Structured Clinical Interview For DSM Disorders Research Articles

Childhood parental bonding and depression in adulthood: A study of mothers in rural Pakistan

BackgroundParent-child relationship quality can have long-term impacts on child mental health into adulthood. The impact of parental behaviors on the future mental health of children has been understudied in South Asia, where parenting approaches differ from the dominant western approaches often represented in the literature. MethodsMothers in rural Pakistan (N = 828) reported on their own mothers' parenting behaviors using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and were assessed for depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). The PBI includes scales for warmth (care scale) and over-control (protection scale), as well as subscales for behavioral control and psychological control. We used structural equation modeling to test the associations between depression and all PBI scales/subscales. ResultsIncreased parental care was associated with lower probability of depression (B = −0.19, SE = 0.09). Parental protection was associated with higher probability of depression (B = 0.25, SE = 0.11). Among the protection subscales, behavioral control was associated with increased risk of depression (B = 0.24, 95 % SE = 0.11) and psychological control was associated with decreased risk of depression (B = −0.28, SE = 0.12). LimitationsThis cross-sectional study used retrospective self-reports of parenting experiences. Participants only reported on their mothers, not fathers or other caregivers. ConclusionsIn a rural Pakistani sample, maternal warmth was protective against adulthood depression. The association between maternal control and depression varied based on the type of control (behavioral or psychological), emphasizing the importance of nuanced measures of parental control in this context.

Differences in clinical presentation between newly diagnosed bipolar I and II disorders: A naturalistic study

AimThis naturalistic clinical study aims to investigate differences between newly diagnosed patients with bipolar type I (BDI) and bipolar type II (BDII) disorders in socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, affective symptoms, cognition, functioning and comorbidity with personality disorders. MethodsThe BD diagnosis and type were confirmed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Affective symptoms were assessed with the Young Mania Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Major Depressive Index, and the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale. Functional impairment was assessed with the Functional Assessment Short Test. Cognitive impairment was evaluated by the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry and the Cognitive Complaints in Bipolar Disorder Rating Assessment. Finally, comorbid personality disorders were assessed with the Standardized Assessment of Personality-Abbreviated Scale and structured interview Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-disorders. Results383 newly diagnosed patients were included (BDI: n = 125; BDII: n = 258). Against expectations, we found no more depressive symptoms in BDII compared with BDI nor any differences in cognitive, childhood trauma or overall functional impairment. The only difference was lower occupational impairment in the BDII group. LimitationsThe self-reported measures of cognitive difficulties and childhood trauma involved potential bias (recall or other). Despite BD being newly diagnosed a diagnostic delay was observed. ConclusionPatients newly diagnosed with BDII and BDI had similar burdens of depressive symptoms and cognitive and overall functional impairment, however patients with BDI had lower occupational functioning. No statistically significant difference was found in prevalence of comorbid personality disorders between patients with BDI and BDII.

52 Differences in Neuropsychological Test Performance and Symptom Data in Schizophrenia with Co-Occurring Cannabis Use

Objective:Long-term exposure to the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC), has been consistently raised as a notable risk factor for schizophrenia. Additionally, cannabis is frequently used as a coping mechanism for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Cannabis use in schizophrenia has been associated with greater severity of psychotic symptoms, non-compliance with medication, and increased relapse rates. Neuropsychological changes have also been implicated in long-term cannabis use and the course of illness of schizophrenia. However, the impact of co-occurring cannabis use in individuals with schizophrenia on cognitive functioning is less thoroughly explored. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine whether neuropsychological test performance and symptoms in schizophrenia differ as a function of THC use status. A second aim of this study was to examine whether symptom severity moderates the relationship between THC use and cognitive test performance among people with schizophrenia.Participants and Methods:Peer-reviewed articles comparing schizophrenia with and without cannabis use disorder (SZ SUD+; SZ SUD-) were selected from three scholarly databases; Ovid, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The following search terms were applied to yield studies for inclusion: neuropsychology, cognition, cognitive, THC, cannabis, marijuana, and schizophrenia. 11 articles containing data on psychotic symptoms and neurocognition, with SZ SUD+ and SZ SUD- groups, were included in the final analyses. Six domains of neurocognition were identified across included articles (Processing Speed, Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Learning Memory, and Reasoning and Problem Solving). Positive and negative symptom data was derived from eligible studies consisting of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms (SNS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) scores. Meta analysis and meta-regression was conducted using R.Results:No statistically significant differences were observed between SZ SUD+ and SZ SUD-across the cognitive domains of Processing Speed, Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Learning Memory, and Reasoning and Problem Solving. Positive symptom severity was found to moderate the relationship between THC use and processing speed, but not negative symptoms. Positive and negative symptom severity did not significantly moderate the relationship between THC use and the other cognitive domains.Conclusions:Positive symptoms moderated the relationship between cannabis use and processing speed among people with schizophrenia. The reasons for this are unclear, and require further exploration. Additional investigation is warranted to better understand the impact of THC use on other tests of neuropsychological performance and symptoms in schizophrenia.

