Structures In Colombia Research Articles

Agricultural Research in Colombia: Counterpoint with the Brazilian System

This paper analyzes the evolution and structure of Colombia's agricultural research network, paying special attention to the role of government expenditures in modeling this system. The authors also compare the Colombian agricultural network with the path followed by the Brazilian agricultural sector, which has been considered a pattern in South America. For this purpose, a bibliographic review and historical and institutional data are presented. Although agricultural research in Colombia began in the early 20th century, it has evolved more recently with the creation of different public and private institutions linked to the National Science and Technology System. However, agriculture and its research sector have faced major challenges related to government endowments that are needed to fund infrastructure and demand for researchers, as well as lower competitiveness compared to their Brazilian counterparts determined by social profit.

FISHES AND MOBILE MACROINVERTEBRATES OF ARTICIAL HABITATS IN TAGANGA BAY, COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN

Fishes and macroinvertebrates associated to two types of articial habitats deployed in Taganga Bay were assessed by stationary visual census to compare these assemblages. Forty-one species of shes and nine macroinvertebrates were observed in eleven visual censuses. The distribution patterns depicted in abundance and richness between the two types of habitats used (concrete blocks vs. articial shelters), were a possible response to dissimilarities in their location and number of visual census. A relative high sh richness and diversity were found in these articial habitats, in comparison to other articial structures in Colombia, probably owing to their proximity with heterogeneous natural habitats. The use of complex articial habitats could have potential useful to conserve, restore and manage some marine resources supported in planned researches in this area.

The Art of Feliza Bursztyn: Confronting Cultural Hegemony

This article analyzes the sculpture of Colombian artist Feliza Bursztyn (1933–1982) through the lens of decolonial theory. Bursztyn has entered the canon of Colombian art history as a key modern artist, but to place emphasis primarily on her formal innovations as they contributed to the development of modern, autonomous art in Colombia is to risk minimizing the ways in which her work challenged cultural hegemony and European-American discourses of modernity. Her art can be interpreted as problematizing the assumption that “development” is the answer to “underdevelopment,” that modernity can be universally beneficial. In their confrontations with dominant power structures in Colombia that sought to control class and gender relations and morality, Bursztyn’s work exposed modernity’s dark side, coloniality.

Experimental Determination of Allowable Stresses for Bamboo <i>Guadua Angustifolia Kunth</i> Structures

The earthquake on 1999 in Armenia city (Colombia) showed the good seismic performance of structures using bamboo guadua as main material but also the mistakes caused by improper techniques of construction and the lack of parameters design for this type of structures. This work presents the experimental methodology used for the determination of allowable stresses for the design of bamboo guadua structures, used in the project "Validation of Guadua Angustifolia as a structural material for design, by the allowable stresses methodology" financed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development of Colombia (Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural de Colombia) and developed by National University of Colombia (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) since the year 2008 when there were no allowable stress design standards for this structures in Colombia. For the determination of the allowable stresses were carried out tests of samples in compression, tension, and shear parallel to the fiber, compression perpendicular of the fiber and bending beams with bamboo guadua from three different areas of Colombia. It was found also the flexural elastic modulus for the material.

The behaviour of a historic masonry arch bridge regarding dynamic loads

This article describes the analysis of a historic brick arch bridge constructed in Colombia during the 18th century for predicting its behavior in response to loads produced by seismic activity and determining its vulnerability. Two studies were carried out prior to the seismic analysis to obtain basic information regarding the structure's overall behavior (modal analysis and linear static analysis), both stemming from a three-dimensional model constructed by the finite elements method. Seismic excitation was simulated in the conditions proposed by 1998 Colombian seismic-resistant norms (NSR-98). The results obtained agreed with the bridge's history and with its response to earthquakes; the comparison between seismic loads and the resistance capacity of the materials constituting the structure confirms the vulnerability of these types of constructions regarding localised damage and the possibility of collapse. The results suggest that this procedure can be applied to other historic structures in Colombia.

1989–1995 Earthquake sequences in the Galeras volcano region, SW Colombia, and possible volcano–earthquake interactions

