Structure Of Covalent Organic Frameworks Research Articles

Pyridine‐Bridged Covalent Organic Frameworks with Adjustable Band Gaps as Intelligent Artificial Enzymes for Light‐Augmented Biocatalytic Sensing

AbstractOne of the biggest challenges in biotechnology and medical diagnostics is finding extremely sensitive and adaptable biosensors. Since metal‐based enzyme‐mimetic biocatalysts may lead to biosafety concerns on accumulative toxicity, it is essential to synthesize metal‐free enzyme‐mimics with optimal biocatalytic activity and superior selectivity. Here, the pyridine‐bridged covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with specific oxidase‐like (OXD‐like) activities as intelligent artificial enzymes for light‐augmented biocatalytic sensing of biomarkers are disclosed. Because of the adjustable bandgaps of pyridine structures on the photocatalytic properties of the pristine COF structures, the pyridine‐bridged COF exhibit efficient, selective, and light‐responsive OXD‐like biocatalytic activity. Moreover, the pyridine‐bridged COF structures show tunable and light‐augmented biocatalytic detection capabilities, which outperform the recently reported state‐of‐the‐art OXD‐mimics regarding biosensing efficiency. Notably, the pyridine‐bridged COF exhibits efficient and multifaceted diagnostic activity, including the extremely low limit of detection (LOD), which enables visual assays for abundant reducibility biomarkers. It is believed that this design will offer unique metal‐free biocatalysts for high‐sensitive and low‐cost colorimetric detection and also provide new insights to create highly efficient enzyme‐like COF materials via linkage‐modulation strategies for future biocatalytic applications.

Covalent organic framework membranes modified by end-capping monomers for organic solvent nanofiltration

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with excellent solvent stability, high porosity, and well-designed pore size, are competitive candidates for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). To manipulate their structures, pre-synthetic and post-synthetic modifications are commonly used. Nevertheless, pre-synthetic modifications may alter the stacking fashion of COF nanosheets; post-synthetic modifications are constrained by limited pre-functionalities and can hardly achieve complete conversion. In contrast, defect engineering is a facile method to modify the structure of COFs through defects generated by the breakage of linkages or the usage of end-capping molecules. In this study, we adopted defect engineering to improve the OSN performance of TpPa-COF membranes constructed of 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and p-phenylenediamine (Pa) monomers with end-capping molecules—aniline (An). The membrane synthesized with 30 percent of An molecules (TpPaAn-30/HPAN membrane) maintained a continuous COF layer with a thickness of ∼20 nm but lower density or more free channels, compared to the control membrane. The optimized TpPaAn-30/HPAN membrane had improved permeance for various organic solvents (e.g., 31.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 for methanol, fourfold of the control membrane) but maintained rejection towards methyl blue (>90 %). It also allowed the passage of rhodamine B but blocked methyl blue when filtrating a mixed-dye methanolic solution. Herein, the usage of end-capping monomers is proven to be an efficient method to introduce transport channels and improve the separation performance of COF membranes.

Metal-Catalyzed Multi-Component Approach to Quinoline-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks

The development of new reaction chemistry is highly desirable to construct new structural and functional covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Benefiting from the extremely large database of metal-catalyzed reaction database, we herein develop a new synthetic strategy that can generate quinoline-linked COFs via a silver-catalyzed three-component one-pot reaction and achieve functionalization by the simple replacement of alcohols. This metal-catalyzed approach to the construction of robust COF structures characterized by extended π-conjugation holds the potential to pave a novel pathway in the synthesis of COF materials endowed with both heightened stability and functionality.

Hydroxide Ion Conduction through Viologen-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks (vCOFs): An Approach toward the Advancement.