Depression in dialysis.

The aim of this study was to examine updated prevalence rates, risk factors and the prognosis, diagnosis and treatments for depression among dialysis patients. Depression influences prognosis, complications, quality of life (QOL), treatment and costs for dialysis patients worldwide. Reported prevalence of depression is 13.1-76.3%; it is higher for dialysis than transplant and higher post than predialysis. Reported depression rates with peritoneal dialysis (PD) compared with in-centre haemodialysis (HD) are inconsistent. Related medical factors are known, but suspected associated patient characteristics including gender and race remain unexplored. Associations between depression in dialysis and QOL, mortality, pathophysiological mechanisms of increased mortality, infection and pathways of inflammation-mediated and psychosocial factors require clarification. Several depression screening instruments are validated for dialysis patients - the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID) remains the gold standard - but authors suggest the diagnostic standard should be higher than for the general population. Short-term studies indicate nonpharmacological therapy achieves clinical effects for depression in dialysis patients, but research on long-term effects is needed. Depression management through early screening and continuous care models emphasizing dynamic relationships between healthcare teams, patients and families should be encouraged. Large-scale studies of short-term and long-term benefits of pharmacological and nonpharmacological depression management are warranted.

Diagnostic operating characteristics of PROMIS scales in screening for depression

ObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic operating characteristics of The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Systems (PROMIS) depression scales in screening for major depression. MethodsInterview data from patients enrolled in clinical trials involving patients with chronic pain (2 trials) or post-stroke (1 trial) were analyzed. This included baseline and follow-up interviews in 648 and 586 study patients, respectively. Patients completed PROMIS depression scales of varying lengths (4-item, 6-item, and two 8-item scale versions) as well as the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9) depression scale. A Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) was administered to establish diagnoses of major depression and any depression. Sensitivity and specificity at various score cutpoints as well as area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. ResultsPROMIS scales of varying lengths had similar diagnostic operating characteristics. The optimal screening cutpoint for PROMIS raw scores on the 4-, 6-, and 8-item scales was 8, 12, and 16, respectively, which corresponds to a PROMIS T-score of 55. The average sensitivity and specificity of the two PROMIS 8-item scales for major depression across the 3 trials using a T-score cutpoint ≥55 was 0.81 and 0.84, respectively. This was almost identical to 0.81 and 0.82 for the PHQ-9 at its standard cutpoint score ≥ 10. The average AUC for major depression was identical (0.91) for the two PROMIS 8-item scales and PHQ-9, and also similar for any depression (0.87 to 0.89). ConclusionPROMIS scales ranging from 4 to 8 items have strong operating characteristics comparable to the PHQ-9 in screening for depression.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01236521, NCT01583985, NCT01507688

The he effectiveness of intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy on reducing the symptoms and defense mechanisms of obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders

