underlying international criminal law? If so, is it fair to demand individual criminal responsibility of members of a military organization in the same way as in peacetime situations? This article takes the perspective of an ordinary soldier and asks whether international criminal law is biased in describing causes of atrocities and dispensing solutions. After explicating some assumptions of individual criminal responsibility, it introduces the military organization as a total institution that subsumes individuals. It continues to examine the impact of the military mission and structure on the normative and behavioural competences of the ordinary soldier as a potential perpetrator of war crimes. It then contemplates how such a social environment undermines international criminal law’s fiction of human agency and, ultimately, its normative effect. This article not only invites further legal doctrinal reflections but also contributes to the criminological study of international crimes.

The construction of intolerable punishments: On the value of documenting the pains of old prisoners

This article closely reviews a selection of criminology studies on the pains of older prisoners to examine the construction of a particular type of ‘intolerable’ punishment. The term ‘intolerable’ depicts the moral line between acceptable state punitive treatments and those that become so unbearable they are being or should be abandoned. The article finds that the pains of older prisoners are characterised as quantitatively significant, qualitatively distinct, and comparatively worse. Such construction, however, misses the societal dimension of ageing in prison and perpetuates a reductive and stereotypical understanding of ‘old age’ centred on prisoners’ deteriorating bodies. In critically examining the role that criminological research may play in distinguishing between acceptable and intolerable punishments, the article sets out the value of documenting the pains of ageing prisoners.

Kajian Kriminologi terhadap Kekerasan yang Dilakukan oleh Perempuan di Kota Kupang

The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the criminological study of violence committed by women in Kupang City. This research is an empirical legal research, the sources and types of data in this study are primary data obtained from interviews at the Kupang City Police, Kupang Class II B Women's Correctional Institution and in the community and secondary data obtained from literature studies, then processed by checking, reconstructing, after which the material is regularly fixed so that it is easy to understand. From this study, the author can conclude that the factors that cause violence by women in Kupang City are classified into two, namely internal factors, namely prolonged stress and external factors, namely economic factors, environmental factors, and opportunity factors. Apart from that, the reaction of the people of Kupang City to violence committed by women in Kupang City consists of reactions in the form of rejection, understanding, and indifferent reactions from the community.

CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT FOR DRUG TRAFFICKING

This article aims, as the proposed theme suggests, to analyze the crime of drug trafficking committed by women, critically verifying the conditioning factors of female criminality. The research question that guides this research is: what factors condition the entry of women into the practice of the crime of drug trafficking? Based on the question presented, the phenomenon of female criminality in drug trafficking was analyzed from a critical perspective, seeking to understand, through studies of marginal feminist criminology and theories that justify entry into criminal activity, the main motivations that influence women's entry into the crime in question. Once the research problem was overcome, alternatives capable of producing positive effects regarding the reduction of female incarceration for drug trafficking were sought, highlighting that decarceration measures present themselves as a possible solution to the problem, since the current prohibitionist drug policy is ineffective. Thus, to achieve the results obtained in this research, the following methodological techniques and procedures were used: i) bibliographic review in works of social sciences, criminal law and criminology, as well as authors who focus on women's relationships with crime from a feminist theoretical framework; ii) analysis of quantitative and qualitative data extracted from official bodies, paying attention to the limitations they present, since there is a great restriction of information.

British criminology, undercover policing, and racist attacks: Notes on the ‘law and order’ information infrastructure

This article examines the entanglement of British criminology and undercover policing (‘Spycops’) in the UK government's response to racism in 1981. The article discusses how criminology took a strategic role within the state's ‘ law and order’ information infrastructure by analysing archival materials related to a Home Office criminological study from that same year. This infrastructure involved an explicit logistical sensibility for gathering and analysing evidence, intelligence, and data about race and racism for a ‘law and order’ agenda focused on policing public order and ‘subversion’. It examines how two senior Home Office officials treated the gathering and utilisation of informational resources produced by criminologists and the Metropolitan Police Special Branch for tactical operations and perception management strategies that targeted racism and anti-racist groups as threats to public order. Reflecting on recent scholarship about security practices enabled by Big Data and machine learning, the article argues for greater attention on criminology and human sciences’ strategic and unnoticed involvement in designing and servicing contemporary ‘law and order’ informational infrastructures.

