Template Structure Research Articles

Construction of superhydrophobic PDMS@PS-SiO2 films with self-cleaning properties via a simple template approach for efficient water harvesting

Superhydrophobic materials have a wide range of applications in the fields of anticorrosion, anti-dust, anti-ice and anti-fouling due to their self-cleaning, anti-wetting and anti-bacterial properties. However, there are problems in the preparation process, such as cumbersome processes, inconsistent properties of the prepared hydrophobic surfaces, and environmental pollution by fluoropolymers. Therefore, it is especially critical to develop a simple method to prepare green and efficient superhydrophobic surfaces. Here, a simple template method is used to prepare superhydrophobic surfaces. The Polystyrene (PS) honeycomb patterned film was used as a template, and the microstructure inside the pores of the PS film was changed by filling silica particles inside the template. Reproduction of the surface microstructure of PS films using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The shape and size of the template structure are adjusted to regulate the surface microstructure, which in turn achieves the control of the overall hydrophobicity. The transition from PDMS hydrophobicity to superhydrophobicity was achieved by changing the structure of the PS film surface. The PDMS@PS-SiO2 film achieved a water contact angle of 153°, an increase of 48° compared to the original film. Tested at different temperatures and pH, PDMS@PS-SiO2 film has good stability performance. Immersing the film in pollutants still maintains its own cleaning properties and is not easily contaminated for long-term use. The morphology of the film surface was observed using electron microscopy to demonstrate the successful preparation of the film as well as to explore the reason for the variation of the hydrophobic performance. In addition, using PDMS@PS-SiO2 film as the substrate of the hydrophobic film, the bionic water-collecting film was prepared with a water-collecting performance of 20.12 ± 0.15 mg min−1 cm−2. The reuse of mist was achieved. This method provides a new idea for the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces and solving the problem of water shortage.

Dissecting AlphaFold2’s Capabilities with Limited Sequence Information

Abstract Protein structure prediction aims to infer a protein’s three dimensional structure from its amino acid sequence. Protein structure is pivotal for elucidating protein functions, interactions, and driving biotechnological innovation. The deep learning model AlphaFold2, has revolutionized this field by leveraging phylogenetic information from multiple sequence alignments to achieve remarkable accuracy in protein structure prediction. However, a key question remains: how well does AlphaFold2 understand protein structures? This study investigates AlphaFold2’s capabilities when relying primarily on high-quality template structures, without the additional information provided by multiple sequence alignments. By designing experiments that probe local and global structural understanding, we aimed to dissect its dependence on specific features and its ability to handle missing information. Our findings revealed AlphaFold2’s reliance on sterically valid Cβ for correctly interpreting structural templates. Additionally, we observed its remarkable ability to recover three dimensional structures from certain perturbations and the negligible impact of the previous structure in recycling. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that AlphaFold2 has learned an accurate biophysical energy function. However, this function seems most effective for local interactions. Our work advances understanding of how deep learning models predict protein structures and provides guidance for researchers aiming to overcome limitations in these models.

Valorization of Selected Biomass-Derived Molecules on Olea europaea Leaves-Biotemplated TiO2-g-C3N4 Photocatalysts

Biotemplating technique allows the synthesis of catalysts, recreating the sophisticated structure of nature templates. In this work, some biotemplated TiO2 semiconductors were synthesized using Olea Europaea leaves as templates. Then, g-C3N4 was coupled to materials to later incorporate Pt on the surface or as dopant in the structure to evaluate the efficiency of the solids in two photocatalytic applications to valorize biomass: hydrogen production through glycerol photoreforming, and photoacetalization of cinnamaldehyde with 1,2-propanediol. In glycerol photoreforming, the presence of Pt (superficial or dopant) enhanced hydrogen production, being Pt@AOLCN (a heterojunction containing biotemplated TiO2, g-C3N4, and Pt) the system that exhibited the highest efficiency (3053.4 µmol·gcat−1·h−1). For photoacetalization, while Pt reduced cinnamaldehyde conversion, it improved selectivity when incorporated on TiO2. Notably, carbon nitride (CN) exhibited the highest yield after 16 h of testing. The study emphasizes the importance of tailoring catalyst selection to specific reactions, as efficiency is closely tied to the structural and chemical properties of the materials. These findings contribute to the development of efficient photocatalysts for sustainable biomass valorization processes.

