High-rise Building Structures Research Articles

Seismic performance of slit steel plate shear walls strengthened by FRP laminate

Steel plate shear walls with slits are widely used in high–rise building structures due to their flexible arrangement and high ductility. After long-term service, cracks may occur in the slit steel plate shear walls due to repeated buckling and stress concentration. In this study, an FRP–steel composite slit steel plate shear wall was proposed to improve its mechanical performance and service function. Experimental and finite element analysis were conducted to investigate the performance of slit steel plate shear walls reinforced with FRP under low cycle reciprocating load. It was shown that the use of FRP to strengthen slit steel plates can effectively improve the out–of–plane stability of the structure and reduce the stress concentration at the slits. The stiffness and load–bearing capacity of the reinforced slit steel plate shear walls were significantly enhanced. The reinforcement effect of FRP did not significantly affect the energy dissipation capacity of the shear walls. A numerical study was performed to investigate the optimal orientation of the FRP arrangement. The analysis revealed that when the carbon fibers were arranged horizontally and vertically orthogonally, the structure exhibited better seismic properties. This study can not only improve the seismic performance of slit steel plate shear walls, but also have engineering implications for the seismic reinforcement of existing slit steel plate shear walls.

Analysis of stress-strain state of plates made of crosslaminated timber reinforced with composite tapes

In our time, the construction industry is actively developing in various directions. Constructions with large cross-sections are being replaced by counterparts with reduced cross-sectionsusing various types of reinforcement.Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are a massive, multi-layered glued timber construction material. For high-rise building structures and wooden buildings, the use of CLT panels is the primary method for arranging floors and roofs. Layers oftimber are glued together under pressure, forming a virtually ready-made panel. The layers of timber lamellas are laid perpendicular to each other, transversely. The outer layers usually have the same orientation, while the internal layers, perpendicular to the outer ones, may consist of cheaper wood to savecosts. Most often, softwood is used for the production of such panels as the most affordable.However, the production of such panels requires significant material costs. Therefore, research in the field of reinforcement of CLT panels to reduce their cross-section is relevant.Composite materials are leading in structural reinforcement now, as most of them have high resistance to various chemical influences, such as alkalis, acids, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, and others.This allows them to be used both in industrial and agricultural construction, where there is a significant impact of the external environment on structures reinforced with composite materials, and in residential buildings, without harm to residents.After analyzing the stress-strain state through modeling in the LIRA CAD software package of CLT panels reinforced with composite strips and comparing them with similar panels without reinforcement, we can conclude that such materials canbe excellently combined with cross-laminated timber structures, allowing to increase the load-bearing capacity while reducing their cross-section.

Experimental and simulation study on seismic performance of the new beam-column transfer joint as the embedded part of the basement roof

A new beam-column transfer joint is proposed, which consists of an upper column with a concrete-filled steel tube column (CFST), a lower column with a variable-diameter steel-concrete column (SRC), and a reinforced concrete beam. The new transfer joint is mainly set on the roof of the basement of a high-rise building structure. Compared with traditional transfer joints, it reduces the amount of steel used, increases the use space of the basement, and improves the seismic performance of the structure. New transfer joint and traditional joint were tested under cyclic loading to investigate response of the proposed joint. The main performance indicators studied are hysteretic response, energy dissipation, ductility, and stiffness degradation. Research results show that the energy consumption and carrying capacity of the new transfer joint are higher than those of the traditional joint. The correctness of the finite element analysis was verified through the test results, and a parametric analysis was carried out on this basis. It was found that the diameter reduction position of the steel tube and the length of the corbels of the lower column have little impact on the seismic performance of the new transfer joint. The thickness of the steel tube has a greater impact on the seismic performance of the new transfer joints. The peak bearing capacity is increased by about 17 %. Finally, according to the formula given by the specification, the embedding effect of the new transfer joint and the traditional joints are compared. The effect of the new transfer joints is better than that of the traditional one, which can provide a reference for future basement design of high-rise building structures.