Abstract Introduction and objective: Intensive and short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) is one of the effective treatments for personality disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ISTDP on reducing the symptoms and defensive mechanisms of obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders. Method: The present study is an experimental research with a single experimental design (A-B-A). The statistical population of the present study consisted of all individuals with personality disorders, Tehran who referred to two psychology clinics in Tehran in 2019. Among the above statistical population, 6 people were diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders based on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-II) based on the on DSM-5 criteria were selected by purposive sampling method. The instruments used in this study were: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III), Defensive Mechanisms Questionnaire-40 and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). In addition, ISTDP protocol was applied to the research sample according to the Davanlo (1995, 2000) approach for 15 sessions once a week and each session for one hour. Subjects were assessed after baseline assessment, once every 3 sessions, and after the treatment sessions, 3 follow-up assessments were performed at one-month intervals. Data were analyzed using eye charts and Friedman test and version 24 of SPSS software. Results: The results showed that ISTDP reduces the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders (p <0.05). Also, this treatment was significant in reducing, immature and neurotic defensive mechanisms and Increasing mature defensive mechanisms in individuals with obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders (p <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that ISTDP has a significant effect on reducing the symptoms and defensive mechanisms of obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders.

Jumpstarting metabolomics and the next generation of clinically useful gut-brain microbiome research

Using 1H NMR-based metabolomics in association to chemometrics analysis, we analyzed here the metabolic differences between schizophrenia patients (SCZ) compared to healthy controls (HCs). HCs and SCZ patients underwent clinical interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). SCZ patients were further assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI). Using the principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) in obtained NMR data, a clear group separation between HCs and SCZ patients was achieved. Interestingly, all metabolite compounds identified as exclusively present in the SCZ group, except for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were never previously associated with mental disorders. Although the initial perception of an absence of obvious biological link among the different key molecules exclusively observed in each group, and no identification of any specific pathway yet, the present work represents an important contribution for the identification of potential biomarkers to inform diagnosis, as it was possible to completely separate the affected SCZ patients from HCs, with no outliers or exceptions. In addition, the data presented here reinforced the role of the modulation of glycolysis pathway and the loss of GABA interneuron/hyperglutamate hypothesis in SCZ.

White matter integrity in young medication-na\xefve bipolar II depressed adults

It is unknown if young medication-naïve bipolar II (BPII) depressed patients have increased white matter (WM) disruptions. 27 each of young (average 23 years) and treatment-naïve BPII depressed, unipolar depressed (UD) patients and age–sex–education matched healthy controls (HC) underwent 3 T MRIs with diffusion tensor imaging. Diagnostic ratings included Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID), Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Patients were clinically depressed (MADRS-BPII: 26.15 [SD9.25], UD: 25.56 [5.24], p = 0.86). Compared to UD, BPII had increased family bipolarity (BPII 13.6% vs UD 2.5%, p = 0.01, φc = 0.28), hypomanic symptoms (YMRS-BPII: 4.22 [4.24], UD: 1.33 [2], p = 0.02, d = 0.87), lifetime number of depressive episodes (BPII: 2.37 [1.23], UD: 1.44 [0.75], p = 0.02, d = 0.91), lifetime and current-year number of episodes (lifetime BPII: 50.85 [95.47], UD: 1.7 [1.03]; current-year BPII: 9.93 [16.29], UD: 1.11 [0.32], ps = 0.04, ds = 0.73–0.77) and longer illness duration (BPII: 4.96 years [3.96], UD: 2.99 [3.33], p = 0.15, d = 0.54). BPII showed no increased WM disruptions vs UD or HC in any of the 15 a priori WM tracts. UD had lower right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) (temporal) axial diffusivity (AD) (1.14 vs 1.17 (BPII), 1.16 (HC); F = 6.93, 95% CI of{F}_{B}: 0.00073, 5.22, ηp2 = 0.15). Principal component analysis followed by exploratory linear discriminant analysis showed that increased R-SLF (temporal) AD, YMRS and family bipolarity distinguished BPII from UD (81.5% sensitivity, 85.2% specificity) independent of episode number and frequency. Young, medication-naïve adults with BPII depression did not show the WM disruptions distinguishing more chronically ill BP patients from UD. These WM disruptions may therefore be partly attributable to illness chronicity. Longitudinal studies should examine the trajectory of WM changes in BPII and UD and predictive validity of these baseline clinical and imaging parameters.