Alkaline fuel cells rely on the movement of hydroxide anions (OH-) for their operation, yet these anions face challenges in efficient conduction due to their limited diffusion coefficient and substantial mass compared to proton (H+) transport. Within the covalent organic framework structure, ordered channels offer a promising solution for the OH- ion transport. Herein, we synthesized a cationic covalent organic framework (vTAPA) via the solvothermal-assisted Zincke reaction. vTAPA showcases excellent stability in harsh basic solution (12 M) and a wide range of pH. This framework facilitates OH- conduction through its one-dimensional network through the anion exchange process. We employed various tertiary ammonium salts (tetramethyl, tetraethyl, and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide) to exchange trapped anionic chloride ions inside the vTAPA structure with OH- ions. The density functional theory (DFT) study exhibited that the anion exchange process is very favorable, as the vTAPA framework offers preferable interaction sites for OH- ions. The impact of steric hindrance from these tertiary ammonium salts on the OH- conduction performance was extensively investigated. Butyl@vTAPA exhibited a high OH- ion conductivity of 1.05 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 90 °C under 98% relative humidity (RH). Our uniquely designed cationic covalent organic frameworks (COF) created a platform for a preferential transport network of hydroxide ions, and this is the first report of directly used COFs for hydroxide ion conduction without any vigorous postsynthetic modification.

Scalable Fabrication of Ionic-Conductive Covalent Organic Framework Fibers for Capturing of Sustainable Osmotic Energy.

High-performance covalent organic framework (COF) fibers are demanded for an efficient capturing of blue osmotic power because of their excellent durability, simple integration, and large scalability. However, the scalable production of COF fibers is still very challenging due to the poor solubility and fragile structure of COFs. Herein, for the first time, it is reported that COF dispersions can be continuously processed into macroscopic, meter-long, and pure COF fibers using a wet spinning approach. The two presented COF fibers can be directly used for capturing of osmotic energy, avoiding the production of composite materials that require other additives and face challenges such as phase separation and environmental issues induced by the additives. A COF fiber exhibits power densities of 70.2 and 185.3 W m-2 at 50-fold and 500-fold salt gradients, respectively. These values outperform those of most reported systems, which indicate the high potential of COF fibers for capturing of blue osmotic energy.

Rapid and Accurate Screening of the COF Space for Natural Gas Purification: COFInformatics.

In this work, we introduced COFInformatics, a computational approach merging molecular simulations and machine learning (ML) algorithms, to evaluate all synthesized and hypothetical covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for the CO2/CH4 mixture separation under four different adsorption-based processes: pressure swing adsorption (PSA), vacuum swing adsorption (VSA), temperature swing adsorption (TSA), and pressure-temperature swing adsorption (PTSA). We first extracted structural, chemical, energy-based, and graph-based molecular fingerprint features of every single COF structure in the very large COF space, consisting of nearly 70,000 materials, and then performed grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the CO2/CH4 mixture adsorption properties of 7540 COFs. These features and simulation results were used to develop ML models that accurately and rapidly predict CO2/CH4 mixture adsorption and separation properties of all 68,614 COFs. The most efficient separation process and the best adsorbent candidates among the entire COF spectrum were identified and analyzed in detail to reveal the most important molecular features that lead to high-performance adsorbents. Our results showed that (i) many hypoCOFs outperform synthesized COFs by achieving higher CO2/CH4 selectivities; (ii) the top COF adsorbents consist of narrow pores and linkers comprising aromatic, triazine, and halogen groups; and (iii) PTSA is the most efficient process to use COF adsorbents for natural gas purification. We believe that COFInformatics promises to expedite the evaluation of COF adsorbents for CO2/CH4 separation, thereby circumventing the extensive, time- and resource-intensive molecular simulations.

Synthetic control over the energy transfer and charge transfer between carbon dots and covalent organic framework

Carbon dots (CDs) are environmentally benign, strongly photoluminescent, metal free nanoparticles. Interfacing them with tailor-made organic semiconductors possesing an ordered channel structure such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) promises to yield multifunctional materials. In this study, microwave-derived CDs are successfully incorporated into the porous structure of COF in a one-pot synthesis in which the condensation reaction between benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde (BDT) and 1,1,2,2-tetra(p-aminophenyl)ethylene (ETTA) is conducted in the presence of CDs. A detailed structural and optoelectronic characterization of the COF/CDs composite reveals that upon tuning the CDs loadings encapsulated in COF the interaction between both components can be controlled allowing the switch between energy and charge transfer. At CDs loadings ⩽20 wt%, strong binding of CDs to the COF enables charge transfer evinced from the quenched photoluminescence (PL) of both components and accelerated exciton decay kinetics of the COF. At CDs loadings ⩾30 wt% Förster resonance energy transfer from CDs to COF prevails, leading to enhanced COF PL. Our study underlines the interaction mechanism in organic composites and provides the knowledge required for the design of novel functional materials with applications in photocatalysis, optoelectronics and sensing.