The Connection of Archival Science with Graphology and Criminology Studies

Graphology is a branch of science used to try to determine a person’s individual characteristics and details about that person based on a person’s handwriting. It was first started by the French clergyman-archaeologist Jean-Hippolyte Michon in 1871 and its use area has expanded in Europe over time. The science of graphology is a useful method that can also be used to evaluate people’s emotional development, give people career advice for the future, and even provide psychological analysis. For example, it is known that many international company managers today use the science of graphology to evaluate the personal characteristics of job applicants during or after the interview stage. However, there are also criticisms that the science of graphology cannot always produce clear results. To put it more clearly, in the science of evidence (criminology), a broad consensus on the validity of graphology studies has not been reached. Based on this point, the benefits and shortcomings of graphology were analyzed in the study and evaluations were made about the place and importance of graphology in archival science. In addition, the impact of graphology science on archiving science has also been evaluated by focusing on the connection between criminology science. The study, which focuses on the contribution of graphology science to archiving and information and document management sciences in particular, was completed by making various suggestions to support future academic studies.

Systematic Review of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors in Children Reported from Developmental Criminology.

Evidence indicates that persistent transgressive behaviors often begin early in development and increase around age twelve, and warns that children who exhibit transgressive behaviors in childhood or early adolescence tend to develop criminal behaviors in adulthood which makes childhood a critical unit of analysis for timely intervention. The study examines risk and protective factors in childhood related to illegal behavior, through the perspective of developmental criminology. The observation of risk and protective factors in early stages allows us to design interventions that prevent social adjustment problems in children from becoming more complex by maintaining the transgression of social norms over time. Factors identified by developmental criminology can be organized according to ecological systems theory and discussed in relation to previous criminological studies. Using a systematic review based on the PRISMA method, the study identifies 24 updated developmental criminology articles that study early protective factors between birth and age twelve. Risk factors at the individual level include biological, socioemotional, behavioral, symptomatic aspects and adverse life experiences. Individual protective factors include cognitive, socioemotional, and personality development aspects. Risk factors at an interpersonal and contextual level are related to family, school, peers, socioeconomic situation and governance. This review highlights the importance of recognizing risk and protective factors in child development, contemplating interventions at multiple levels where an articulation between the various institutions involved in child care is possible.

The Practice of Rule of Law in Criminal Justice System: A Criminological Study of Bangladesh

The Practice of Rule of Law in Criminal Justice System: A Criminological Study of Bangladesh

Criminological Study of Traffic Violations on Numbing Island

Traffic violations are no longer commonplace among society. This often happens in the community, sometimes even causing economic and physical losses due to traffic accidents. Positive law in Indonesia has explicitly regulated traffic safety rules which are regulated in Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. To study this, researchers took the research location Numbing Island, which is one of the islands in the Riau Islands Province. And from a criminological perspective, researchers want to examine in more depth what is the basis for the perpetrator to commit this offense. The research method used is empirical juridical research. As support in building the arguments for this research, researchers used primary and secondary reference materials. Data collection techniques used by researchers include observation methods, interviews and literature review. The research data analysis technique was carried out using a qualitative method, then in developing a line of thinking, the researcher used a deductive method. The results of this research show that the level of traffic violations on Numbing Island is sociologically caused by a lack of public awareness on the grounds that the application of traffic laws in the island area is not necessary, in terms of law enforcement factors, supervision by Bhabinkamtibmas is still not strictly implemented so that there is a form of negligence on the part of the authorities. law enforcers to enforce traffic regulations.

Aspek Kriminologi Dan Proses Mental Dalam Ruang Lingkup Psikologi Kepolisian

Criminology studies can be grouped into four aspects of discussion including crime, crime perpetrators, crime victims, and society's reactions to crime. The term criminology is taken from English, namely Criminology. Criminology itself comes from Latin which consists of two words, namely crimen which means criminal and logos which means knowledge. Thus criminology can be interpreted as the science of crime or criminals. The development of science has made a major contribution to the birth of Criminology, as a systematic collection of knowledge from various fields of study about crime and criminals.

Преступность в сфере осуществления правосудия как объект криминологического изучения

The article examines the criminological essence of the totality of crimes against justice. It is noted that the complex of these socially dangerous acts is an independent type of crime, since it has the corresponding characteristics: mass character, historical variability, systematicity, and represents a negative social phenomenon of a criminal legal nature. It is emphasized that the crimes mentioned in Chapter 31 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation not only infringe on the interests of justice in a narrow sense, but also on the legitimate activities of bodies and persons assisting courts in carrying out their functions. In this regard, the phenomenon under study is defined as crime in the sphere of administration of justice. The conclusion is made about the need for an independent criminological study of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics in order to identify the patterns of its existence and development, determine the determination complex, establish the degree of prevalence in the structure of general crime, predict the future state, and, ultimately, increase the efficiency of law enforcement agencies aimed at combating criminality in the sphere of administration of justice.