The Gene Polymorphism of VMAT2 Is Associated with Risk of Schizophrenia in Male Han Chinese.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between gene polymorphism of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2(VMAT2) and schizophrenia in Han Chinese population. Methods430 patients with schizophrenia and 470 age-sex matched controls were recruited from four mental health centers. All patients were diagnosed by two psychiatrists based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). The ligase detection reactions (LDR) method was used to assess the polymorphism of the two SNPs (rs363371 and rs363324) of VMAT2. ResultsNo associations of two SNPs with schizophrenia was found. When we stratified males and females for the analysis, we found that that in the recessive model of rs363371, there was an obvious significant association between rs363371 and schizophrenia in males (OR=0.564, 95% CI=0.357–0.892, p=0.014) but not females. For the association between rs363324 and schizophrenia, no association was found in either males or females. No association was found when stratifying early-onset schizophrenia and late-onset schizophrenia. ConclusionOur findings indicate that both rs363371 and rs363324 were not associated with schizophrenia, while it seemed that the AA genotype of rs363371 plays a protective effect in male Chinese in developing schizophrenia.

Long-term outcome of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 7-9-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial.

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an impairing disorder frequently associated with long-term persistence. Long-term follow-up studies that investigated psychopathological trajectories after initial treatment are scarce. The present study is a 7-9-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) that tested the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and sertraline for children with OCD (n = 40), and aimed to describe long-term outcomes of pediatric OCD and identify predictors of these outcomes. Thirty-five participants who were included in the original study were recruited for follow-up evaluations. Participants underwent a comprehensive assessment of demographic and clinical characteristics comprised of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) and/or Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present-Lifetime (K-SADS-PL), and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). Thirty-three participants had a complete psychiatric assessment at follow-up (mean age 21years, SD 3.2; 65% male). At follow-up, 13 (39.4%) participants had an OCD diagnosis, 10 (30.3%) had a diagnosis of any mental disorder (excluding OCD), and 10 (30.3%) did not have any diagnosis of mental disorder. In total, 23 participants (69.7%) had at least one mental disorder (including OCD). Among those without OCD (n = 20), 60.6% had a mental disorder. The following characteristics at follow-up were associated with OCD diagnosis: YBOCS total score (p < 0.001), global functioning (p = 0.008), and presence of any anxiety disorder (p = 0.027). Being treated with GCBT or sertraline during the original RCT did not predict OCD at follow-up. New treatment strategies should consider the role of psychopathological trajectories using a dynamic approach to combine or change interventions to enhance prognosis.

Psychiatric Comorbidity and Addiction Severity Differences in Patients With ADHD Seeking Treatment for Cannabis or Cocaine Use Disorders

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare psychiatric comorbidity and consumption-related variables in ADHD patients seeking treatment for cocaine, cannabis, or both. Method: Assessment was conducted using European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), Conners’ Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview (CAADID), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID), Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and FIDI, with statistical analyses of analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student’s t test, chi-square test, and multinomial regression model. Results: In total, 1,538 patients with substance use disorder (SUD) were evaluated for ADHD; 239 (15.5%) had ADHD, with cannabis 41, cannabis/cocaine 36, and cocaine 74. Men represented 80%, with mean age of 32.9 ± 10 years. Significant variables were—in bivariate analysis—more years of cannabis use in cannabis group and younger age for cocaine use disorder in cannabis/cocaine group, and—in multivariate analysis—lifetime anxiety disorder and younger age at onset of any SUD in cannabis group and working affected scale in cannabis and polysubstance use in cannabis/cocaine group. Conclusion: Groups with cannabis use had higher severity. ADHD features were similar in all groups. The assessment of ADHD and comorbid disorders is important.

Do patients with ICD who report anxiety symptoms on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale suffer from anxiety?

ObjectivesThe objectives were to determine: 1) whether patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) presenting with anxiety symptoms measured on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) have identifiable anxiety according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID) and 2) the type of anxiety, if any, behind a HADS-A score ≥ 8 in patients with an ICD. MethodsPatients with an ICD were screened using HADS and patients with a HADS-A score ≥ 8 were invited to participate. A total of 88 patients were included in the study and were interviewed using the SCID instrument to determine anxiety or adjustment disorder. ResultsA total of 56% met the criteria for an anxiety diagnosis, 20% for adjustment disorder with anxiety and 8% for adjustment disorder without anxiety. Frequent types of anxiety were panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, 24 (28%) had an adjustment disorder. ConclusionA total of 84% meet the criteria for anxiety or adjustment disorder. The most common anxiety diagnoses were panic disorder, GAD and PTSD.