Influence of Stereochemistry in a Local Approach for Calculating Protein Conformations.

Protein structure prediction is generally based on the use of local conformational information coupled with long-range distance restraints. Such restraints can be derived from the knowledge of a template structure or the analysis of protein sequence alignment in the framework of models arising from the physics of disordered systems. The accuracy of approaches based on sequence alignment, however, is limited in the case where the number of aligned sequences is small. Here, we derive protein conformations using only local conformations knowledge by means of the interval Branch-and-Prune algorithm. The computation efficiency is directly related to the knowledge of stereochemistry (bond angle and ω values) along the protein sequence and, in particular, to the variations of the torsion angle ω. The impact of stereochemistry variations is particularly strong in the case of protein topologies defined from numerous long-range restraints, as in the case of protein of β secondary structures. The systematic enumeration of the conformations improves the efficiency of the calculations. The analysis of DNA codons permits to connect the variations of torsion angle ω to the positions of rare DNA codons.

Fabrication of Ordered Nanohole Arrays by Anodization of Sn Substrates with Ordered Dimple Patterns Formed Using Porous Alumina Template

Abstract Sn thin films with ordered concave patterns were formed by the thermal deposition of Sn onto an anodic porous alumina template and peeling off the Sn thin film from the template. Ordered nanohole array structures with uniformly sized pores were obtained by anodizing the obtained Sn thin film. This is because each shallow concave formed on the Sn thin film acts as an initiation site for pore development during the initial anodization stage. On the basis of this process, large-area anodic Sn oxide films with ordered nanohole array structures were obtained using a large-area anodic porous alumina template. The interpore distance of the nanohole array structure in the anodic Sn oxide film can also be controlled by changing the structure of the anodic porous alumina template. The obtained anodic Sn oxide film with an ordered nanohole array structure is expected to be used for various applications, such as batteries, sensors, and solar cells.

Advantages and prospects of cell derived decellularized extracellular matrix as tissue engineering scaffolds

To review the application of cell derived decellularized extracellular matrix (CDM) in tissue engineering. The literature related to the application of CDM in tissue engineering was extensively reviewed and analyzed. CDM is a mixture of cells and their secretory products obtained by culturing cells in vitro for a period of time, and then the mixture is treated by decellularization. Compared with tissue derived decellularized extracellular matrix (TDM), CDM can screen and utilize pathogen-free autologous cells, effectively avoiding the possible shortcomings of TDM, such as immune response and limited sources. In addition, by selecting the cell source, controlling the culture conditions, and selecting the template scaffold, the composition, structure, and mechanical properties of the scaffold can be controlled to obtain the desired scaffold. CDM retains the components and microstructure of extracellular matrix and has excellent biological functions, so it has become the focus of tissue engineering scaffolds. CDM is superior in the field of tissue engineering because of its outstanding adjustability, safety, and high bioactivity. With the continuous progress of technology, CDM stents suitable for clinical use are expected to continue to emerge.

Highly Tunable, Nanomaterial-Functionalized Structural Templating of Intracellular Protein Structures Within Biological Species.

Inside living organisms, proteins are self-assembled into diverse 3D structures optimized for specific functions. This structure-function relationship can be exploited to synthesize functional materials through biotemplating and depositing functional materials onto protein structures. However, conventional biotemplating faces limitations due to the predominantly intracellular existence of proteins and associated challenges in achieving tunability while preserving functionality. In this study, Conversion to Advanced Materials via labeled Biostructures (CamBio), an integrated biotemplating platform that involves labeling target protein structures with antibodies followed by the growth of functional materials, ensuring outstanding nanostructure tunability is proposed. Protein-derived plasmonic nanostructures created by CamBio can serve as precise quantitative tools for assessing target species is demonstrated. The assessment is achieved through highly tunable and efficient surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). CamBio enables the formation of dense nanogap hot spots among metal nanoparticles, templated by diverse fibrous proteins comprising densely repeated monomers. Furthermore, iterative antibody labeling strategies to adjust the antibody density surrounding targets, amplifying the number of nanogaps and consequently improving SERS performance are employed. Finally, cell-patterned substrates and whole meat sections as SERS substrates, confirming their easily accessible, cost-effective, scalable preparation capabilities and dimensional tunability are incorporated.

