Struggle For Economic Independence Research Articles

Under Construction: The Female Gaze in Women Director’s Film

Film or cinema is known as a powerful medium of communication across the world. As a result, the discussion of gender issues related to men and women in films has come up in various studies. The construction of women in the language of men in a patriarchal society results in women being seen in commercial films as neglected, omnipotent, male-dominated entities; Commodification of women is also noticeable in most cases. Because of this, it is not easy to find stories that glorify women and embody their power on the film screen. Several women filmmakers are working in the film world of Bangladesh. Therefore, it is important to see how the representation of women, women's aspirations, personal freedom, economic freedom and contribution are being highlighted in the films of domestic women producers. To find the self-identity of female characters, it is necessary to research the female gaze in films by women filmmakers. In this study the film Under Construction directed by Rubaiyat Hossain has been selected through purposive sampling using qualitative research method. Then the data obtained through the method of representation. This study shows that women have been searching for their identity in society for ages. The matter is still in process, women also want to stand tall as human beings but women are not able to come out easily from the enclosure of patriarchy. Modern day women are being stifled by tactics and cannot move forward without male support. Along with this, the trend of hindering the advancement of women by being a woman has also been observed. Women's struggle for economic independence and personal freedom continues under the control of men.

From Slavery to Services: The Struggle for Economic Independence in the Caribbean , by Victor Bulmer-Thomas

From Slavery to Services: The Struggle for Economic Independence in the Caribbean , by Victor Bulmer-Thomas

From slavery to services: the struggle for economic independence in the Caribbean

From slavery to services: the struggle for economic independence in the Caribbean

USSR in the post-war years: the struggle for economic independence (1945 - 1953)

Being the basis of the "Stalinist" economic policy, both due to the peculiarities of ideology and in the perspective of solving geopolitical problems, the struggle for the country's economic independence formed the post-war trajectory of the USSR. The purpose of the paper was to identify the influence of this factor on decisions taken by the Soviet leadership, both in domestic and in foreign policy. Archival materials that have become available to researchers make it possible to clarify the "Stalinist" strategy for solving the task of restoring the national economy and keeping countries of "people's democracy" in the zone of influence in the conditions of the formation of a bipolar world with an acute shortage of resources. The authors of the paper rely on a source database stored in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), in the funds of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in the funds of V.M. Molotov and of A.I. Mikoyan. Continued work with documents in this area promises to open the curtain on the “white spots” of late Stalinism, which remain the subject of heated discussions in historiography. Moreover, it is the post-war period that allows analyzing the "Stalinist" managerial model in its most complete form. Thus, it is also important to investigate its mechanisms from the point of view of solving the problem of the effectiveness / non-effectiveness of the Soviet system.

Irony and Modernity in the Early Slave Narrative: Bonds of Duty, Contracts of Meaning

