Structure Of Subjective Well-being Research Articles

Hardiness and Subjective Well-being of Siberian Schoolchildren Who Have Different Levels of Migration Attitudes: The Example of the Omsk Region

Due to the growing rates of migration of young people from the Siberian region to the west, it is becoming increasingly relevant to study the personal prerequisites for making a decision to change their place of residence. Schoolchildren as future graduates and applicants are one of the most mobile groups of population. Knowledge of the socio-psychological factors of their migration attitudes will enable the region to create optimal conditions for further education and work of young specialists, preventing their outflow. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level and structure of subjective well-being and hardiness of schoolchildren in the Omsk region who have different levels of migration attitudes. The authors describe the types of schoolchildren with different levels of migration attitudes from the standpoint of personal and demographic characteristics. They conducted a survey and testing using the following tools: the personal subjective well-being diagnostic technique (by R.M. Shamionov and T.V. Beskova); S. Muddy’s Hardiness Survey (adapted by D.A. Leontiev and E.I. Rasskazova); personal migration attitudes scale (by S.A. Kuznetsova); the author’s questionnaire. The study involved 461 students (females - 58.1%) of secondary schools in Omsk and the Omsk region (Mage =15.5; SD = 1.39). As a result, three types of schoolchildren with different level of migratory attitudes were identified. The desire for a settled life is demonstrated by the schoolchildren with relatively higher subjective well-being and hardiness, as well as a high level of challenge. The highest level of migration attitudes was found in the schoolchildren with a relatively lower level of subjective well-being and hardiness, as well as a low level of commitment. The schoolchildren with average migration attitudes are psychologically similar to those striving for migration, but they have a relatively lower existential-activity and social-normative well-being; in addition, their commitment is at an average level.

Happy Days: Resolving the Structure of Daily Subjective Well-Being, Between and Within Individuals

We address the long-standing confusion concerning the conceptualization and structure of subjective well-being (SWB) by examining daily variation in life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA). A total of 911 participants provided daily ratings of LS, PA, and NA over 14 days. Between- and within-individual variations in daily SWB were simultaneously modeled using dynamic structural equation modeling and random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling. Parameter estimates were highly consistent across approaches. Strong loadings from LS, PA, and NA were observed on latent SWB factors, both between and within individuals; cross-lagged predictive effects among SWB components were small and inconsistent across adjacent days within individuals. Findings provide compelling new evidence supporting a hierarchical conceptualization of SWB as an underlying (latent) sense of well-being reflected in daily experiences of LS, PA, and NA. Implications for studying stable (trait-like) and dynamic (time-varying) aspects of other multidimensional constructs in social and personality psychology are discussed.

Structure analysis of subjective well-being

Introduction. There is controversy regarding the structure of subjective well-being (SWB) and the possibility of calculating a SWB total score. Objective. To test and compare five models proposed for the description of SWB. Method. The study was implemented with a cross-sectional, ex-post-facto design using an incidental sampling method. The Positive and Negative Experience Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were applied to a sample composed of 600 students of health sciences from two universities of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Data were analyzed through a structural equation modeling, using Maximum Likelihood and Corrected-Bias Percentile methods. Results. The bifactor model comprising three specific factors, vis-à-vis the model composed of three correlated factors, had the best data fit (Δχ2/Δdf = 8.166 > 5, ΔNFI = .018, ΔNNFI = .015, and ΔCFI = .016 > .01), and all its fit indices were close; however, the specific factor related to positive affect had a poor contribution. Nevertheless, the model composed of three correlated factors had the greatest parsimony (PR = .853, PNFI = .804, PNNFI = .813, PCFI = .819, and PGFI = .706) and its three factors showed convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability. Discussion and conclusion. The two models with the best properties justify the use of a composite score of SWB based on the scores of positive affect, negative affect, and satisfaction with life, as well as scores for these three specific domains of content. From a psychometric perspective, the model composed of three correlated factors yielded the best result.