The Galeras volcanic complex, located in the Nariño department, SW Colombia, includes the most historically active volcano in the country, Galeras, a 4276 m high stratovolcano located 9 km west of the city of San Juan de Pasto (400,000 inhabitants). The area is also affected by the continental faulting represented by the Buesaco, Aranda and Pasto faults belonging to one of the most seismically active structures in Colombia, the Romeral fault system. Several moderate to strong shallow earthquakes affected the city of San Juan de Pasto and its neighbouring region since the XVII century. The coexistence of an active volcanic complex and an active fault system complicates the study and interpretation of the different processes taking place in the region as well as the identification of any connection or interaction among them. The reactivation of the volcano in 1989 was characterized by three main magmatic events: (1) a series of Vulcanian eruptions during 4–9 May 1989, with semi-continuous ash emissions from a secondary crater; (2) the emplacement of an andesitic lava dome at the bottom of the main crater from September 1990 until December 1991; and (3) six Vulcanian eruptions from the main crater during 1992–1993, with destruction of most of the dome during the first one on 16 July 1992. During the same period, four earthquake sequences were located in a limited area N and NE of Galeras volcano on August–September 1989 (AUG1989), April–June 1993 (APR1993), November–December 1993 (NOV1993) and March–August 1995 (MAR1995). The last one included a Ml4.7 main shock on 4 March 1995 producing moderate to high damage in the epicentral region (MSK maximum intensity VIII), and in the city of San Juan de Pasto (VI–VII). The last damaging earthquake in the region was a MSK-intensity VIII–IX in 1947. A detailed analysis of the spatio-temporal characteristics of the four earthquake sequences allowed identifying their different origin and suggesting some interrelationship between the reactivated eruptive process and the contemporaneous seismic activity. The AUG1989 sequence presents a typical volcanic swarm-like pattern most probably related with the process of magma intrusion from depth at the beginning of the volcano's reactivation. The APR1993, the NOV1993 and the MAR1995 sequences show a clear tectonic origin with events occurring on rupture planes almost vertical that can be associated to the active faults in the area, The seismogenic process of these three sequences could have been activated or accelerated by the main eruptions during 1992–1993. These results suggest that constrains provided by improved relocations and the detailed analysis of the space–time characteristics of earthquake sequences in Galeras volcanic environment allow to establish the different generation mechanisms involved and to suggest feasible explanations on the possible interrelationships of the magmatic–volcanic processes and the seismicity observed.

Family Structure and Adolescence

The characteristics of two family structures in Colombia and their methods of childrearing were described from participant observational data. The data illustrated that street childrenz camefrompoorfamilies that were matrifocal and of indigenous orAfrican descentt. Tley raised children for early independence. The class-dominant, Spanish patrifocal families had methods of child-rearing that demanded strict obedience to paretntal authority and delaved adolescent independence. The present study illustrated that the street children's early independence in a rapidly changing and volatile society increased the presslure on the state to exert its waning authority. The children were then described usinig ethnographic standards. The study demonstrated the difficulty of getting accurate information about a largc social problem, and illustrated that adolescence was defined itn a historical and societal context.

Imperialist Capitalism in the Third World: Theory and Evidence From Colombia

One of the key theoretical questions regarding contemporary imperialism has been the evaluation of the effects of international monopoly capitalism on the economies of Third World countries. Differences in the interpretation of the data have often been the result of differences in theoretical approach. This discussion of the consequences of imperialism has progressed through a series of interesting and prolonged debates on questions such as: Is the underdevelopment of Latin America a consequence of feudalism or of capitalism? Are the Third World countries crawling slowly amidst their backwardness, or is capitalist industrialization making fast strides? The goal of this essay is to illustrate, with the help of theory and through evidence, how the internal economic structure of Colombia has been shaped by the imperialist domination of the United States and, hopefully, to show the specifically different characteristics of capitalism when it develops under conditions of imperialist oppression. The theoretical framework of the essay is the theory of imperialism developed by Lenin (1960) imperialism is capitalism in capitalism's advanced or highest stage. Imperialism appears as the direct development and continuation of the fundamental attributes and contradictions of the capitalist mode of production. Capitalism does not reach this stage until its typical characteristics become its fetters, i.e. until free competition disappears and capitalist monopolies begin to appear. If free competition in commodity production characterizes capitalism, monopoly, or the opposite of free competition, characterizes imperialism. Monopolies, however, do not completely eliminate competition, but rather impose a new kind of competition where the contradictions, frictions, and conflicts are more sharply defined. Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism.

The structure of Colombia

The geology of Colombia involves rock formations of Precambrian to Quaternary ages and their structure reflects all the complex evolutionary stages undergone in their development from the basement Guiana Shield in the east to the Tertiary Andean Cordilleras in the west.The Colombian Andes proper consist of five distinct and physiographically independent mountain ranges: the Coastal Range, Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central, Cordillera Oriental with its continuation, Cordillera de Perija, and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Each of these elements shows marked structural characteristics and is of different age of uplift. The Guiana Shield and its outliers in the eastern half of the country represent the old continental basement complex. The growth of the rest of Colombia took place west and north of the shield. The largest part of the shield area is covered with thin beds of Tertiary sediments and comparatively little is known of its structural development.The data available on the Colombian Andes permit an outline of the successive evolution and the structural relations of its component elements. Thus, it can be established that, as in the structure of the Venezuelan Andes, Sierra de Merida, to the northeast [Oppenheim, 1937] and the Ecuadorian Andes to the south [Oppenheim, 1950b], the predominating tectonic pattern of the Colombian Andes is that of block‐faulting and not of overthrusting. This distinctly Andean type of structure is further enhanced in Colombia by the dual constitution of the Colombian Cordilleras—the Western and Central Cordilleras being of predominantly igneous and metamorphic composition, while the eastern Cordillera Oriental is largely of sedimentary constitution [Oppenheim, 1947].The rise of the Cordilleras does not seem to be due to direct tangential pressures from east to west but, rather, to vertical stresses, or their components. The graben structure of the Magdalena and Cauca troughs and the absence of important regional zones of low‐angle thrusting or nappe structures in the Colombian Andes confirm this view.A hypothetic evolution of the Colombian Andes from island arcs appears suggestive and deserves further study, as it seems to confirm the existing geological and geophysical connections of the Cordilleras with island arcs of the Lesser Antilles, a relation that has been pointed out by Hess [1938], Oppenheim [1948], and Gutenberg and Richter [1949]