In his 1810 narrative, the African American Methodist deacon George White recounts a particularly terrifying dream he experienced following a camp meeting in 1804. Some time after awaking, White tells his wife about the dream and its visions of hell: related the whole to my bosom companion; who, having heard it with astonishment, and much affection, was desirous to know what I thought would be the result; concerning which, I gave her my opinion in full; and we covenanted from that time, to be more faithful to God than ever, and to escape, if possible, the torments I seen (11). A similar moment of mutual occurs in the 1810 narrative of Boyrereau Brinch, which extends from Brinch's childhood in Africa through the Middle Passage to his service in the American Revolution and his struggle for economic independence in Vermont. In Barbados, where he and the other slaves are put up for sale, Brinch meets an African brother and sister had pledged themselves never to part but by death (Brinch and Prentiss 101). Yet the brother, Bangoo, is soon sold to a man who doubtless been devoted to the covenants of our Lord and Saviour, perhaps crossed himself before the image of Christ, suspended upon the cross (101). What these passages, among many others in the literature of the Black Atlantic, help to illuminate is the power of covenanting together in the early slave narrative. (1) That phrase aptly captures both the religious and the personal dimensions of a whole pattern of meaning that runs throughout the genre, one in which the Christian doctrine of duty to God is mirrored and supplemented by, and at times even secondary to, an ethic of interpersonal obligation. For many writers of the Black Atlantic, the ancient notion of a covenant with God, rooted in biblical theology, provided a means of understanding suffering within a providential framework and promised that the faithful would be rewarded and the unfaithful punished. Yet an evolving intellectual and ideological environment rendered traditional covenantalism, in itself, insufficent as a strategy of either survival or literary rhetoric. Man is accountable to God and his fellow wrote Adam Smith in 1761. But tho' he is, no doubt, principally accountable to God, in the order of time, he must necessarily conceive himself as accountable to his fellow creatures, before he can form any idea of the Deity, or of the rules by which that Divine Being will judge of his (130n2). Not all of his contemporaries would have agreed, but Smith's observation, offered during his exegesis of moral judgment, reflects a subtle epistemic shift, toward a kind of ethical pragmatism whereby responsible conduct in this world becomes, necessarily, a prerequisite to religious understanding. Here was a more secular form of thinking about duty, one less reliant on scriptural doctrine and more embedded in the evolving currents of the eighteenth-century world. What I argue in this essay is that this expanded concept of human duty, especially as captured in the notion of a social contract, functioned as a complex, unpredictable, and energizing force in the slave narrative during its formative decades. This perspective provides leverage on a key issue that has intrigued, even bedeviled, scholarship on the eighteenth-century Atlantic world, namely the relation--philosophical, social, and material--between the emergence of Western modernity during this period and the African or black persons found themselves caught up in the international system of commerce managed by European imperial powers. In any analysis of that relation, difficult questions press forward: How did Enlightenment liberalism--with its image of the rational, accountable, and essentially free human subject--interact with intensifying political debates surrounding slavery, abolition, and race? How were those debates influenced, and their participants imagined, by the testimony of African-descended persons; and conversely, how was this testimony itself shaped and constrained by the discursive protocols they observed? …

A GERMAN JANE EYRE? AMELY BÖLTE AND THE ENGLISH GOVERNESS NOVEL

This article examines the influence of English literature and English women authors on the governess novels by the German author and women's rights campaigner Amely Bölte. Following Norbert Bachleitner's argument, who read Bölte's novels about governesses as examples of the productive reception of Jane Eyre (1847) and Shirley (1849) in Germany, this article analyses how Bölte, who between 1839 and 1851 lived and worked as a governess and translator in England, while being in very close contact with the literary scene in London, used the genre of the English governess novel, “translating” it into the German context in order to develop her own form of the social novel to promote women's rights and thus allowing her to find a voice in the political discourse. The article first examines Bölte's early texts, Louise oder Die Deutsche in England (Louise or a German Woman in England, 1846) and Visitenbuch eines deutschen Arztes in London (Visiting Book of the German Doctor in London, 1852). The analysis of these texts shows how Bölte, who was especially impressed by the English female social novel, experiments with the possibilities the figure of the governess can offer her to illustrate women's struggle for economic independence. In these texts, Bölte's German governesses in England seem marginalized in more than one aspect: as working middle-class women, they cross boundaries of gender and class; as foreigners, they have to assert their own national identity. In the later novels Harriet Wilson (1862) and Elisabeth oder Eine deutsche Jane Eyre (Elisabeth or a German Jane Eyre, 1873), which were both written after Bölte's return to Germany, Bölte develops her use of the genre further, now choosing a German setting and a German context. In these novels, Bölte uses the governess to illustrate her demand for a better female education and to condemn the marriage of convenience. By referring to English governess novels such as Jane Eyre—texts her readership was familiar with and approved of—Bölte could promote her feminist programme of the economically indepent woman without alienating her readership, thus keeping a balance between emancipation and convention.

Reflections on Economic Interpretation, Slavery, the People Out of Doors, and Top Down versus Bottom Up

OUR essay invites colleagues to revisit economic interpretation of the colonial protest movement and the decision for American independence. More specifically, we propose that “the American Revolution was a struggle for economic independence from the British Navigation Acts and other economic restrictions.”1 We also maintain that leaders’ public reticence about the economic dimensions of their struggle and about the important issue of slavery represented two sides of the same coin.