Criminological Study of General Aspects of the Preventive Influence of the theory of Routine Activity on Criminal Behavior

Criminological Study of General Aspects of the Preventive Influence of the theory of Routine Activity on Criminal Behavior

CRIMINOGENIC DETERMINANTS OF MARITAL VIOLENCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (according to sociological opinion polls)

CRIMINOGENIC DETERMINANTS OF MARITAL VIOLENCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (according to sociological opinion polls)

Understanding carceral mobilities in and through lived experiences of incarceration.

Recent scholarship on carceral mobilities critiques conceptualizations of carceral spaces as fixed and stable, and movements within or around sites of confinement as linear and horizontal. According to this critique, criminological studies of imprisonment have typically embraced what Turner and Peters (2017) ['Rethinking mobility in criminology', Punishment & Society 19(1), 96-114] term a 'sedentarist ontology' by failing to consider the complexities of prisoner mobilities in the lived experiences of the carceral. We draw on qualitative interview data from the Prison Transparency Project, a multiyear study initially across four research sites in Canada focused on former prisoners' narratives of their carceral experiences, to identify and analyze the multifaceted mobilities that characterize prison life. We focus on three aspects of carceral mobilities: the use of psychotropic medications to produce docility, the coercive (im)mobilities of physical restraints and the 'prison on wheels' (i.e., prisoner transport vehicles). Using the concept of 'kinetic immobility', in which prisoners' bodies are immobilized so they can be coercively moved (or not) through space and time, we consider the degree to which the theoretical work on carceral mobilities aligns with lived experiences of incarceration, as narrated by research participants.

Общая характеристика детерминационного комплекса террористической деятельности

Introduction. Understanding of the complexity, diversity of types and forms, technological nature of terrorist activity as a modern socio-legal phenomenon, its place and role in the dynamics of social development of modern transitional society, as well as the need for systemic counteraction to it determines the need for a comprehensive examination of terrorist activity and its manifestations in various projections and dimensions (abstraction intervals). The regularities of its functioning are systemic and are summarised in such principles as integrativity, integrity, holism, emergentism, synergy and hierarchy. The synthesis of knowledge from each of the dimensions makes it possible to obtain an interval model of terrorist activity, which enriches the criminological study of terrorist activity by revealing its multidimensional nature and establishing the mechanisms of determination. Research Methods. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the fundamental foundations and postulates of philosophical methodology: universal categories, principles and regularities of the dialectical, interval and activity approaches, general scientific methodology of the system approach, as well as general logical methods of cognition (methods of analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalisation (concretisation), deduction and induction, systematisation, classification, description). The use of methodology of the interval approach provides a comprehensive study of terrorist activity and its manifestations in various projections and dimensions. Results. The determinational complex of terrorist activity was established, which is characterised by a combination of biological (natural and heliogeophysical factors, technologisation of the living environment, etc.); mental (related to the personality of the subject of terrorist activity and its victims); spiritual (religious and ethical); social (poverty, social inequality, unfavourable social conditions of society, etc.); legal (imperfection of legal means of regulating social relations, the possibility of legalisation of ideology and practice of violence, determined by the absence or ineffectiveness of legal prohibitions on terrorist activities, etc.); political (change in the unipolarity of the world order system, geopolitical confrontation of certain subjects of world politics, struggle for autonomy, political competition, etc.) factors. Identification of these factors makes it possible to effectively influence them as an object of preventive activity.

ВПЛИВ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ НА ПРИЧИНИ ТА УМОВИ ВЧИНЕННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНИХ ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ З НЕЗАКОННИМ ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ БЮДЖЕТНИХ КОШТІВ

The article addresses to the factors that affect crime. Attention is drawn to the determinants of crime in the budgetary sphere. The organization of an effective crime prevention system in the field of illegal use of budget funds was and is one of the most pressing social problems of our country. A large number of different criminological studies were devoted to the study of the determinants of budget crime, on the basis of which the state developed practical measures. At the same time, the level of this type of crime does not decrease. Vice versa, as the statistical data of law enforcement agencies evidenced, numerous publications in mass media and investigations by journalists, the problem exists and remains relevant. A new challenge for the law enforcement system, the state in general, was the beginning of the active phase of russia’s war against Ukraine and since the introduction of the legal regime of martial law. In this regard, budget crime also underwent changes, creating new forms and means of committing it. This, in turn, requires a study of the influence of martial law on the determinants of committing criminal offenses related to the illegal use of budget funds. Key words: martial law, budget funds, crime, determinants, criminogenic factors, budget crimes, illegal use of budget funds.