PyCOFBuilder: A Python Package for Automated Creation of Covalent Organic Framework Models Based on the Reticular Approach.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained significant popularity in recent years due to their unique ability to provide a high surface area and customizable pore geometry and chemistry, making them an ideal choice for a wide range of applications. However, exploring COFs experimentally can be arduous and time-consuming due to their immense number of potential structures. As a result, computational high-throughput studies have become an attractive option. Nevertheless, generating COF structures can also be a challenging and time-consuming task. To address this challenge, here, we introduce the pyCOFBuilder, an open-source Python package designed to facilitate the generation of COF structures for computational studies. The pyCOFBuilder software provides an easy-to-use set of functionalities to generate COF structures following the reticular approach. In this paper, we describe the implementation, main features, and capabilities of the pyCOFBuilder, demonstrating its utility for generating COF structures with varying topologies and chemical properties. pyCOFBuilder is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/lipelopesoliveira/pyCOFBuilder.

Structural Regulation of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Catalysis.

ConspectusChemical reactions can be promoted at lower temperatures and pressures, thereby reducing the energy input, by introducing suitable catalysts. Despite its significance, the quest for efficient and stable catalysts remains a significant challenge. In this context, addressing the efficiency of catalysts stands out as a paramount concern. However, the challenges posed by the vague structure and limited tailorability of traditional catalysts would make it highly desirable to fabricate optimized catalysts based on the understanding of structure-activity relationships. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a subclass of fully designed crystalline materials formed by the polymerization of organic building blocks through covalent bonds have garnered widespread attention in catalysis. The precise and customizable structures of COFs, coupled with attributes such as high surface area and facile functional modification, make COFs attractive molecular platforms for catalytic applications. These inherent advantages position COFs as ideal catalysts, facilitating the elucidation of structure-performance relationships and thereby further improving the catalysis. Nevertheless, there is a lack of systematic emphasis on and summary of structural regulation at the atomic/molecular level for COF catalysis. Consequently, there is a growing need to summarize this research field and provide deep insights into COF-based catalysis to promote its further development.In this Account, we will summarize recent advances in structural regulation achieved in COF-based catalysts, placing an emphasis on the molecular design of the structures for enhanced catalysis. Considering the unique components and structural advantages of COFs, we present the fundamental principles for the rational design of structural regulation in COF-based catalysis. This Account starts by presenting an overview of catalysis and explaining why COFs are promising catalysts. Then, we introduce the molecular design principle for COF catalysis. Next, we present the following three aspects of the specific strategies for structural regulation of COF-based catalysts: (1) By designing different functional groups and integrating metal species into the organic unit, the activity and/or selectivity can be finely modulated. (2) Regulating the linkage facilitates charge transfer and/or modulates the electronic structure of catalytic metal sites, and accordingly, the intrinsic activity/selectivity can be further improved. (3) By means of pore wall/space engineering, the microenvironment surrounding catalytic metal sites can be modulated to optimize performance. Finally, the current challenges and future developments in the structural regulation of COF-based catalysts are discussed in detail. This Account provides insight into the structural regulation of COF-based catalysts at the atomic/molecular level toward improving their performance, which would provide significant inspiration for the design and structural regulation of other heterogeneous catalysts.