Distributive Justice and a Rising Middle Class: Conflict between MAPAI and White-collar Professionals before the 1955 General Elections in IsraelAvi Bareli is a member of staff at the Ben Gurion Research Institute, Ben Gurion University. Uri Cohen is a member of the School of Education, Tel Aviv University.

‘Absorbers’ and ‘absorbed’ are the terms used in sociological and historical research on Israeli society in the decade that began in 1948, the year Israel gained its independence. These terms refer...

Africa since 1935

Part 1 Africa in a decade of world conflicts, 1935-45: the Horn and North Africa, T. Chenntouf tropical and equatorial Africa under French, Portuguese and Spanish domination, A. Diop, D. Birmingham, I. Hrbek, A. Margarido and D.T. Niane Africa under British and Belgian domination, M. Crowder. Part 2 The struggle for political sovereignty - from 1945 to independence: seek ye first the political kingdom, Ali A. Mazrui North Africa and the Horn, I. Hrbek West Africa, 1945-60, J. Suret-Canale and A. Adu Boahen equatorial West Africa, E.M' Boloko the struggle for political sovereignty in Eastern Africa, M. Twaddle, L. Rabearimanana and I.N. Kimambo Southern Africa, D. Chanaiwa. Part 3 Underdevelopment and the struggle for economic independence: economic changes in Africa, C. Coquery-Vidrovitch agriculture and rural development, M. Owusu industrial development and urban growth, P. Kipre comparative strategies of economic decolonization, A.A. Adedeji. Part 4 Socio-political change since independence: nation-building and changing political values, J. Isawa Elaigwu and Ali A. Mazrui nation-building and changing political values, J. Ki-Zerbo, Ali A. Mazrui, C. Wondji and A. Adu Boahen. Part 5 Socio-cultural change since independence: religion and social evolution, T. Tshibangu, J.F. Ade Ajayi and L. Sanneh language and social change, A.I. Sow and M.H. Abdulaziz the development of modern literature, Ali A. Mazrui, M. de Andrade, M. Alaoui Abdalaoui, D.P. Kunene and J. Vansina arts and society, J. Vansina trends in philosophy and science, Ali A. Mazrui, J.F. Ade Ajayi, A. Adu Boahen and T. Tshibangu education and social change, A. Habte, T. Wagaw and J.F. Ade Ajayi. Part 6 Pan-Africanism - liberation and intregation since 1935: Africa and its diaspora, J.E. Harris and S. Zeghidour pan-Africanim and regional integration, S.K.B. Asante and D. Chanaiwa pan-Africanism and liberation, E. Kodjo and D. Chaniawa. Part 7 Independent Africa in world affairs: Africa and the capitalist countries, Chinweizu Africa and the socialist countries, I.D. Thiam, J. Mulira and C. Wondji Africa and the developing regions, L. Edmondson Africa and the United Nations since 1945, E.K. Kouassi towards the year 2000, Ali A. Mazrui.

African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence

African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence

Book reviews

Agrarian Reform and Peasant Economy in Southern Peru, by David Guillet. Columbia; University of Missouri Press, 1979. Pp. xiv 227.$18.75 The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry, by Colin Bundy. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1979; Pp xx + 276. £3.90 (paper). African Women. Their Struggle for Economic Independence by Christine Obbo. London: Zed Press, 1980; pp. x, 165. Household, Women and Agricultural Development. Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Department of Home Economics, Agricultural University of Wageninge, Netherlands, 18–19 January, 1979, edited by Clio Presvelou and Sasikia Spijkers‐Zwart. Miscellaneous Papers 17(1980), Langebouwhogeschool, Wageningen. The Domestication of Women. Discrimination in developing societies by Barbara Rogers, Tavistock Publications; London: pp. 200 Agriculture, Bureaucracy, and Military Government in Peru, by Peter S. Cleaves and Marting J. Scurrah. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1980; pp. $22.50. Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution by Graeme J. Gill. London: Macmillan, 1979. pp. 233; Out of print. The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market, by Leon Swartzberg Jr, Delhi; Motilal Banarsidass, 1979; pp. 1665 Rs 50. Politics in Pakistan. The Nature and Direction of Change, by Khalid B. Sayeed. New York: Praeger Publisher 1980: pp. 194: No Price. Haciendas and Ranchos in the Mexican Bajio, Leon 1700–1860, by P. A. Brading. Cambridge, U.P: Cambridge Latin American Studies 32, 1978; pp. 255

African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence.