Criminological Analysis of Green Delicts in the Federal District of Brazil

Green criminology studies transgressions that cause damage to the natural environment. Spatial approaches deal with incidental conditions of every sort of crime, and they are particularly appropriate to unveil rational components of criminal activities. In the Brazilian scenario, previous studies have pointed to the need for law enforcement and further studies on green criminology. This work aimed to unveil spatial patterns of environmental crimes in the Federal District of Brazil (FDB) and their possible causes. Records of environmental crimes from 2009 to 2016 registered by the local police were subject to spatial statistics, and results showed that most occurred in urban areas. Brasília City and its surrounding counties, farms, legally protected areas, and natural habitats create a mosaic of land uses that have influenced the spatial distribution of environmental crimes recorded by the local police. Over the years, crimes have occurred repeatedly in similar areas, suggesting sensitive places for their commitment. Still, those areas were not restricted to the neighborhood boundaries, and the homogeneity among contiguous neighborhoods supported similar levels of disorder. The proximity of these places to legally protected areas, the permeability phenomenon, and some types of land use have been identified as possible explanations for those crime records.

(Re-)centering Law in the Criminology of Sentencing & Punishment

The article argues for a more robust incorporation of law in the criminological study of sentencing and punishment.

Migration Crime in the Context of National Security (Regional Aspect)

The article points that illegal migration, which leads to the existence of a significant segment of the shadow economy, distorts the domestic labor market, and also forms a breeding ground for corruption in many regions of the country as a whole, the Irkutsk region in particular, can be attributed to the number of criminogenic risks that have a negative impact on ensuring the national interests of the state. In the near future, not only conservation is predicted in this region, but also an increase in the flow of illegal migration, which may have negative consequences. It is noted that the given data of official statistics reflect not the actual, but only the recorded level of migration crime, characterized by latency. The purpose of the study is a criminological analysis of migration crime based on official criminal statistics, the criminological aspects of the current state of this phenomenon are revealed. The research methods are private scientific (special) - the method of expert assessments, statistical research methods. The empirical basis was made up of statistical data on registered crimes committed by foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation for the periods 2016–2022, Data from the Office of the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for 2016–2022, as well as the results of published criminological studies conducted by other authors. The study showed that the effectiveness of measures taken to migration in general and illegal migration in particular depends on the coordinated work of all departments dealing with migration issues. It is concluded that it is necessary to work out the Concept of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation for 2019–2025," especially in terms of "embedding" migrants into the multicultural space of the country in a legislative form in order to preserve the demographic balance on the one hand, on the other hand, assistance the Russian economy needs a national workforce.

Regarding the criminological study of suicidal behavior determinants among law enforcement bodies employees

The article carries out a criminological study of the determinants of suicidal behavior among police officers. The authors note that in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of suicides and suicide attempts, including ones among law enforcement officers. It was determined that criminology as a complex science allows to study suicide not only from a legal point of view, but also from the point of view of other sciences, such as sociology and psychology. There is still a debate among legal scholars whether to refer the problem of suicide to the problems of criminological research. According to scientists, the main reason for insufficient attention of criminologists is that suicide is not a criminal offense in most countries of the world.
 It is determined that suicide has become common among employees of internal affairs bodies aged 25 to 40. Given that law enforcement is a critical and extreme type of activity, suicides among law enforcement officers have specific determinants. Law enforcement officers are a category of persons who need special attention in view of the possibility of developing suicidal behavior, since the availability of weapons provides an opportunity to choose the most lethal methods of suicide. The authors agree with the opinion of the researchers that the greatest impact on a law enforcement officer is not so much household and family problems as the psychological burden associated with the service activity. In other words, socio-psychological maladjustment is the main determinant of suicidal behavior among law enforcement officers. Suicidal behavior is often associated with a psychological crisis that can occur under the influence of threats of various kinds. A person in such a crisis state decides that suicide is the only way to solve problems.
 It has been proven that suicidal behavior among law enforcement officers is caused by a number of determinants that individually and collectively have a negative impact on the policeman's personality, as a result of which his social and psychological well­being is destroyed, the protective functions of body and psyche are depleted, and mental disorders and mental illnesses may occur.