Stubble Yield Research Articles

Determination of Stubble Yields and Quality in Wheat and Barley Growing Areas in Çanakkale

Determination of Stubble Yields and Quality in Wheat and Barley Growing Areas in Çanakkale

Effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on yield traits and yield of high yielding aromatic rice varieties in Bangladesh

A field experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during Aman season in 2013 to evaluate the effect of proper time of nitrogen application on yield and yield parameters of high yielding rice varieties. Two transplanted aromatic aman rice varieties (BRRI dhan37 and BRRI dhan38) and four timing of nitrogen fertilizer application (N 1 = ½ during final land preparation + ½ at 30 DAT, N 2 = 1 / 3 at 15 DAT + 1 / 3 at 30 DAT + 1 / 3 at 45 DAT, N 3 = 1 / 4 at 15 DAT + ½ at 30 DAT + 1 / 4 at 45 DAT and N 4 = 2 / 3 at 15 DAT + 1 / 3 at 45 DAT) were used in this experiment. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications as factorial arrangement. All agronomic practices were applied as recommended for each cultivar. Yield and yield traits (plant height, total tillers, effective panicle, panicle length, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index) was measured. Results showed that the effect of nitrogen split application on plant height, total tillers, effective panicle, panicle length, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield was significant. The results revealed that three equal splits of nitrogen (N 2 ) application ( 1 / 3 at 15 DAT + 1 / 3 at 30 DAT + 1 / 3 at 45 DAT) produced the highest grain yield (3.29 t ha -1 ) which was statistical differed from all N splits application treatments and the lowest grain yield (2.41 tha -1 ) was obtained from N 1 treatment which was statistically similar to N 4 treatment. The variety effect was significant on all traits except plant height, number of grains panicle -1 , number sterile spikelets panicle -1 and stubble yield. The variety BRRI dhan38 produced more grain yield than BRRI dhan37. The effect of nitrogen split application and variety (N×V) on total traits was significant and N 2 ×V 2 combination produced the highest grain yield among all the combinations.

Response and economic feasibility of maize (Zea mays L.) to P fertilization in acidic Alfisols of North-western Ethiopia

Phosphorus is believed to be the second most limiting nutrient for crop growth and development in acidic soils. It is mainly because the amount of P in the soil is inherently low and part of it is fixed and made unavailable to plant uptake. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the response of maize to mineral P fertilizer application and evaluate its economic feasibility on acidic Alfisols of North-western Ethiopia. Results of the experiment indicated that phosphorus fertilizer rate had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on plant height, shelling percentage, number of kernel per ear, number of ears per plant, grain yield, dry stubble yield and dry biomass yield. However, it did not have a significant effect on lodging percentage and 1000-grains weight. Increasing the P rate only up to 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave a significant grain yield increase over the control. Similarly, the marginal rate of return (MRR) analysis showed that the same rate gave MRR of 67.8 % while others were dominated by the same. From the results of the experiment it was possible to conclude that, in the presence of sufficient amount of N and K fertilizers, maize is responsive only to lower levels of phosphorus fertilizer application. Apparently, the fertilizer application at the rate of 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave maximum profit from unit investment. Going beyond this P level did not bring profitable yield increase.

English

The agronomic, morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of native and improved varieties of rain fed drought tolerant maize (DTV) and non-tolerant varieties (NDTV) was compared. Correlation analysis of each variety in terms of production characteristics and other variables was done. This was done in order to observe if some of the latter could be used as selection indices of productive plants. The study was conducted under irrigated conditions in Zacatecas, Mexico (2280 musl; 15.8&deg;C mean temperature; 448 mm of annual rainfall average). The average of 10 fully competitive plants of each variety was evaluated. There were no differences between the DTV and NDTV as a group, but they differed when considering characteristics of each individual variety. It suggests that to find differences between these varieties, they should be studied individually. The indices for selecting productive plants in the early DTV native are: C-5: NGC, NRC, NL and W5G for both grain and stubble; in the DTV semi early native: C-7: high values of: NKR and low: EH, DMF, DS&nbsp; and PH for grain, also high values of: W5G, V5G, NSP and NPBT for stubble; in the&nbsp; DTV native semi early C-23, high values of: W5G and a low one of PL for grain, also high values of: W5G, V5G and EH and low of: ASY, NRC and ILE, for stubble. &nbsp; Key words: Zea mays L., native varieties, rain fed, grain yield, stubble yield.