Template-Free Self-Assembly of Hollow Microtubular Covalent Organic Frameworks for Oral Delivery of Insulin.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have demonstrated versatile application potential since their discovery. Although the structure of COFs is orderly arranged, the synthesis of controllable macrostructures still faces challenges. Herein, we report, to our knowledge, the first template-free self-assembled COF-18 Å hollow microtubule (MT-COF-18 Å) structure and its use for insulin delivery that exhibits high loading capacity, gastroresistance, and glucose-responsive properties. The hollow MT-COF-18 Å was achieved by a template-free method benefiting from the mixed solvents of mesitylene and dioxane. The formation mechanism and morphology changes with insulin loading and release were observed. In Caco-2 cells, the transferrin-coated system demonstrated enhanced insulin cellular uptake and transcellular transport, which indicated great potential for oral applications. Additionally, the composites presented sustained glycemic control and effective insulin blood concentrations without noticeable toxicity in diabetic rats. This work shows that hollow microtubular COFs hold great promise in loading and delivery of biomolecules.

Engineering Covalent Organic Frameworks Toward Advanced Zinc-Based Batteries.

Zinc-based batteries (ZBBs) have demonstrated considerable potential among secondary batteries, attributing to their advantages including good safety, environmental friendliness, and high energy density. However, ZBBs still suffer from issues such as the formation of zinc dendrites, occurrence of side reactions, retardation of reaction kinetics, and shuttle effects, posing a great challenge for practical applications. As promising porous materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their derivatives have rigid skeletons, ordered structures, and permanent porosity, which endow them with great potential for application in ZBBs. This review, therefore, provides a systematic overview detailing on COFs structure pertaining to electrochemical performance of ZBBs, following an in depth discussion of the challenges faced by ZBBs, which includes dendrites and side reactions at the anode, as well as dissolution, structural change, slow kinetics, and shuttle effect at the cathode. Then, the structural advantages of COF-correlated materials and their roles in various ZBBs are highlighted. Finally, the challenges of COF-correlated materials in ZBBs are outlined and an outlook on the future development of COF-correlated materials for ZBBs is provided. The review would serve as a valuable reference for further research into the utilization of COF-correlated materials in ZBBs.

Recent Progress in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Cathode Materials.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are constructed from small organic molecules through reversible covalent bonds, and are therefore considered a special type of polymer. Small organic molecules are divided into nodes and connectors based on their roles in the COF's structure. The connector generally forms reversible covalent bonds with the node through two reactive end groups. The adjustment of the length of the connector facilitates the adjustment of pore size. Due to the diversity of organic small molecules and reversible covalent bonds, COFs have formed a large family since their synthesis in 2005. Among them, a type of COF containing redox active groups such as -C=O-, -C=N-, and -N=N- has received widespread attention in the field of energy storage. The ordered crystal structure of COFs ensures the ordered arrangement and consistent size of pores, which is conducive to the formation of unobstructed ion channels, giving these COFs a high-rate performance and a long cycle life. The voltage and specific capacity jointly determine the energy density of cathode materials. For the COFs' cathode materials, the voltage plateau of their active sites' VS metallic lithium is mostly between 2 and 3 V, which has great room for improvement. However, there is currently no feasible strategy for this. Therefore, previous studies mainly improved the theoretical specific capacity of the COFs' cathode materials by increasing the number of active sites. We have summarized the progress in the research on these types of COFs in recent years and found that the redox active functional groups of these COFs can be divided into six subcategories. According to the different active functional groups, these COFs are also divided into six subcategories. Here, we summarize the structure, synthesis unit, specific surface area, specific capacity, and voltage range of these cathode COFs.

Decoupling synthesis and crystallization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for more crystalline layer targeting high efficiency dye separation