Analysis of Wind Load in a 15-Storey Building Using Various Lateral Load Resisting Techniques: A Review

Traditionally, outrigger and belt truss additions are used to strengthen the rigidity of tall buildings with central cores in order to control displacements. At the top of the structure, a single level outrigger can efficiently reinforce a building. The lateral stiffness of each outrigger level rises, although not as much as that of the top level. The primary lateral force-resisting elements of high-rise building structures are shear walls. Higher-performance shear walls are necessary because to the ever-increasing building code requirements and the rising height of high-rise and super high-rise structures. The conventional reinforced concrete shear wall is not very ductile, has a limited capacity to dissipate energy, and is not very deformable. Specifically, the base of a typical shear wall is particularly vulnerable to earthquake damage and is highly challenging to restore. In high-rise and super high-rise buildings, steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) and steel plate reinforced concrete composite shear walls (SPCSWs) are frequently used in place of regular reinforced concrete shear walls or shaped steel reinforced concrete composite shear walls to improve the seismic performance of building structures. Numerous structural methods seem to be able to withstand lateral stresses brought on by earthquakes, blasts, and wind. The more crucial it is to choose the optimal structural arrangement to counteract opposing horizontal loads. Keywords— High-rise structure, Outrigger, Shearwall, Damper etc.

Improved lumped parameter model for shear wall–frame structures with geometric and material nonlinearities

Lumped parameter macroscopic structural models, such as those consisting of springs and rigid sticks, are useful for parametric studies and probabilistic analyses of individual building structures as well as for regional-level assessments on building stock. The existing lumped parameter models (LPMs) for shear wall–frame dual systems exhibit some drawbacks. There is a discrepancy in their arrangement of springs. They are calibrated to match only two modal periods of the original multi-story or even high-rise building structure. The existing models also have limitations when confronted with the P-Δ effect. After a careful investigation, this paper developed new schemes of spring-stick assemblies that accurately reproduce the elastic stiffness matrix of a two-dimensional Euler–Bernoulli or Timoshenko beam–column element and cope with geometric and material nonlinearities. The developed assemblies, which are essentially lumped parameter substitutes for beam–column elements, can be used to build LPMs for moment frames and shear walls. For moment frames, the traditional fishbone model is converted into a LPM that not only reflects the beam-to-column stiffness ratio and strength ratio but also captures the P-Δ effect. Combining the LPM for shear wall with the lumped parameter fishbone model results in an improved LPM for wall–frame dual systems. Together with lumped floor masses, the improved LPM is able to accurately predict all the global vibration modes and nonlinear seismic responses of a dual system. The proposed LPM possesses distinct advantages when simplified macroscopic models are preferred for building structures.

Numerical evaluation of impact resistance of reinforced concrete walls

Reinforced concrete(RC) structures are occasionally subjected to accidental impact during service, which can cause economic losses and casualties. Most previous research on the impact resistance of RC structures has focused on beams, columns, and slabs except walls. Thus, it is necessary to study the impact response and resistance performance of essential RC walls with high resistance requirements, such as critical shear walls, important structures, and vital protective structures of high-rise buildings in earthquake and mountainous areas under low-speed impact. This research verified the finite element model (FEM) through pendulum impact experiments on RC walls (with an impact mass of 2 tons) firstly, then proposed the damage assessment parameters of the RC wall, and analysed the impact response mechanism and resistance performance of RC walls with several reinforcement ratios under different impact loads. The research results indicate that the impact effect on the wall must consider the different value (D-value) between local and global deformation. The impact load significantly influences the peak impact force and the displacement of the RC wall. The mass affects the RC wall’s global residual deflection. At the same time, the velocity significantly influences local displacement, and correspondingly, the RC wall is more prone to local damage with high velocity. Thickness, the concrete fc, and the reinforcement ratio affect the impact resistance of the RC wall. The thicker wall can cause a shorter impact duration, and milder concrete damage, but the smaller rebar stress. The larger fc will bring greater rebar stress and milder concrete damage. A high reinforcement ratio will increase the impact force platform value and the RC wall’s concrete damaged ratio but will reduce the plastic strain of the rebars.

Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Simulation Study on the Eccentricity of the Center of Mass of Full-Frame-Supported High-Rise Building Structure with Thick Plate Transfer

Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Simulation Study on the Eccentricity of the Center of Mass of Full-Frame-Supported High-Rise Building Structure with Thick Plate Transfer

Selected Aspects of Sustainable Construction—Contemporary Opportunities for the Use of Timber in High and High-Rise Buildings

Due to the favourable pro-environmental properties of timber, including the origin of the raw material from renewable sources, ease of reuse, negative carbon footprint, low specific weight, possibility of prefabrication, etc., there is increasing interest in the use of timber in construction. This paper takes a closer look at the new uses of timber as a load-bearing structure for high and high-rise buildings. Cases described in the literature concerning this type of building with residential and public functions erected worldwide were analysed. The first buildings of this type were put into use in 2009. The aim of this paper is to show new possibilities and to extend the use of timber as a load-bearing structure of high and high-rise buildings previously made of reinforced concrete or steel. The scope of the analysis includes two postulates of sustainable construction, directly related to the above-mentioned goals: limiting interference in the natural areas of cities through efficient use of building plots for high or high-rise buildings and the use of renewable materials—timber—for the load-bearing structure of buildings. A research method based on a case study was used. Conclusions were made on the pro-environmental spatial–functional and material–structural design of these high and high-rise buildings.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ НЕИЗВЛЕКАЕМЫХ ТРУБЧАТЫХ ПУСТОТООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ И ЛЁГКИХ БЕТОНОВ ДЛЯ СНИЖЕНИЯ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ЗДАНИЯ

Annotation. The article gives examples of buildings and structures, successfully and unsuccessfully designed and built, shows their characteristic features, analyzes publications that justify the need to reduce the weight of structures; reducing the location of the center of gravity of the masses, the use of constructive solutions of the building itself capable of counteracting seismic effects. An example of the design and calculation of two design options for a twelve-story residential building of various weights using heavy and lightweight concrete and non-removable cardboard-polyethylene void formers with a circular cross section with a diameter of 159 mm is given as one of the methods aimed at reducing seismic impact. Based on the studies performed, it was concluded that it is expedient to use non-removable void formers in combination with lightweight concrete to reduce the mass of reinforced concrete structures and heavy concrete to reduce the center of gravity of the building, and as a result, reduce the seismic impact.
 Subject of study. The subject of the study is to reduce the mass of reinforced concrete structures of high-rise buildings and their center of gravity, as well as the construction of the building itself in seismic zones.
 Materials and methods. To reduce the mass of reinforced concrete structures, the frame was designed and the center of gravity of a twelve-story residential building was calculated in two options - the first option: the use of heavy reinforced concrete completely 2.5 t/m3 and solid floor slabs 22 cm thick; the second option is the use of heavy reinforced concrete with a density of 2.5 t/m3 to cover the basement and the lower four floors, the rest of the upper floors using light reinforced concrete with a density of 1.7 t/m3 and non-removable cardboard-polyethylene void formers with a diameter of 159 mm for floor slabs. The possibility, expediency and application of building design according to the second option are substantiated.
 Results.
 1) Reducing the center of gravity of the building by 16.3%.
 2) Reducing the mass of the building while maintaining the standard loads: 20.5%.
 3) The cumulative reduction in the mass of reinforced concrete elements is 30.7%.
 Conclusions. The proposed design of a monolithic twelve-story residential building using heavy concrete on the lower floors and lightweight concrete in combination with non-removable cardboard-polyethylene tubular hollow formers of circular cross section with a diameter of 159 mm on the upper floors, providing a significant reduction in the mass and center of gravity of the building, is a possible and expedient way to build in seismically dangerous regions

Research on Design and Analysis of Multi-Story Building by using AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro

“The population of India is the second highest in the world as per the 2022 report” [1]. In order to live well, there is an increasing demand for adequate infrastructure. People are migrating from rural to urban regions. Problems will rise due to the high population in urban areas. Due to a lack of available land for construction in metropolitan areas, high-rise building structures are becoming more necessary to address the population density issue. High-rise structures are in high demand, and their construction must be completed without compromising any of the three criteria of cost, timeliness, and safety. AutoCAD design software enables the production of both 2D and 3D drawings for use in constructing multi-story buildings. This study aims to utilize the software package STAAD-Pro to analyze and design a multi-story building, following the production of 2D and 3D drawings using AutoCAD. STAAD-Pro offers a far quicker method of structural analysis and planning for the likelihood of the fewest faults. The design involves load calculations and analyzing the whole structure by STAAD Pro. “The method used in STAAD Pro analysis is Limit State Design followed by Indian Standard Codes. The loads considered for designing the building are dead loads, live loads, and Wind loads. For analyzing a multi-storied building, one has to consider all the possible loadings and see that the structure is safe against all possible loading conditions” [2]. The aim of this study is to analyze the structural behavior of the building and ensure that it meets the necessary design standards and codes. To remain competitive in the constantly expanding market, it is crucial for structural engineers to optimize their time management. This study highlights the importance of using advanced software tools in the design and analysis of complex structures to ensure their safety and stability.

Research on Key Problems and Optimization Based on Structural Design of Super High-rise Buildings

At present, complex super high-rise buildings and super high-rise buildings are emerging all over China, but there are still many problems to be solved in the design of super high-rise structures. For example, the wind pressure and earthquake risk of high-rise buildings, fire safety issues and personnel evacuation issues, earthquake will produce greater inertia force and bending force in high-rise buildings, wind load and wind pressure effect will be more significant, these are the parts that need to be carefully considered to ensure the safety and stability of the building structure. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and optimize the problem of high-rise buildings. Taking a super high-rise building in Luohu District of Shenzhen City as an example, this paper analyzes the basic structure of super high-rise building, analyzes the key problems of structural design, and discusses the optimization method. This paper puts forward the optimization design method of building structure for seismic problem of super high-rise building structure, puts forward the solution to wind resistance problem, and puts forward the optimization layout method of building fire protection.

Dynamic increase factors for progressive collapse analysis of steel structures considering column buckling

Progressive or disproportionate collapse of structures may have severe socio-economic consequences. Aiming at buildings that can withstand such events, one solution is to prevent or minimize the propagation of damage that may lead to progressive collapse by means of robust design strategies. As a typical approach to model progressive collapse and assess robustness, the Alternate Path Method (APM) allows for static analyses, in which the dynamic effects induced by a sudden column loss are taken into account by amplifying loads through a Dynamic Increase Factor. Current recommendations for Dynamic Increase Factors to be used within non-linear static analyses have mainly considered beam-type collapse, overlooking other failure mechanisms, e.g., column buckling. The present paper investigates the dynamic effects of steel structures subjected to progressive collapse when buckling of columns is relevant. Five low- to high-rise case study building structures are considered together with three different column loss scenarios. A numerical procedure is introduced to evaluate the Dynamic Increase Factors considering two different Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs), suited for describing beam- and column-type mechanisms, respectively. As Dynamic Increase Factors are typically assessed by increasing the loads on all the spans (DIF), a procedure was proposed for deriving factors that apply only on the spans above the removal (DIF*), consistently with UFC guidelines. The obtained DIF and DIF* are compared with the current literature and with values recommended in the UFC guidelines, highlighting the limits of current recommendations. Relevant considerations on the derived Dynamic Increase Factors and failure mechanisms involved are provided.

Development and implementation of shear wall finite element in OpenSees

Shear walls are widely used as lateral load-resisting systems in high-rise building structures. The design and nonlinear analysis of shear walls under seismic loads for recoverability are complicated and challenging, which demands nonlinear computer modeling procedures. This paper presents a novel finite element named Double Vertical Beam-column with Shell Element (DVBSE) for the nonlinear analysis of complex reinforced concrete shear walls with columns. The DVBSE is implemented in the open-source finite element program OpenSees. The theoretical formulations of DVBSE are described in detail. The accuracy of the developed DVBSE is established by comparing the finite element analysis results with existing experimental data on recoverable steel-GFRP composite bar reinforced concrete shear walls. The comparative study demonstrates that the proposed DVBSE is superior to the commonly used finite element model in simulating the responses of recoverable complex shear walls under seismic loads. These research findings contribute to further advancements in the development of new shear wall elements and lay a solid foundation for the nonlinear numerical simulation of innovative shear walls.