Evaluation of Multiple-Use Cover Crops under Rainfed during Two Seasons in Yucatan, Mexico

The aim of the study was assessing seven legumes as cover crops during cropping seasons of the years 2000 and 2001 in the central region of the Yucatan. An experimental design of randomized blocks with arrangement of split plots was used; where treatment was the legume, and sub-treatment, was the management of defoliation, 90 days after sowing (DAS) or after harvesting the grain (AHG). Treatments were: short-cycle seed white lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), long-cycle seed white lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), ash velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), sword bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and red rice bean (Vigna umbellata). It was collected data on coverage and biomass production, grain, leaf litter and stubble yields, biomass and relative frequency of weeds, pH, total nitrogen, organic matter (OM), potential anaerobic mineralization of nitrogen (MPAN) and soil CO2 evolution. Coverage varied from 70% to 90%; and biomass from 1900 to 2500 kg·DM·ha-1 at 90 DAS in ash velvet bean (AVB) and sword bean (SB). Stubble yielded from 800 to 2200 kg·DM·ha-1. The SB reached ~3200 kg·DM·ha-1 of grain yield in the first cropping season and it was reduced in the second cropping season. AVB and SB reduced the biomass of weeds from 890 to 780 kg·DM·ha-1. The OM of soil reached 14.9% in AVB. NH4, pH, and soil CO2 evolution remained without significant changes by effect of legumes.

Yield comparison of dry land corn (Zea mays L.) varieties under different rain fed conditions in Mexico

Corn varieties were evaluated under different rain fed conditions for several years in Calera (representative locality of an ecological region) and Valparaiso (representative locality of another region), Zacatecas, Mexico. The aim was to observe whether they showed the same stubble and grain yield throughout the years, for them to be used in breeding programs. Precipitation in Calera oscillated between 176 and 402 mm during growing cycle in the years; in Valparaiso, between 227 and 726 mm. The statistical analysis indicated that in general, the varieties showed the same grain and stubble yield, both in Calera and Valparaiso; so the varieties can be useful in breeding programs in each region. Key words: Stability yield, breeding of varieties, landrace varieties, Zea mays L.

Fertilizer and rhizobial inoculant responses of chickpea on fallow and stubble sites in southern Alberta

Agronomic practices for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production on the Canadian prairies are not well established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of fallow on chickpea yield and response to rhizobia inoculation and fertilization. Field trials were conducted at nine fallow sites and nine stubble sites in southern Alberta over a 4-yr period (2000–2003). In the N experiment, N fertilizer was applied to rhizobia-inoculated and uninoculated desi (cv. Myles) and kabuli (cv. Sanford) chickpea at five N rates (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha-1). In the P experiment, P fertilizer was applied to desi chickpea at 0, 6.5 and 13 kg P ha-1. Growing season precipitation was well below normal during 3 of the 4 yr of this study, and fallow yields were more than double stubble yields. Desi seed yield increased 15.8 kg ha-1 for each millimetre increase in water use above a minimum requirement of 84 mm. Although nodulation of uninoculated chickpea was absent or very low at all sites, the benefits of inoculation were modest. On average, inoculation increased seed yield by 12%, seed protein concentration by 11%, and seed N yield by 24%. Inoculation responses were similar for fallow and stubble sites. Yield gains due to application of N fertilizer were also small at most sites, with no difference in yield gain between fallow and stubble sites. Yield benefits due to inoculation and N fertilization were often small because either moisture availability was low or soil N availability was high. Desi was more responsive to N fertilization than kabuli. Phosphorus fertilizer had a minimal impact on desi chickpea yield. Fallow had a large impact on chickpea yields, but did not affect rhizobia or fertilizer response. Key words: Cicer arietinum, yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, water use efficiency

The effect of addition of different amounts and types of organic materials on soil physical properties and yield of wheat