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials composed of organic building blocks linked by covalent bonds, which have attracted great attention for membrane–based separation applications. However, fabrication of COF membranes with high quality and performance remains a challenge, especially for the β–ketoenamine linked COFs. In the conventional IP methods, the synthesis process (the Schiff–base reaction of the monomers and the tautomerism of the oligomers) and the crystallization process (the self–assembly of the oligomers) of the COFs materials occur simultaneously on the surface of the support membrane, which can result in low crystallinity, high defect density, and poor separation performance of the COF layer. In this study, a novel strategy for fabricating large-area, defect–free COFs composite membranes by interfacial polymerization (IP) was presented to overcome this problem. By incorporating both the amine and aldehyde monomers in one organic phase, and dissolving organic acid catalyst in another phase (the water), the synthesis process mostly take place in the bulk of the organic phase, while the crystallization occurs on the surface of the support membrane under the influence of the organic acid catalyst. This strategy effectively decoupled the synthesis process with the crystallization, providing a stable growth region for crystalline layer, ultimately leading to the formation of a thin, defect–free and highly ordered COF layer on the support membrane. The strategy was demonstrate by synthesis of triformylphloroglucinol phenylenediamine (TpPa)–Ⅱ/Poly(m–phenylene isophthalaminde) (PMIA) composite membrane. We characterize the structure and morphology of the TpPa–Ⅱ/PMIA composite membrane by various analytical techniques to verify our hypothesis, and evaluate its separation performance using pure water permeance and dyes retention rate as indicators. The results show that the TpPa–Ⅱ/PMIA composite membrane has an 80 nm thick top-layer with regular COF structure and orderly pores. It exhibits an excellent dye separation performance, with a (pure water permeance) PWP of 105.6 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 and CR rejection of 99.2 %, which surpasses most of the TpPa–type COFs composite membranes reported in literature, as well as the reference (TpPa–I/PMIA membrane) in this work. Moreover, the TpPa–Ⅱ/PMIA composite membrane maintains both its performance and structural stability during a 240–hour cross–flow filtration of the dye solution, demonstrating its excellent potential in the dye wastewater treatment.

Amphiphilic Covalent Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Pickering Emulsion Catalysis with Size Selectivity

AbstractExploiting advanced amphiphilic solid catalysts is crucial to the development of Pickering emulsion catalysis. Herein, covalent organic framework (COF) nanoparticles constructed with highly hydrophobic monomers as linkers were found to show superior amphiphilicity and they were then developed as a new class of solid emulsifiers for Pickering emulsion catalysis. Employing amphiphilic COFs as solid emulsifiers, Pickering emulsions with controllable emulsion type and droplet sizes were obtained. COF materials have also been demonstrated to serve as porous surface coatings to replace traditional surface modifications for stabilizing Pickering emulsions. After implanting Pd nanoparticles into amphiphilic COFs, the obtained catalyst displayed a 3.9 times higher catalytic efficiency than traditional amphiphilic solid catalysts with surface modifications in the biphasic oxidation reaction of alcohols. Such an enhanced activity was resulted from the high surface area and regular porous structure of COFs. More importantly, because of their tunable pore diameters, Pickering emulsion catalysis with remarkable size selectivity was achieved. This work is the first example that COFs were applied in Pickering emulsion catalysis, providing a platform for exploring new frontiers of Pickering emulsion catalysis.

Amphiphilic Covalent Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Pickering Emulsion Catalysis with Size Selectivity.

Exploiting advanced amphiphilic solid catalysts is crucial to the development of Pickering emulsion catalysis. Herein, covalent organic framework (COF) nanoparticles constructed with highly hydrophobic monomers as linkers were found to show superior amphiphilicity and they were then developed as a new class of solid emulsifiers for Pickering emulsion catalysis. Employing amphiphilic COFs as solid emulsifiers, Pickering emulsions with controllable emulsion type and droplet sizes were obtained. COF materials have also been demonstrated to serve as porous surface coatings to replace traditional surface modifications for stabilizing Pickering emulsions. After implanting Pd nanoparticles into amphiphilic COFs, the obtained catalyst displayed a 3.9 times higher catalytic efficiency than traditional amphiphilic solid catalysts with surface modifications in the biphasic oxidation reaction of alcohols. Such an enhanced activity was resulted from the high surface area and regular porous structure of COFs. More importantly, because of their tunable pore diameters, Pickering emulsion catalysis with remarkable size selectivity was achieved. This work is the first example that COFs were applied in Pickering emulsion catalysis, providing a platform for exploring new frontiers of Pickering emulsion catalysis.

Intuitive and Efficient Approach to Determine the Band Structure of Covalent Organic Frameworks from Their Chemical Constituents.