The Effect of Edge Beams in The Static and Dynamic Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Building Structures

The Effect of Edge Beams in The Static and Dynamic Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Building Structures

A Building Information Modeling-Based Life Cycle Assessment of the Embodied Carbon and Environmental Impacts of High-Rise Building Structures: A Case Study

High-rise buildings represent technological, urban, and life-style trends of the modern urban landscape, yet there are limited data regarding their embodied carbon and environmental impacts, particularly when compared to low- or mid-rise buildings. Given that the projected growth of the global urban population by 2050 requires cities with higher density and potentially a greater number of high-rise buildings, it is crucial to develop a clear understanding of the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of high-rise buildings. The primary structural materials used in high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and structural steel. As of today, over 99% of tall buildings’ structures are built from those two materials. This article utilizes a building information modeling (BIM)-based life cycle assessment (LCA) in Revit and Tally to examine the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of an actual high-rise building structure case study in Chicago that uses a hybrid concrete steel structure. The results show that the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of the high-rise building structure are dominated by the impacts of the product stage in the building’s life cycle and by concrete being the main structural material. Specifically, this study reveals that concrete constitutes a substantial 91% share of the total mass of the building structure, with a 74% contribution to the life cycle global warming potential, 53% to the acidification potential, 74% to the eutrophication potential, 74% to the smog formation potential, and 68% to the non-renewable energy usage. On the other hand, steel accounts for 9% of the building’s structure mass, estimated to constitute 26% of the global warming potential, 47% of the acidification potential, 26% of the eutrophication potential, 26% of the smog formation potential, and 32% of the non-renewable energy usage.

A Comparison of the Effects of Different Slopes on Building Reaction in Wind Zones

Understanding and analysing wind-induced vibrations is a crucial part of the overall evaluation, design, and construction of high-rise building structures. Developers are exploring and using sloped or steep terrain for construction due to the ongoing trends of urbanisation, the ongoing demand for housing, and the constraints placed on available land resources. This change in the landscape underscores the necessity for considerable research endeavours by requiring a comprehensive grasp of the structural equilibrium of structures positioned on slopes. To investigate how wind speed affects the way building frames respond structurally when situated on sloping terrain is the principal objective of this research project. The study considers alternative frame geometries in combination with varying ground slopes. By highlighting the Taking into account wind loads—especially in different wind zones (like III and IV)—and different slopes— from 0° to 10°—the study seeks to clarify the complex dynamics at play in the relationship between wind forces and multi storey reinforced concrete building frames. As a consequence, it is essential to determine if a hillside can sustain building loads. In order to estimate the factor of safety against the slope’s sliding collapse, this study proposes a method that takes building loads transferred to the slope into account. Wind forces might also be included in the analysis. It is feasible to consider various slopes similar to the formulation provided in the research. Research on the stability of slopes with different building configurations has been conducted. This research has discussed the measures that must be implemented for stepped foundations on hill slopes.

Analysis of Paint Properties According to Expandable Graphite and Fire Simulation Research on Firewall Penetration Part.

In this research, we attempted to develop paints that can be applied to various fields such as high-rise building structures and electric vehicle batteries. To minimize damage to life and property in the event of a fire, we attempted to manufacture a highly elastic paint material that can block flames and control smoke spread, and that has additional sound insulation and waterproofing functions. A high-elasticity paint was manufactured by mixing a flame-retardant polyurethane dispersion (PUD) with an acrylic emulsion binder and adding different mass fractions of expandable graphite (EG). The thermal, physical, and morphological properties of the prepared mixed paint were analyzed. The thermal properties of the mixed paint were analyzed and intended to be used as input data (heat transfer coefficient, specific heat capacity) for fire simulation. Output data were used to predict how much the temperature would change depending on the time of fire occurrence. The reason for conducting simulations on the fire stability of paint materials is that the fire stability of paints can be predicted without conducting fire tests. Two hours after the fire broke out, the thermal temperature distribution was analyzed. The temperature distribution was compared with and without mixed paint. Two hours after a fire broke out in a virtual space, it was found that when the mixed paint was applied, the surrounding temperature of the penetration area was lower than when the mixed paint was not applied. Development costs for developing excellent paints can be reduced. Since fire safety can be predicted without actually conducting tests, the time required for product development can be reduced. We are confident that this is a very groundbreaking technology because it allows fire safety simulations for developed products to be conducted in a virtual space by creating an environment similar to actual fire test standards.