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of 0, 5, 10, 15 Mg ha−1 of wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw, composted sugarcane bagasse residue and farmyard manure on soil physical properties and yield of winter wheat. The experimental design was a split plot with four replicates. The considered physical properties, 1 year after organic matter addition, included aggregate stability, infiltration rate, water retention curve and dry bulk density. Wheat yield and chemical characteristics of wheat grains were measured. Application of organic materials significantly increased wheat yield and increased aggregate stability, infiltration rate, water retained at less than −100 kPa, and decreased soil bulk density. The effectiveness of different organic materials, farmyard manure, composted bagasse and wheat straw, on improving the soil physical properties was similar. Wheat grain and stubble yield progressively increased as the rate of the organic materials increased. The effectiveness of composted bagasse, farmyard manure and wheat straw on improving wheat grain yield was 22, 14 and 3%, and wheat stubble yield was 26, 17 and 4% over the control.

Growth, morphology and nutritive quality of shaded Stenotaphrum secundatum, Axonopus compressus and Pennisetum clandestinum

SUMMARYThe response to shade in growth and nutritive quality of buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) was compared with that of two other stoloniferous grasses, mat grass (Axonopus compressus) and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). The grasses were grown outdoors in Brisbane, Australia, in soil in pots over two growing seasons in 1985/86. Treatments in the first season (Expt 1) were shading at 0 (full sun), 42, 59 and 68% with moderate N (two spaced applications of 50 kg/ha) and, in the second season (Expt 2), 0 and 59% shade with high (50 kg/ha every 2 weeks) and low (5 kg/ha every 2 weeks) N.Unusually for tropical grasses, the top yield of all species was higher under shade than in full sun, except for S. secundatum at high N in Expt 2. S. secundatum and A. compressusshowed an increase in top yield up to 68% shading whereas P. clandestinum reached a maximum at 42% shading. Shade increased shoot:root ratio and specific leaf area in all species but had little effect on leaf:stem ratio and the proportion of dead material in the tops. Stubble yield (stem bases and stolons) was reduced under shade but to a much smaller extent than root yield. S. secundatum and A. compressus had similar morphological characteristics. Their yield was lower than that of P. clandestinum in Expt 1 (autumn growth) but was similar to that of P. clandestinum in Expt 2 (summer growth). These grasses had a higher leaf:stem ratio and lower proportion of dead material in tops than P. clandestinum.Shade generally increased herbage nutritive value through an increase in N concentration and drymatter digestibility. The latter response was somewhat variable and mostly small (1–3% units). Under shade, the general trend was towards a decrease in total nonstructural carbohydrates, cell-wall content and insoluble ash, and an increase in lignin content. A. compressus was higher in digestibility and soluble carbohydrates than the other grasses.S. secundatum was not clearly superior in response to shade and its nutritive quality was lower than that of A. compressus.

Improved pasture response to nitrogen applied in winter after application of urea in autumn

Abstract Nitrogen fertiliser was applied as urea in autumn (2 April 1983) and late winter (14 July 1983) to a predominantly ryegrass-white clover pasture on a Manawatu dairy farm. Responses in terms of herbage production, botanical composition, and certain other sward characteristics were measured on 22 August. Residual responses from the autumn application were small and were not statistically significant. Spring responses were significant for herbage mass, tiller weight, sward leaf area index, herbage phosphorus (% P) and total P yield (kg P/ha), herbage dry matter content (% DM), and apparent stubble yield (kg DM/ha). There was a significant, positive interaction between autumn and late winter applications of urea in that herbage mass response to 30 kg N/ha in winter was 7, 12, and 19 kg DM/kg N for plots receiving 0, 30, and 60 kg N/ha in autumn respectively. Possible reasons for this interaction are briefly discussed.