Psychological peculiarities of subjective well-being of residents in geriatric homes

The article is dedicated to the theme of subjective well-being of elderly people living in geriatric homes. Social and psychological peculiarities of life satisfaction of senior people were analysed in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors. The research found life sat-isfaction of people who have alack of social contacts is connected with the value orienta-tions of hedonism and spirituality, hardiness, mental health and low sense of pain. These physiological, social and psychological components were generalized into the structure of subjective well-being

The multidimensional structure of subjective well-being: evidence from a rural area in Sicily

ABSTRACT The paper looks at subjective well-being, defined in terms of individuals’ self-reported satisfaction with life, investigating nine dimensions (domains). The combination of the selected domains is obtained by applying methodologies known as composite indices. Compared to what is already known, this study explores well-being in a rural area with the aim to analyse if phenomena such as depopulation, abandonment of agricultural activities, economic crises and migration affect the well-being of the population. In particular, changes in subjective well-being are assessed for a rural community in the South of Italy (Sicily) and the interactions are analysed between changes in subjective well-being and changes in the other factors. This study finds, through the construction of a composite index, that well-being is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in which there are numerous interacting factors.

Структура субъективного благополучия и удовлетворенности жизнью в подростковом возрасте

Структура субъективного благополучия и удовлетворенности жизнью в подростковом возрасте

Locus of Control and Well-Being Among College Students

Self-control and self-regulation refers to people's ability to initiate and guide their actions towards the achievement of a desired future goal (Karolyi, 1999). Self-regulation may involve organizing actions over long periods of time whereas Self-control can be conceptualized as the exercise of internal control over one's own actions. This may take the form of mental regulation, emotional management, goal setting, self-monitoring and making responsible choices. Choice and experiencing a sense of control over one's feelings is important. Csikszentmihalyi comments that People who leam to control inner experience will be able to determine the quality of their lives, which is as close as any of us can come to being happy (Csikszentmihalyi, 1991, p. 2). He suggests that To overcome the anxieties and depressions of contemporary life, individuals must become independent of the social so they no longer respond automatically to its rewards and punishments (p. 16). We need to choose our own goals and provide our own rewards. He proposes that most important step in emancipating oneself from social controls is the ability to find rewards in the events of each moment (p. 19). This is happens in flow, where we are engaging in an activity because we enjoy it and it absorbs our attention. Within flow, we have a sense of control. Csikszentmihalyi observes that what people enjoy is not the sense of being in control, but the sense of exercising control in difficult situations (p. 61).Well-being has been defined as a good or satisfactory condition of existence, a state characterized by health, happiness and prosperity (Random House, 1999). The focus of subjective well-being remains on understanding the complete range of well-being: from utter despair to elation and total life satisfaction. Good and bad events cause a positive or negative deflection from the baseline; however, it appears that over time, the person drifts back to their baseline (Suh, Diener, Oishi, & Triandis, 1998). This entails that subjective well-being does not measure temporary feelings of euphoria, pleasure, ecstasy or exhilaration, but measures long-term positive feelings of joy or happiness of individuals. The structure of subjective wellbeing has been conceptualized as consisting of two major components: the emotional or affective component, and the judgmental or cognitive component (Diener, 1984; Veenhoven, 1991). Thejudgmental component has also been conceptualized as life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, 1976). In the cognitive form, subjective well-being is an evaluation of a person'sjudgement about his or her satisfaction with life as a whole.Rotter, who coined the term 'locus of control', describes the concept of personal control in the form of expectancies about reinforcer and outcomes in his Social Learning theory (1954). Locus of control is the generalized outcome-expectancy construct. Individuals with an internal LOC orientation believe their own behaviour determines their reinforcement or outcomes while those with an external LOC orientation believes their reinforcements are controlled by powerful others or random occurrences. Later theorists, who built upon Rotter's ideas (Levenson, 1975; Wallston et al., 1976) conceptualised that individuals with an external locus of control can be further divided into two subgroups: (1) those who believe that their life's outcomes are a result of fate, luck or chance; and (2) those who believe that these outcomes are beyond their control due to the decisions and actions of others who are more powerful than them. Locus of control is formed through an individual's interaction with his or her environment (Ahlin & Lobo Antones, 2015; Rotter, 1971) and an internal locus of control is established when a person's behaviours or efforts lead to desirable and consistent results or rewards overtime.McNulty, Livneh, and Wilson (2004) suggested that a person's behaviour in general, and psychological well-being (an important factor in positive psychology) in specific, is shaped an interplay of factors such as gladness, satisfaction of the past, optimism for the future and happiness in the present (Abdollahi, AbuTalib, Yaacob, & Ismail, 2014; Abbas Abdollahi, Hosseini, Motalebi, &Talib, 2013). …

Happy Temperament? Four Types of Stimulation Control Linked to Four Types of Subjective Well-Being