Research on seismic design methods for high-rise building structures

In recent years, with the increase of the number of high-rise buildings and the increase of the frequency of earthquakes, the requirement of seismic design of high-rise buildings is getting higher and higher. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the requirements of the existing seismic design code and the basis of designing the seismic performance of high-rise buildings. The results of this paper show that the performance-based seismic design method is the most popular and practical seismic design method at present. It also concluded that the seismic capacity of high-rise buildings can be improved by changing the calculation method of bearing capacity and adopting stable lightweight materials. In addition, this paper also introduces the new seismic methods such as preset yield mode, so as to improve the seismic ability of tall buildings as a whole. In the future, more new and innovative technologies will be applied to the seismic design of high-rise buildings to provide a stable and safe environment for peoples production and life.

Analysis and Application of Double Steel Plate Concrete Composite Shear Wall in the R&D Building of Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory

The R&D Building of Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory is a high-rise structure with multiple irregular items exceeding the specification limit, employing a steel frame-shear wall structural system. The outer frame consists of square steel tube concrete columns and solid-web steel beams, while the core shear wall uses a double steel plate concrete composite shear wall. This paper employs the architectural structural calculation software YJK-EP to perform a dynamic elastic-plastic time-history analysis under rare earthquake action. The shear and bending resistance of the shear wall at the maximum shear force and bending moment are checked to meet the requirements of the “Technical Specifications for Concrete Structures of High-rise Buildings”. The maximum inter-story displacement angle meets the requirements of the “Code for Seismic Design of Buildings”. The double steel plate concrete composite shear wall Wall-1, connected to a large-span and heavy-load transfer truss, was verified under significant seismic action using the ABAQUS software. The results indicate that Wall-1 can meet the design target requirements under major earthquake conditions. Finally, a dynamic nonlinear analysis method was employed using MIDAS-GEN software to study the structure’s anti-progressive collapse performance. The results show that under seven different scenarios, the maximum rotational angle of the remaining structural horizontal members is 2.02°, far less than the limit set by GSA, indicating that a progressive collapse did not occur. In the scenario where the corner column is removed, both the maximum shear and bending moment values for Wall-1 are far below its shear and bending resistance capacities, satisfying the load-bearing requirements. The removal of the corner column has a significant impact on the displacement of the columns on the same level nearby, with the peak displacement change rate reaching 702.65%.

Parametric Automated Design and Virtual Simulation of Building Machine Using BIM

With the continuous development of the construction technology of the main structure of high-rise buildings, traditional construction techniques have been widely used in high-rise building projects. However, these technologies have problems such as low safety, low intelligence, and poor integrity. In order to solve these challenges, the Third Engineering Bureau of China Construction independently developed a new type of construction technology—a high-rise building integrated work construction platform (referred to as a building machine). Building machines has been gradually applied to high-rise building projects due to its intelligence, integration, safety, and other advantages. However, with the increase in the number of high-rise building projects, the traditional way of designing building machine layout programs is inefficient and the design program is complicated to change. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a building machine parametric design and layout and virtual simulation method. This method uses Blender open-source software to model the building machine parametrically and quickly using its visual programming tool Geometry Nodes (GN) and simulates the building machine in the virtual scene through the Unity3D platform. The results show that, compared with the traditional design mode, the method proposed in this paper can quickly complete the scheme design in the design phase of the building machine and display it through the 3D model, which has a better visualization effect, improves the design efficiency, and reduces the design cost, and the Unity simulation platform can also provide the construction personnel with pre-shift education and simulation of the operation of the building machine. This method provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the digital construction of the building machine.