ACuGa6S10 (A = Rb, Cs): Design and Synthesis of Two New Cavity-Chalcopyrite Chalcogenides Based on "Iterative Substitution" Strategy.

Two new non-centrosymmetric chalcogenides, ACuGa6S10 (A = Rb, Cs) have been successfully synthesized by an "iterative substitution" strategy based on chalcopyrite CuFeS2 structural template. Benefiting from the substitution of Fe3+ cations by Ga3+ cations, ACuGa6S10 (A = Rb, Cs) exhibit wide suitable band gap of 2.48 and 2.40 eV, respectively, which is about five times higher than their structure template CuFeS2, and the large second harmonic generation response (1.5 and 1.8 × AgGaS2). Combining theoretical calculation and structural analysis confirm that the [GaS4] tetrahedra make the main contribution on their good liner and nonlinear optical (NLO) performances. The "iterative substitution" strategy expands the design idea of materials and can lead to the discovery of a large number of IR NLO compounds.

Cavity-Based Discovery of New Fatty Acid Photodecarboxylases.

Light-dependent fatty acid photodecarboxylases (FAPs) hold significant potential for biotechnology, due to their capability to produce alka(e)nes directly from the corresponding (un)saturated natural fatty acids requiring light as the only reagent. This study expands the family of FAPs through cavity-based enzyme discovery methods. Thirty enzyme candidates with potential photodecarboxylation activity were identified by matching the cavities of four related template structures against the Protein Data Bank's flavoproteins, a library of proteins identified via the Foldseek Search Server, and homology models of sequences resulting from BLAST. Subsequent docking experiments narrowed this library to ten promising enzymes, which were expressed and assessed in vitro, identifying four photodecarboxylases. Out of these enzymes, the GMC oxidoreductase from Coccomyxa sp. Obi (CoFAP) was characterized in detail, which revealed high activity in the decarboxylation reactions of palmitic acid and octanoic acid and a broad pH tolerance (pH 6.5-9.5).

Exceptional Electrical Detection of Trace NO2 via Mixed Metal MOF-on-MOF Film-Based Sensors.

The tunability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) makes them exceptional materials for the development of highly selective, low-power sensors for toxic gas detection. Herein, we demonstrate enhanced detection of NO2 gas by a MOF-based electrical impedance sensor made using a unique mixed metal MOF-on-MOF synthesis. A combined experimental and computational study was performed using the exemplar NixMg1-x-MOF-74 to understand the fundamental structure-property relationships behind metal mixing and MOF film synthesis methods on sensor performance. Density functional theory results indicated that the presence of Ni in Mg-MOF-74 increased framework stability and increased the electron density of states at lower energies near the HOMO, as well as enhanced the NO2-Mg adsorption interaction. Impedance data of the NixMg1-x-MOF-74 films with larger Ni contents showed greater impedance change after exposure to 1 ppm of NO2 gas. Furthermore, when synthesized through either a drop-cast or direct solvothermal film growth approach, the monometallic Ni-based sensors had the best performance. However, the mixed metal NixMg1-x-MOF-74 sensors synthesized through a MOF-on-MOF approach resulted in the highest impedance change, outperforming all monometallic Ni-based sensors. In particular, the mixed metal Ni-on-Mg-MOF-74 film was the best-performing sensor with an impedance change of 309 upon trace NO2 exposure. Change in impedance response after NO2 exposure was improved by 52% compared to the best monometallic Ni-on-Ni-MOF-74 sensor. Structural analysis of the Ni-on-Mg film showed that the first Mg-MOF-74 layer acts as a structural template controlling the structural features of the final film after metal exchange with Ni. This led to improved film quality, evidenced by the greater crystallinity and larger MOF grain sizes, and resulted in enhanced sensor performance which was not achievable through other metal mixing methods. Altogether, this study identifies structure-property relationships and synthetic templating methods that inform MOF-based sensor design, allowing for improved detection of toxic compounds.