In this person-oriented study 722 adolescents and adults filled out formal characteristics of behaviour—temperament inventory, satisfaction with life scale and positive and negative affect schedule. Using k-means clustering we assigned them to four subjective well-being (SWB) types: (1) achievers—high satisfaction, positive affective balance; (2) aspirers—low satisfaction, positive affective balance; (3) resigners—high satisfaction, negative affective balance; (4) frustrated—low satisfaction, negative affective balance; and to four temperament types denoting patterns of stimulation control (1) sanguine: high stimulation processing capacity (SPC) and high stimulation supply (StS); (2) melancholic: low SPC, low StS; (3) phlegmatic: high SPC, low StS; (4) choleric: low SPC, high StS. We compared stimulation control dimensions between SWB types and compared counts of SWB types across four profiles of temperament. SPC and StS were highest among achievers and lowest among the Frustrated, with aspirers and resigners in between. We found a clear correspondence between well-being structures and temperament types (a) the most common temperament among achievers was the sanguine, suggesting that this is the ‘happy temperament’, (b) among the Frustrated it was the melancholic (the ‘unhappy temperament’), (c) among resigners it was the choleric, suggesting that this ‘overstimulated temperament’ results in high satisfaction at the cost of lower affective balance, (d) among aspirers it was the Phlegmatic, suggesting that ‘understimulated temperament’, results in a good affective balance but lower satisfaction. Configurations of temperament dimensions within individuals affect the whole structure of SWB and can explain incongruence between cognitive and affective components of SWB.

Factor Structure of Subjective Well-Being in Iran

ABSTRACTSubjective well-being is predominantly conceived as having 3 components: life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. This article reports 2 studies that seek to investigate the factor structure of subjective well-being in Iran. One-, two-, and three-factor models of subjective well-being were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). The results of Study 1 (N = 2,197) and Study 2 (N = 207) show that whereas the 1- and 2-factor models do not fit the data well, the 3-factor model provides an adequate fit. These results indicate that the 3 components of subjective well-being constitute 3 interrelated, yet distinct, factors. The analyses demonstrate how traditional CFA and ESEM can be combined to obtain a clear picture of the measurement model of subjective well-being and generate new insights about individual items and cross-loadings needed to derive more parsimonious measures. Nuances relating to the assessment of subjective well-being in more collectivist and Muslim countries are discussed.

The Structure of Subjective Well-Being and Its Determinants: A Micro-Data Study for Portugal

The Subjective Well-Being status has gained a growing research attention in social sciences during the last decades. The attention given by the academic world to this issue has been followed by the community in general. This line of research is still undeveloped in Portugal, and therefore needs further investigation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of Life Satisfaction and Happiness, two dimensions of Subjective Well-Being of the Portuguese citizens using micro-data from the European Quality of Life Survey. Ordinary Least Squares regressions and Ordinal Logistic models are estimated to identify the main factors that explain well-being in Portugal. We find that trust in public institutions, satisfaction with material conditions, volunteering activities and employment status have a positive and significant effect on Life Satisfaction. Our evidence also shows that satisfaction with family, satisfaction with material conditions, participation in sport activities, optimism and the marital status are relevant factors in explaining citizen’s Happiness in Portugal. The results are similar using Ordinary Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood estimation techniques on ordinal logistic models.

Subjective temporal trajectories for subjective well-being

Based on Diener's (Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.) tripartite model of subjective well-being (SWB), subjective evaluations of past, present, and anticipated future life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) were evaluated in a cross-sectional undergraduate sample. Upward mean trends in subjective trajectories (past < present < future) were typical, on average, for each SWB component. As predicted, higher levels of present SWB were aligned with greater positive psychological, physical, and interpersonal functioning. In contrast, steeper upward subjective SWB trajectories were associated with greater distress and dysfunction. Of the three SWB components, unique links with indicators of functioning were most consistent for LS trajectories. We conclude that a temporally expanded conceptualization of SWB spanning subjective assessments of past, present, and anticipated future LS, PA, and NA provides a rich framework for studying the structure of SWB and the significance of how people perceive their well-being to be unfolding over time.