Summer Regrowth of Tall Fescue: Stubble Characteristics and Microenvironment1

AbstractStand thinning has been observed when N‐fertilized cool‐season grasses are harvested in late spring. These losses appear to be greater when hot, clear weather follows a harvest. Earlier spring cuts appear to ameliorate the stress. This 2‐year investigation examined effects of spring N at 50 and 160 kg/ha; and spring cutting (biweekly, monthly, and zero spring cuts) to 5 and 10 cm stubbles on regrowth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Stubble canopy structure, microenvironment, and stand regrowth were examined following a June harvest at which all plots were moved at their respective cutting heights (save an unharvested check).The high N rate caused greater forage yields to be present at the June harvest. Stubble leaf area index (LAI), vegetative tiller density, and live stubble yields were not affected by N rate. Cutting during spring increased tiller density and LAI. Cutting managements had significant effects on the stubble temperafure and soil temperature that were associated negatively with stubble LA1 and tiller density. There was no detrimental effect of cutting management or N rate on stand recovery except in 1975 when lodged areas of spring accumulated swards with high N fertilization had poor regrowth. Stand losses in these area was associated with only 3 to 4% noncarbohydrates (TNC) in the stubble. Lodging is hypothesized to be partially responsible for stand losses in dense stands through detrimental effects on TNC storage and other unknown effects.

The effect of defoliation upon yield, flowering and vegetative spread of Holcus lanatus growing with and without Lolium perenne

AbstractPlants of Holcus lanatus L. and Lolium perenne L. were grown in monocultures and in 50:50 mixtures and cut at three heights and at three frequencies during 24 weeks. The higher the H. lanatus plants were cut the greater was their harvested yield but height of cutting did not affect the yield of L. perenne. Reduction in the frequency of cutting increased the total harvested yield of both species in monoculture. In mixture, H. lanatus dominated L. perenne, especially with high and infrequent cutting. Stubble yields generally followed harvested yields.In a second experiment, H. lanatus plants were cut sequentially in spring; plants cut in early June produced very few panicles in the regrowth.In a third experiment the growth of decumbent tillers in late summer on spaced plants of H. lanatus produced a stoloniferous growth habit. The production of lateral shoots and roots on these stolons was measured in spring on plants undergoing various types of defoliation. Regular cutting of the parent plant increased the production of lateral shoots on stolons but did not affect the production of lateral roots.The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the manipulation of swards containing these two species.

Effect of Shading on the Regrowth of Lolium perenne Swards in the Field

Simulated swards of Lolium perenne cv. S.23 growing in the field were shaded at various stages of regrowth during August and September, when insolation was most likely to be limiting. Reduction of ambient illumination to 50 per cent for periods up to 24 days had little effect on the current production of herbage (mainly leaf blade), which progressed at the expense of root and stubble growth. After defoliation, however, previously shaded swards transferred to full light regrew relatively slowly. Leaf area and leaf extension were increased by shading, but leaf appearance rates were only slightly affected. Shading decreased tiller densi ties, and hence stubble yields, but did not affect mean tiller weights. The dangers of relating herbage yield to current rates of insolation and photosynthesis, and the relevance of these findings to other grass varieties are discussed.

Agronomic studies on pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) III.* Responses to defoliation

Two early-maturing and two late-maturing accessions of Cajanus cajan grown in the field for 161 days were defoliated to 90 cm 'stubbles' every 4,8,12 or 16 weeks over a period of 72 weeks. Evidence from total and seasonal dry matter and nitrogen yields, stand survival, and stubble yield at the termination of the experiment suggested that 8- and 12-week defoliation frequencies could be successfully integrated to incorporate cattle grazing and forage and seed production into a single management system. The late-maturing accessions were shown clearly to be better adapted to cutting, provided that basal green leaves always remained on the stubble. Defoliation of the accession UQ50 to reduce plant height to facilitate subsequent harvesting led to a reduced annual seed yield. The first seed crop was lost, as 'topping' removed the reproductive material.

Sorghum — peanut crop sequences at Katherine, N.T.

Between 1957-58 and 1960-61, a crop sequence experiment with grain sorghum and peanuts with and without nitrogen fertilizer was carried out on Tippera clay loam at Katherine, N.T. Neither crop was influenced by the crop grown two years before it. Peanuts showed no response to preceding crop or to nitrogen fertilizer. Sorghum grain yields were 77 per cent higher after peanuts than after sorghum, and sorghum stubble yields 56 per cent higher. Nitrogen fertilizer increased sorghum grain and stubble yield when the crop followed sorghum, but not when the crop followed peanuts. Nitrogen content of sorghum grain was higher after peanuts than after sorghum, and was also increased slightly by nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen yield of sorghum grain was almost twice as high in crops following peanuts than in crops following sorghum. Nitrogen fertilizer increased nitrogen yield of sorghum grain when the crop followed sorghum, but not when the crop followed peanuts.