Diagnostic Outcomes of Childhood ADHD in Chinese Adults

Objective: We examined adulthood diagnostic, functioning, and social outcomes of childhood ADHD in a Hong Kong Chinese clinical sample. Method: We identified from the central registry 499 Chinese adults clinically diagnosed with ADHD aged 6 to 12 in 2002-2005 in four Hong Kong child psychiatric centers. Assessments included ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale (ACDS), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID), and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS). Results: Eligible participants = 499. One hundred forty-five completed assessments, two deceased, six incarcerated, 100 had invalid contact, 83 declined, 34 emigrated, and 129 unable to attend. Mean follow-up duration = 14.9 years. Nonrespondents were slightly younger (19.78 vs. 20.53, p < .001). In all, 83.1% of all participants currently met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) ADHD criteria (36.8% inattentive subtype (IA), 43% combined, 3.3% hyperactive/impulsive subtype (H/I) ). One third of persistent ADHD participants currently received care. ADHD persistence was associated with significantly increased psychiatric comorbidity (49.5% vs. 22.7%, p = .02) and poor academic and social outcomes. ADHD persistence and comorbidity independently predicted impairment. Conclusion: Adulthood-persistence of clinically presented childhood ADHD is common and impairing in Hong Kong Chinese.

Criterion-related validity and reliability of the Urdu version of the patient health questionnaire in a sample of community-based pregnant women in Pakistan.

BackgroundDepression is one of the most prevalent, yet unrecognized but treatable mental disorders in low and middle income countries (LMICs). In such locations, screening tools that are easy-to-administer, valid, and reliable are needed to assist in detecting symptoms of depression. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is one of the most widely used depression screeners. However, its applicability to community-based settings of Pakistan is limited by the lack of studies examining its validity and reliability in such settings. The current study aimed to demonstrate the criterion-related validity and internal reliability of the Urdu version of the PHQ-9 in a sample of community-based pregnant women in Pakistan compared to a diagnostic clinical interview, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID), using data from a depression treatment cluster randomized trial in rural Pakistan.MethodsPregnant women in a rural, low income sub-district in Pakistan were approached between October 2014 and February 2016 and, after providing informed consent, screened for depression using the Urdu version of the PHQ-9, with a cutoff of ≥10 used to indicate significant depressive symptoms. Following the PHQ-9, the diagnostic module for current major depressive episode of the SCID was administered. We examined the psychometric properties of PHQ-9 compared to SCID as a gold standard, using sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive value to measure the criterion-related validity of the PHQ-9 as an indicator of symptoms of depression. We computed area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to determine diagnostic accuracy, and used Cronbach’s alpha to assess internal reliability.ResultsA total of 1,731 women in their third trimester of pregnancy were assessed for major depressive disorder. Of these women, 572 (33%) met the cutoff for significant depressive symptoms on PHQ-9, and 454 (26%) were assessed positive for depression using the SCID. The sensitivity and specificity of PHQ-9 at a cutoff of ≥10 was 94.7% and 88.9%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 75.2% and 97.9%, respectively; and the area under the curve was 0.959. Internal reliability, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.844.DiscussionValid and reliable screening tools to assist in detecting symptoms of depressive disorder are needed in low income settings where depressive disorders are highly prevalent. The Urdu version of the PHQ-9 has not been previously validated against a well-known assessment of depression in a community setting among pregnant women in Pakistan. This study demonstrates that the Urdu version of the PHQ-9 has acceptable criterion-related validity and reliability for screening for depressive symptoms in Pakistan among community-based pregnant women; and when the recommended cut-off score of ≥10 is used it can also serve as an accurate screening tool for major depressive disorder.