The Science of subjective well-being

R.J. Larsen, M. Eid, Ed Diener and the Science of Subjective Well-Being. Part 1. The Realm of Subjective Well-Being. D.M. Haybron, Philosophy and the Science of Subjective Well-Being. R. Veenhoven, Sociological Theories of Subjective Well-Being. S.E. Hill, D.M. Buss, Evolution and Subjective Well-Being. D.M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness in Human History. Part 2. Measuring Subjective Well-Being. U. Schimmack, The Structure of Subjective Well-Being. W. Pavot, The Assessment of Subjective Well-Being: Successes and Shortfalls. M. Eid, Measuring the Immeasurable: Psychometric Modeling of Subjective Well-Being Data. Part 3. The Happy Person. R.E. Lucas, Personality and Subjective Well-Being. J.T. Cacioppo, L.C. Hawkley, A. Kalil, M.E. Hughes, L. Waite, R.A. Thisted, Happiness and the Invisible Threads of Social Connection: The Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. M.D. Robinson, R.J. Compton, The Happy Mind in Action: The Cognitive Basis of Subjective Well-Being. F. Fujita, The Frequency of Social Comparison and Its Relation to Subjective Well-Being. R.J. Larsen, Z. Prizmic, Regulation of Emotional Well-Being: Overcoming the Hedonic Treadmill. S. Oishi, M. Koo, Two New Questions about Happiness: Is Happiness Good? and Is Happier Better? R.M. Biswas-Diener, Material Wealth and Subjective Well-Being. D.G. Myers, Religion and Human Flourishing. Part 4. Subjective Well-Being in the Interpersonal Domain. M.L. Diener, M. Diener McGavran, Makes People Happy? A Developmental Approach to the Literature on Family Relationships and Well-Being. E.S. Huebner, C. Diener, Research on Life Satisfaction of Children and Youth: Implications for the Delivery of School-Related Services. T.A. Judge, R. Klinger, Job Satisfaction: Subjective Well-Being at Work. E.M. Suh, J. Koo, Comparing Subjective Well-Being across Cultures and Nations: The What and Why Questions. Part 5. Making People Happier. L.A. King, Intervention for Enhancing Subjective Well-Being: Can We Make People Happier, and Should We? B.L. Fredrickson, Promoting Positive Affect. R.A. Emmons, Gratitude, Subjective Well-Being, and the Brain. Part 6. Conclusions and Future Directions. E. Diener, Myths in the Science of Happiness, and Directions for Future Research.

The Conceptual and Relational Structure of Subjective Well-Being, Neuroticism, and Extraversion: Once Again, Neuroticism Is the Important Predictor of Happiness

The purpose of this study wastwofold: (1) to analyze and explore theconceptual structure of subjective well-being(SWB), neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E);and (2) to compare the effect sizes of N and Eas predictors of SWB. The sample comprised 461participants representative of the adultpopulation in northern Norway. Analyses wereconducted by means of Structural EquationModeling (SEM), and the results on (1)supported the notion of an overall subjectivewell-being construct sustained by the threenested dimensions of life satisfaction,positive affect, and negative affect. A simplefactor structure for N and E was notsupported, and considerable modification wasneeded to provide even a mediocregoodness-of-fit for the trait model. On (2),N explained eight times as much of the SWBvariance as did E. Moreover, throughcomparison of several models it was revealedthat if E is the sole predictor of SWB, theinfluence of E on SWB is overestimated by afactor of seven. Since N and E are stronglyand negatively correlated (r = −0.50), themodel comparison demonstrates the importanceof including both E and N as independentvariables in regression models of SWB.

The structure of subjective well-being in middle adulthood

Subjective well-being (SWB) is at the centre of much ageing research due to its relationship to such important outcomes as health, morbidity and successful ageing. This paper discusses essential problems associated with its definition, measurement and dimensionality. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were computed for data from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development in order to assess whether SWB is a unidimensional or a multidimensional construct. The results suggest that SWB is unidimensional.

The Dimensions of Subjective Well-Being Among Black Americans:

This study examined the factorial structure of subjective well-being (SWB) among black Americans. A multiple indicator structural equation model that includes 17 items (observed indicators) and four first-order factors was proposed to account for the dimensionality of subjective well-being encompassing strain, life satisfaction, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Data for the research came from the 1980 National Survey of Black Americans. Analysis of covariance structures, or LISREL, was used to evaluate three alternative measurement models of subjective well-being. The findings revealed that the four factor model was not supported and consistently replicated across two randomly divided subsamples. The results suggest that subjective well-being among black Americans tends to be multidimensional. Implications of the results for future are discussed.

The Structure of Subjective Well-Being of Elderly Hispanics

This study examines the structure of a model of subjective well-being in an oversample of the elderly Hispanics from the data of a cross-sectional survey. The covariation among the items of the Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) was viewed as a function of three correlated latent dimensions of subjective well-being including mood tone, zest for life and congruence. Confirmatory factor analysis via LlSREL VI was used to evaluate the measurement model of subjective well-being. The findings reveal that the model encompassing 10 observed items and three latent factors of subjective well-being was highly supported by the data. In addition, a second-order factor model of subjective well-being was not suitable for the data. Several important methodological issues are discussed.