The optical, electronic, and (photo) catalytic properties of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are largely determined by their electronic structure and, specifically, by their Frontier conduction and valence bands (VBs). In this work, we establish a transparent relationship between the periodic electronic structure of the COFs and the orbital characteristics of their individual molecular building units, a relationship that is challenging to unravel through conventional solid-state calculations. As a demonstration, we applied our method to five COFs with distinct framework topologies. Our approach successfully predicts their first-principles conduction and VBs by expressing them as a linear combination of the Frontier molecular orbitals localized on the COF fragments. We demonstrate that our method allows for the rapid exploration of the impact of chemical modifications on the band structures of COFs, making it highly suitable for further application in the quest to discover new functional materials.

Covalent Organic Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Alkali Metal-ion Batteries.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous crystalline polymeric materials constructed by linking organic small molecules through covalent bonds. COFs have the advantages of strong covalent bond network, adjustable pore structure, large specific surface area and excellent thermal stability, and have broad application prospects in various fields. Based on these advantages, rational COFs design strategies such as the introduction of active sites, construction of conjugated structures, and carbon material composite, etc. can effectively improve the conductivity and stability of the electrode materials in the field of batteries. This paper introduces the latest research results of high-performance COFs electrode materials in alkali metal-ion batteries (LIBs, SIBs, PIBs and LSBs) and other advanced batteries. The current challenges and future design directions of COFs-based electrode are discussed. It provides useful insights for the design of novel COFs structures and the development of high-performance alkali metal-ion batteries.

Recent Advances and Perspectives of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Alkali-Ion Batteries

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a novel class of crystalline porous materials constructed by covalent bonds, possess ordered porous structures via thermodynamically controlled polymerization reactions. Because of their structurally diverse, regular pore structures, high surface area, and thermal stability can be functionally tailored through different synthetic methods to meet the needs of various applications including for secondary batteries. This review summarized recent efforts that have been devoted to designing and synthesizing COF-based materials for battery applications, including electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators. Unique characteristics of COFs allow for the rational design of targeted functions, suppression of side reactions, and promotion of ion transport for batteries. This review clarified recent research progress on COF materials for lithium-ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries and so on. This review pointed out the structure and chemical properties of COFs, as well as new strategies to improve battery performance. Furthermore, we concluded the major challenges and future trends of COF materials in electrochemical applications. It is hoped that this review will provide meaningful guidance for the development of COFs for alkali-ion batteries.

Revolutionizing the structural design and determination of covalent-organic frameworks: principles, methods, and techniques.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent an important class of crystalline porous materials with designable structures and functions. The interconnected organic monomers, featuring pre-designed symmetries and connectivities, dictate the structures of COFs, endowing them with high thermal and chemical stability, large surface area, and tunable micropores. Furthermore, by utilizing pre-functionalization or post-synthetic functionalization strategies, COFs can acquire multifunctionalities, leading to their versatile applications in gas separation/storage, catalysis, and optoelectronic devices. Our review provides a comprehensive account of the latest advancements in the principles, methods, and techniques for structural design and determination of COFs. These cutting-edge approaches enable the rational design and precise elucidation of COF structures, addressing fundamental physicochemical challenges associated with host-guest interactions, topological transformations, network interpenetration, and defect-mediated catalysis.

Design of ultra-microporous COF for effectively enhancing the dielectric and fire resistance of bismaleimide based electronic packaging material

Most common flame retardants have high polarizability, so introducing flame retardants with simple structures to simultaneously improve the flame retardancy and dielectric properties of bismaleimide resin is a technical challenge. This work utilized the unique microporous structure of covalent organic framework (COF) as a low dielectric factor combined with molecular design to synthesize phosphonitrile based COF-N with a pore size of approximately 1.8 nm. The dielectric constant (Dk) of BMI composite containing 1 wt% COF-N (BMI/COF-N 1.0) is as low as 2.76, far exceeding the requirement of less than 3. Moreover, BMI/COF-N 1.0 achieved UL94 at V0 rating, with a 37.9 % reduction in total heat release (THR) and a 55.6 % reduction in total smoke production (TSP), demonstrating excellent fire safety. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) exceeds 290 ℃, which is greater than the heat resistance required for lead-free reflow soldering at 260 ℃. Therefore, a simple method is provided to prepare high-performance BMI based electronic packaging substrates.