Deep eutectic solvent-mediated synthesis of CuCo2O4 @ Sargassum tenerrimum derived carbon heterostructure as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions

Developing bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) through simple, economical, and innovative methods is vital for sustainable energy conversion. Here, we showcase a green and sustainable approach for synthesizing CuCo₂O₄ - Sargassum Tenerrimum derived carbon composites (CCST) directly from fresh seaweed and a deep eutectic solvent (DES), marking its initial application in HER/OER. The successful transformation of seaweed and metal precursors into CCST was accomplished using a direct pyrolysis method at 900 °C in an inert atmosphere. Here, Seaweed granules acted as the carbon source, with DES employed for its multifunctional properties, including serving as a solvent, a structural template, and a catalyst for fostering material development. When these materials were assessed as electrocatalysts for OER in 1 M KOH media, the optimal catalyst (CCST-9 (1:2)) exhibited a low overpotential of 381 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 44 mV dec−1. In addition, the same material achieved low overpotential of 383 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 100 mV dec−1 when tested as an electrocatalyst for HER in 0.5 M H2SO4 media. Interestingly, CCST-9 (1:2) demonstrated excellent long-term stability in OER in 1 M KOH during a 24-h chronoamperometry test, with only a minor reduction in current density. The present study contributes new perspectives to the development of scalable and high-performance bifunctional catalysts, achieved through an environmentally friendly and cost-effective synthetic strategy.

Two α-SiO2-Related Deep-Ultraviolet Phase-Matchable Optical Nonlinear Beryllium Silicate Crystals Na2BeSiO4 and Li2BeSiO4 with Enhanced SHG Effect.

Deep-UV, (wavelength λ<200nm) nonlinear-optical (NLO) silicate crystals have long been troubled by weak second-harmonic-generation (SHG) effect and common non-phase-matchability, leading to the stagnation of silicate research, despite abundant reserves of silicates on the earth. Representative and simple α-SiO2 is an ideal structural prototype toward improving silicate NLO performance by exploring efficient strategies. Herein, through two-step structural modulations based on fundamental "distortion and superposition" principles of NLO response, two deep-UV NLO crystals taking α-SiO2 as a structural template, Na2BeSiO4 and Li2BeSiO4, are synthesized successively. By providing flexible coordination BeO4 tetrahedra for rigid tetrahedral SiO4 that induces distortion of SiO4, Na2BeSiO4 achieves significant enhancement of phase-matchable SHG effect of 15×α-SiO2. Further, by introducing a low coordination number of Li+ cations that stimulates uniform orientation of SiO4, Li2BeSiO4 exhibits the strongest phase-matchable SHG effect as large as 40×α-SiO2 among the universal SiO4-governed NLO silicates. Also, computational investigations support the rationality of the structural modulations well. Such efficient structural modulations can greatly promote the exploration and rational design of NLO silicates.

Integrating allele-specific PCR with CRISPR-Cas13a for sensitive KRAS mutation detection in pancreatic cancer

BackgroundThe clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas13a system has strong potential for highly sensitive detection of exogenous sequences. The detection of KRASG12 point mutations with low allele frequencies may prove powerful for the formal diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).ResultsWe implemented preamplification of KRAS alleles (wild-type and mutant) to reveal the presence of mutant KRAS with CRISPR-Cas13a. The discrimination of KRASG12D from KRASWT was poor for the generic KRAS preamplification templates and depended on the crRNA design, the secondary structure of the target templates, and the nature of the mismatches between the guide and the templates. To improve the specificity, we used an allele-specific PCR preamplification method called CASPER (Cas13a Allele-Specific PCR Enzyme Recognition). CASPER enabled specific and sensitive detection of KRASG12D with low DNA input. CASPER detected KRAS mutations in DNA extracted from patients’ pancreatic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration fluid.ConclusionCASPER is easy to implement and is a versatile and reliable method that is virtually adaptable to any point mutation.