Further Validation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale: Evidence for the Cross-Method Convergence of Well-Being Measures

The structure of subjective well-being has been conceptualized as consisting of two major components: the emotional or affective component and the judgmental or cognitive component (Diener, 1984; Veenhoven, 1984). The judgmental component has also been conceptualized as life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, 1976). Although the affective component of subjective well-being has received considerable attention from researchers, the judgmental component has been relatively neglected. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) was developed as a measure of the judgmental component of subjective well-being (SWB). Two studied designed to validate further the SWLS are reported. Peer reports, a memory measure, and clinical ratings are used as external criteria for validation. Evidence for the reliability and predictive validity of the SWLS is presented, and its performance is compared to other related scales. The SWLS is shown to be a valid and reliable measure of life satisfaction, suited for use with a wide range of age groups and applications, which makes possible the savings of interview time and resources compared to many measures of life satisfaction. In addition, the high convergence of self- and peer-reported measures of subjective well-being and life satisfaction provide strong evidence that subjective well-being is a relatively global and stable phenomenon, not simply a momentary judgment based on fleeting influences.

Stability and change in levels and structure of subjective well-being: USA 1972 and 1988

It has long been recognized that more needs to be known about the dynamic behavior of measures of subjective well-being. As the Social Indicators Movement matures, it becomes possible to explore issues of stability and change in measures of perceived life quality. To contribute to this research need, this paper reports results of administering similar measures of subjective well-being to several representative samples of the adult American population assessed 16 years apart — in 1972 and in 1988. Results show that in the United States, which has experienced reasonably continuous economic prosperity and no major social disruptions during these 16 years, thestructure of the subjective well-being measures (i.e. how they relate to one another and how concern-level measures predict global-level measures) has remained remarkably constant. This is in accord with expectation and enhances confidence in the validity and usefulness of the measures. Changes were found in thelevels of some of the measures: For the total population, feelings about life-as-a-whole, oneself, and one's own health became notably more positive; evaluations of own income and the national government also gained; but assessments of one's own family life, social relationships, community, and job remained fairly stable. Some of these gross changes were general throughout the population, but others occurred only for certain age, racial, or socioeconomic groups. Younger cohorts and people with higher educations and incomes showed more gains in subjective well-being than other groups.

On the structure of subjective well-being

This paper reviews literature on the structure of subjective well-being, and examines the support for a number of proposed well-being dimensions. It is considered that a distinction between cognitive and affective dimensions is conceptually useful, but poorly researched. Clear support, however, is available for a distinction between positive and negative affective dimensions, as well as for a general second-order dimension of subjective well-being. Proposals for a distinction between inner and outer dimensions of well-being are considered promising but speculative at present. Although the intensity and frequency of affective experience are clearly distinct, it is considered that affect intensity should not be regarded as a dimension of well-being. Three issues related to the dimensionality of well-being, the time focus of assessment, attempts at cross-classification of dimensions, and research on the stability of well-being structure, are also discussed. Although considerable research into subjective well-being exists, the structure of well-being is not yet well established or researched.

Educational Status and the Structure of Subjective Well-Being in Men and Women

This study used confirmatory factor analysis with national survey data to explore how educational status affects the criteria men and women use to evaluate their subjective well-being. A recently developed six-factor model of subjective mental health (Bryant and Veroff, 1984) was used to evaluate separately the educational differences in the structure of well-being for men and women. Although the structure of women's self-evaluations did not differ significantly according to educational status, college-educated men structured their self-evaluations differently than did either grade schoolor high school-educated men. Specifically, college-educated men expressedfeelings of vulnerability and reactions to stress in more psychological terms, such as feelings of nervous breakdown and anxiety, whereas grade schooland high school-educated men defined these judgments more exclusively in terms of physical symptoms. In addition, dissatisfaction and self-doubt were more indicative of uncertainty toward the future among college-educated men than among either grade schoolor high school-educated men. It is argued that college may sensitize men to mental health issues and may thereby broaden the realm of psychological criteria that they consider relevant for their self-evaluations. Because women, in contrast, may already be sensitive to these issues due to sex-role socialization, higher education may have relatively little structural impact on their subjective well-being and may instead influence other aspects of adjustment.