S127. “HOW COULD THIS HAPPEN?”: PSYCHOSIS OR DEPRESSION AS A FACTOR IN DEATH BY SUICIDE

BackgroundNumerous factors play a role in the path of self-destruction that ends in suicide. The risk of suicidal behavior is increased when a depressed patient is also struggling with psychotic symptoms. Likewise, among adults with a psychotic disorder, suicide risk is related to depression, hopelessness, low self-esteem, social isolation and stressful life events. The present study was designed to examine the differential impact of major depression versus psychotic thinking on suicide risk in adults.MethodsSubjects:The present study evaluated 104 adults who had died by suicide. Among these suicidal adults, 81 met diagnostic criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder at the time of their death, 10 met criteria for a psychotic disorder and 13 met criteria for the presence of both depression and psychosis.Measures:Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Disorders (SCID: First et al., 1994) used informant interviews to evaluate the presence of major mental illness in the adult who died by suicide. Interviews were conducted with family members, gathering detailed information about the duration and severity of major mental illness.Suicidal Actions Checklist (Dejong, Overholser, & Stockmeier, 2010) was used to gather information about recent stressors, previous suicide attempts and past hospitalizations for psychiatric problems. Prior research (Dejong & Overholser, 2009) has documented an adequate level of agreement for the Suicidal Actions Checklist when collected from suicide attempters as compared to family member informants.Procedures:Assessment procedures followed the guidelines for psychological autopsy research (Hawton et al., 1998), whereby family members were interviewed two months after the death of their loved one. In order to determine the most accurate diagnosis for each case, all records were reviewed by a psychiatrist, a clinical psychologist, a social worker, and a neuroscientist.ResultsBecause of the small number of patients with a psychotic disorder (with or without depression), these cases were combined into one group, and several non-significant trends are reported. As compared to suicide completers with a depressive disorder, the psychotic cases were more likely to be younger (t = 2.18, p < .05), unmarried (χ2 = 3.13, p < .08), unemployed at the time of their death (χ2 = 9.75, p < .01), and more likely to meet criteria for cannabis abuse (χ2 = 3.75, p < .06). Suicide completers with nonpsychotic depression were more likely to meet criteria for a comorbid diagnosis of alcohol abuse (χ2 = 4.36, p < .05) and often had alcohol in their system at the time of their death (χ2 = 4.35, p < .04). Despite the higher rate of personality disorders among the depressed completers (χ2 = 3.14, p < .08), the psychotic cases of suicide were more likely to have a chronic course to their symptoms (χ2 = 3.11, p < .08) with a history of prior psychiatric hospitalization (χ2 = 18.22, p < .01). Although not significant, when the three groups were examined separately, the depressed psychotic cases were more likely to have attempted suicide prior to the actual death by suicide (62%) compared to the depressed non-psychotic patients (37%) as well as the psychotic non-depressed cases (40%). Qualitative analyses will examine various patterns that may have direct links to suicidal urges.DiscussionAdults with a psychotic disorder have a more chronic condition that appears difficult to treat and tends to impair work or home functioning. The psychotic patients were less likely to rely on alcohol to lower their inhibitions about committing a suicidal act, suggesting other factors need to be addressed in prevention efforts. Patients may allow their psychotic thinking to guide their behavior, and when combined with depression can result in self-destructive actions.

Schizophrénie et troubles du comportement alimentaire : synthèse de la littérature

IntroductionSchizophrenia is a severe disorder with an estimated global prevalence of one percent. In France, it represents approximately 600,000 individuals. Beyond the suffering caused by this disorder, schizophrenia requires significant financial and human resources, due to repeated hospitalizations for many patients. The presence of addictive comorbidities, with or without substance, including eating disorders, further increases the frequency of hospitalizations. ObjectivesThis article aims to present the current state of knowledge on the expression of eating disorders listed in the 5th DSM, in the schizophrenic disorder. We studied the public health issues and economic challenges that are magnified by the presence of comorbidities, the different eating disorders that can occur in patients with schizophrenia and the joint depressed mood phenomenon of eating disorders and schizophrenia, while introducing the notion of schizoaffective disorder. Materials and methodsThis study's patients suffered from schizophrenia and were diagnosed according to the 4th DSM's direct or indirect criteria, for example with SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders). In most studies, no distinction is made between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Articles in this literature review came from referenced databases, such as PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science and were selected with the following keywords: schizophrenia, eating disorders, night eating syndrome, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The search for articles was carried out between December 2015 and March 2016. ResultsThis literature review brings to the forefront the cooccurrence between schizophrenia, night eating syndrome and binge eating disorder. However, studies investigating this topic are scarce and it is difficult to know the real prevalence of each eating disorder in schizophrenia. Presumably, the presence of eating disorders in schizophrenia or schizoaffective patients may have specific functions, such as feeling the limits of their body, relieving internal tensions or stresses or trying to control sensations caused by the disease. ConclusionsAlthough clinically observed, the entanglement of these two disorders has received little attention in the literature. This literature review aims to identify future directions for research, in order to understand the role of eating disorders in the evolution of schizophrenia and their global treatment. From a clinical point of view, the joint assessment of these comorbidities in the schizophrenic disorder (and the schizoaffective disorder) could eventually bring professionals from different health fields to reflect on a comprehensive care model, more appropriate for individuals with a dual diagnosis.