Exploring “dark-matter” protein folds using deep learning

De novo protein design explores uncharted sequence and structure space to generate novel proteins not sampled by evolution. A main challenge in de novo design involves crafting "designable" structural templates to guide the sequence searches toward adopting target structures. We present a convolutional variational autoencoder that learns patterns of protein structure, dubbed Genesis. We coupled Genesis with trRosetta to design sequences for a set of protein folds and found that Genesis is capable of reconstructing native-like distance and angle distributions for five native folds and three novel, the so-called "dark-matter" folds as a demonstration of generalizability. We used a high-throughput assay to characterize the stability of the designs through protease resistance, obtaining encouraging success rates for folded proteins. Genesis enables exploration of the protein fold space within minutes, unrestricted by protein topologies. Our approach addresses the backbone designability problem, showing that small neural networks can efficiently learn structural patterns in proteins. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.

Synthesis of Doped g‐C3N4 Photonic Crystals for Enhanced Light‐Driven Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Water‐Splitting

Dopants are frequently used to improve graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) photoactivity. As a doping source, phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) can activate doping sites inside the gCN lattice, resulting in 2D Mo:P‐gCN porous material. However, the gradual loading of the PMA fraction has no systematic improvement in the Mo:P‐gCN photoactivity. For improving the optoelectronic properties of Mo:P‐gCN, its textural geometry is a controllable parameter that can provide enhanced photonic properties, achievable by shaping its morphology through a crystalline template structure, namely, photonic crystals (PCs). Herein, a doped PC material is made of Mo:P‐gCN and PCs and labeled as Mo:P‐gCN/PCs. The impact of PCs is highlighted in the structural, electronic, and optical performances of Mo:P‐gCN. A well‐defined 3D crystalline network is evidenced by microscopic measurements (scanning electron microscopy, AFM, focused ion beam). Mo:P‐gCN/PCs shows a hydrogen production rate (750 μmol g−1 h−1) one time higher than Mo:P‐gCN and 6 times higher than pure gCN. The synthesis strategy proposed in this work leads simultaneously to the Mo:P codoping effect provided by PMA and the slow photon effect due to the PC structure, offering a novel strategy to improve the gCN photoactivity by simultaneously applying polyoxometalates as modifiers and polystyrene opals as templates.

Testing the Capability of Embedding-Based Alignments on the GST Superfamily Classification: The Role of Protein Length.

In order to shed light on the usage of protein language model-based alignment procedures, we attempted the classification of Glutathione S-transferases (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) and compared our results with the ARBA/UNI rule-based annotation in UniProt. GST is a protein superfamily involved in cellular detoxification from harmful xenobiotics and endobiotics, widely distributed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. What is particularly interesting is that the superfamily is characterized by different classes, comprising proteins from different taxa that can act in different cell locations (cytosolic, mitochondrial and microsomal compartments) with different folds and different levels of sequence identity with remote homologs. For this reason, GST functional annotation in a specific class is problematic: unless a structure is released, the protein can be classified only on the basis of sequence similarity, which excludes the annotation of remote homologs. Here, we adopt an embedding-based alignment to classify 15,061 GST proteins automatically annotated by the UniProt-ARBA/UNI rules. Embedding is based on the Meta ESM2-15b protein language. The embedding-based alignment reaches more than a 99% rate of perfect matching with the UniProt automatic procedure. Data analysis indicates that 46% of the UniProt automatically classified proteins do not conserve the typical length of canonical GSTs, whose structure is known. Therefore, 46% of the classified proteins do not conserve the template/s structure required for their family classification. Our approach finds that 41% of 64,207 GST UniProt proteins not yet assigned to any class can be classified consistently with the structural template length.

Methyl-Transferase-Like Protein 16 (METTL16): The Intriguing Journey of a Key Epitranscriptomic Player Becoming an Emerging Biological Target.