African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: OPEC: Twenty Years and Beyond. Edited by Ragaei El Mallakh. Oil, Debt and Development: OPEC in the Third World. By Paul Hallwood and Stuart Sinclair. Economic and Social Transformation in Rural Kenya. By John Carlsen. Regional Inequality and Development. A Case Study of Kenya. By Arne Bigsten. Extension Education and Rural Development. Edited by Bruce R. Crouch and Shankariah Chamala. Vol. I International Experience in Communication and Innovation, 329 pp., Vol. II International Experience in Strategies for Planned Change, 282 pp. Lawyers in the Third World: Comparative and Developmental Perspectives. Edited by C.J. Dias, R. Luckham, D.O. Lynch and J.C.N. Paul, Vol. 3 in Studies of Law in Social Change and Development. Law and Social Enquiry: Case Studies of Research. Edited by R. Luckham, Vol. 5 in the same series. African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence: By Christine Obbo New Women of Lusaka, By Ilsa Glazer Schuster Women's Quest for Power: 5 Case Studies, By Devaki Jain, assisted by Nalini Singh and Malini Chand. Community Development: Comparative Case Studies in India, the Republic of Korea, Mexico and Tanzania. Edited by Ronald Dore and Zoe Mars. Third World Political Organisations. By Gwyneth Williams.

Book reviews

Structural Change and Development Policy. By Hollis B. Chenery. New York: Oxford University Press for World Bank, 1980. Pp. xviii + 526. Hardback £6.50, paperback £2.75. The New International Division of Labour. By Folker Frobel, Jiirgen Heinrichs and Otto Kreye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Studies in Modern Capitalism), 1980. Pp. xiv + 407. £25. International Migration and Development in the Arab Region. By J. S. Birks and C. A. Sinclair. Geneva: ILO, 1980. Pp. xii + 175. Hardback £8.75, paperback £6.25. Policies for Industrial Progress in Developing Countries. Edited by John Cody, Helen Hughes and David Wall. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Pp. ix + 316. Hardback $16.95, paperback S5.95 Prices for Planning: Towards the Reform of Indian Planning. By Deepak Lai. London: Heinemann, 1980. Pp. x + 299. £15. African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence. By Christine Obbo. London: Zed Press, 1980. Pp. x+ 166. £12.95. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. By Goran Hyden. London: Heinemann, 1980. Pp. x + 270. Hardback £7.50, paperback £3.50. The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective. By Akin L. Mabogunje. London: Hutchinson, 1980. Pp. 383. Hardback £12, paperback £5.50. Rice in the Tropics: A Guide to the Development of National Programs. By Robert F. Chandler, Jr. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1980. Pp. xx + 256. $18.50. Informal Sector: A Slide Set. By Walter Elkan. £10/$25 including airmail postage from Department of Economics, Brunei University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, England.

African women: their struggle for economic independence. By Christine Obbo. London: Zed Press1980. x, 166p., map, tables, bibl. £12.95

African women: their struggle for economic independence. By Christine Obbo. London: Zed Press1980. x, 166p., map, tables, bibl. £12.95

African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence

African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence

Economic Planning in Black Africa

We are told that the year 1960 was the year of independence in Black Africa. In a political sense, this is true; but it is certainly not true in an economic sense. Economic independence for Black Africa will come about only gradually, on the basis of a long and sustained development effort. In Black Africa, the problems of economic development are identified with those of the struggle for real independence, the struggle for economic independence. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.