Metabolomics and lipidomics analyses by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of schizophrenia patient serum reveal potential peripheral biomarkers for diagnosis

Using 1H NMR-based metabolomics in association to chemometrics analysis, we analyzed here the metabolic differences between schizophrenia patients (SCZ) compared to healthy controls (HCs). HCs and SCZ patients underwent clinical interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). SCZ patients were further assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI). Using the principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) in obtained NMR data, a clear group separation between HCs and SCZ patients was achieved. Interestingly, all metabolite compounds identified as exclusively present in the SCZ group, except for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were never previously associated with mental disorders. Although the initial perception of an absence of obvious biological link among the different key molecules exclusively observed in each group, and no identification of any specific pathway yet, the present work represents an important contribution for the identification of potential biomarkers to inform diagnosis, as it was possible to completely separate the affected SCZ patients from HCs, with no outliers or exceptions. In addition, the data presented here reinforced the role of the modulation of glycolysis pathway and the loss of GABA interneuron/hyperglutamate hypothesis in SCZ.

The Screen-ICD trial. Screening for anxiety and cognitive therapy intervention for patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD): a randomised controlled trial protocol

IntroductionPrevious research shows that patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) have a fourfold increased mortality risk when suffering from anxiety compared with ICD patients without anxiety. This research supports...

Depression in dialysis patients.

Depression is the most common psychiatric illness in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The reported prevalence of depression in dialysis population varied from 22.8% (interview-based diagnosis) to 39.3% (self- or clinician-administered rating scales). Such differences were attributed to the overlapping symptoms of uraemia and depression. Systemic review and meta-analysis of observational studies showed that depression was a significant predictor of mortality in dialysis population. The optimal screening tool for depression in dialysis patients remains uncertain. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) have been validated for screening purposes. Patients who scored ≥14 using BDI should be referred to a psychiatrist for early evaluation. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID) remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Non-pharmacological treatment options include cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise training programs. Although frequent haemodialysis may have beneficial effects on patients' physical and mental well-being, it cannot and should not be viewed as a treatment of depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally effective and safe in ESRD patients, but most studies were small, non-randomized and uncontrolled. The European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) guideline suggests a trial of SSRI for 8 to 12 weeks in dialysis patients who have moderate-major depression. The treatment effect should be re-evaluated after 12 weeks to avoid prolonging ineffective medication. This review will discuss the current understanding in the diagnosis and management of depression in dialysis patients.

Application of network analysis to identify interactive systems of eating disorder psychopathology

Traditional approaches for the classification of eating disorders (EDs) attribute symptoms to an underlying, latent disease entity. The network approach is an alternative model in which mental disorders are represented as networks of interacting, self-reinforcing symptoms. This project was the first to use network analysis to identify interconnected systems of ED symptoms. Adult participants (n = 143; 77.6% women) with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) ED were recruited from the community to take part in a larger ongoing longitudinal study. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-I) was used to establish diagnoses. An undirected network of ED symptoms was created using items from the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI) and the R package qgraph. Body checking emerged as the strongest and most important single symptom in the entire network by having the shortest average distance to other symptoms in the network, and by being the most frequent symptom on the path between any two other symptoms. Feeling the need to exercise every day and two symptoms assessing dietary restraint/restricting emerged as 'key players', such that their removal from the network resulted in maximal fracturing of the network into smaller components. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy for EDs focuses on reducing body checking to promote recovery, our data indicate that amplified efforts to address body checking may produce stronger (and more enduring) effects. Finally, results of the 'key players analysis' suggested that targeting interventions at these key nodes might prevent or slow the cascade of symptoms through the 'network' of ED psychopathology.