Key epitranscriptomic players have been increasingly characterized for their structural features and their involvement in several diseases. Accordingly, the design and synthesis of novel epitranscriptomic modulators have started opening a glimmer for drug discovery. m6A is a reversible modification occurring on a specific site and is catalyzed by three sets of proteins responsible for opposite functions. Writers (e.g., methyl-transferase-like protein (METTL) 3/METTL14 complex and METTL16) introduce the methyl group on adenosine N-6, by transferring the methyl group from the methyl donor S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) to the substrate. Despite the rapidly advancing drug discovery progress on METTL3/METTL14, the METTL16 m6A writer has been marginally explored so far. We herein provide the first comprehensive overview of structural and biological features of METTL16, highlighting the state of the art in the field of its biological and structural characterization. We also showcase initial efforts in the identification of structural templates and preliminary structure-activity relationships for METTL16 modulators.

Nondestructive Demolding of Structure-Designable High-Aspect-Ratio Nanoimprint Template.

Demolding is a crucial step in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) for successfully transferring template structures onto resist materials. The process, however, is often hindered by the adhesion and friction between the template and resist, leading to inevitable defects on the replicas and posing challenges in replicating templates with high-aspect-ratio (HAR) structures. Here, we introduce a novel approach using the dissolvable template method to achieve the nondestructive demolding of structure-designable HAR nanoimprint templates. The templates were fabricated by the 3D lithography technology, employing a positive photoresist that can be easily dissolved in alkaline solutions after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. By implementing this method, we successfully transferred dense arrays of pillars with a minimal diameter of 1.2 μm and a significant aspect ratio of 18, as well as a microlens array diffuser with randomly distributed structural parameters. The dissolvable template method paves the way for stress-free demolding, broadening NIL's application range.

Rationally designed febuxostat-based hydroxamic acid and its pH-Responsive nanoformulation elicits anti-tumor activity

Attempts to furnish antitumor structural templates that can prevent the occurrence of drug-induced hyperuricemia spurred us to generate xanthine oxidase inhibitor-based hydroxamic acids and anilides. Specifically, the design strategy involved the insertion of febuxostat (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) as a surface recognition part of the HDAC inhibitor pharmacophore model. Investigation outcomes revealed that hydroxamic acid 4 elicited remarkable antileukemic effects mediated via HDAC isoform inhibition. Delightfully, the adduct retained xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, though xanthine oxidase inhibition was not the underlying mechanism of its cell growth inhibitory effects. Also, compound 4 demonstrated significant in-vivo anti-hyperuricemic (PO-induced hyperuricemia model) and antitumor activity in an HL-60 xenograft mice model. Compound 4 was conjugated with poly (ethylene glycol) poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer to furnish pH-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) in pursuit of circumventing its cytotoxicity towards the normal cell lines. SEM analysis revealed that NPs had uniform size distributions, while TEM analysis ascertained the spherical shape of NPs, indicating their ability to undergo self-assembly. HDAC inhibitor 4 was liberated from the matrix due to the polymeric nanoformulation's pH-responsiveness, and the NPs demonstrated selective cancer cell targeting ability.

A flexible strategy to fabricate trumpet-shaped porous PDMS membranes for organ-on-chip application.

Porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane is a crucial element in organs-on-chips fabrication, supplying a unique substrate that can be used for the generation of tissue-tissue interfaces, separate co-culture, biomimetic stretch application, etc. However, the existing methods of through-hole PDMS membrane production are largely limited by labor-consuming processes and/or expensive equipment. Here, we propose an accessible and low-cost strategy to fabricate through-hole PDMS membranes with good controllability, which is performed via combining wet-etching and spin-coating processes. The porous membrane is obtained by spin-coating OS-20 diluted PDMS on an etched glass template with a columnar array structure. The pore size and thickness of the PDMS membrane can be adjusted flexibly via optimizing the template structure and spinning speed. In particular, compared to the traditional vertical through-hole structure of porous membranes, the membranes prepared by this method feature a trumpet-shaped structure, which allows for the generation of some unique bionic structures on organs-on-chips. When the trumpet-shape faces upward, the endothelium spreads at the bottom of the porous membrane, and intestinal cells form a villous structure, achieving the same effect as traditional methods. Conversely, when the trumpet-shape faces downward, intestinal cells spontaneously form a crypt-like structure, which is challenging to achieve with other methods. The proposed approach is simple, flexible with good reproducibility, and low-cost, which provides a new way to facilitate the building of multifunctional organ-on-chip systems and accelerate their translational applications.