Structure Of State Institutions Research Articles

К вопросу о формировании нормы в бесписьменном языке (на примере шугнанского языка)

The article analyses graphic and orthographic variability, as well as issues concerning the standardization process, in an unwritten Pamir language – Shughnani. The source data include a corpus of published and archival Shughnani texts of the 19th–21st centuries and their translation into Russian, as well as dictionaries, and field materials resulting from the author’s field research. We systematise linguistic data by applying an in-depth comparative method, in particular, comparative analysis of culturally marked units, as well as component analysis. There exist no state-institutional structures for regulating social speech activity, and thus no ability to solve theoretical and practical issues in terms of public policy through measures taken in the field of speech culture and language. This situation incentivizes the creation of a written tradition with a unified normative writing system, the compilation of Shughnani-Tajik-Russian, etc. dictionaries reflecting key national vocabulary, and the publication of normative grammars. It also encourages the creation of prose literature, and on this basis, the development of a literary standard. These measures serve to improve the sociolinguistic status of the language and ensure its preservation.

State embeddedness and public-private dynamics in central American coffee leaf rust management

This paper examines how differences in state's ‘embedded autonomy’ (i.e., the historical relationship between farmers and the state, public institutions, and state capacity) in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua shaped the management of the 2012 coffee leaf rust (CLR) epidemic, resulting in differential responses. We conducted 80 interviews with key coffee-sector actors and six focus groups representing 20 farmer organizations and 19 technical assistance providers to understand these divergent responses. We first examined the dynamic, historical, and relational contexts of contradictions, contestation, and negotiation in agri-food networks influencing each response. We then explored how the role of the state and agrarian structures in each country affected farmers' performance and access to different support systems for renovating and rehabilitating coffee plantations in response to the CLR epidemic. In El Salvador and Nicaragua, oligarchic control, weak state relationships with small coffee farmers and fragmented bureaucracies hindered effective CLR crisis response and recovery. Although farmers' organizations, NGOs, and the private sector attempt to fill the gap using market or ‘user pay’ mechanisms for CLR management, they cannot fully compensate for the state's shortcomings. In contrast, Honduras, which is closest to a ‘developmental state’ in the coffee sector, performed better. This is attributed to its more pro-smallholder development path since the 1970s, which bolstered state institutional structures and fostered social ties and dynamism within smallholder organizations in the coffee sector. However, decentralization and clientelist relations limited the country's ability to propose long-term CLR management strategies. We argue that a state's ‘embedded autonomy’ is critical in determining its approach and effectiveness in managing CLR crises and collaborating with and supporting coffee farmers. Finally, we highlight the importance of considering both conjunctural factors (such as meteorological and economic conditions) and the state's historical capacity and embeddedness in analyzing CLR outbreaks and their effects across different countries.

Institutional Design of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) Post-Constitutional Court Decisions Number 70/PUU-XVII/2019 and Number 79/PUU-VII/2019

Following the ratification of Law Number 19 of 2019 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission, many parties were disappointed with the institutional design constructed in that law. Therefore, a judicial review was filed against the law with the Constitutional Court. This article aims to understand the institutional design of the Corruption Eradication Commission after the issuance of Constitutional Court Decisions Number 70/PUU-XVII/2019 and Number 79/PUU-VII/2019. In case Number 70/PUU-XVII/2019, the petitioner not only submitted a request for material testing but also a formal request, while in case Number 79/PUU-VII/2019, the petitioner only submitted a request for material testing. This paper seeks to answer two important questions: what are the legal consequences of Constitutional Court Decisions Number 70/PUU-XVII/2019 and Number 79/PUU-VII/2019? And what is the institutional design of the Corruption Eradication Commission following the issuance of Constitutional Court Decisions Numbers 70/PUU-XVII/2019 and Number 79/PUU-VII/2019? The study concludes that the consequences of these Constitutional Court decisions, including wiretapping, searches, and/or seizures carried out by the Corruption Eradication Commission, do not require permission from the Supervisory Board. The transition process of the Corruption Eradication Commission's employee status should not disadvantage anyone, and the two-year time calculation in case of investigation termination starts from the issuance of the Investigation Initiation Letter (SPDP). The institutional design of the Corruption Eradication Commission established after this decision includes the position of the Corruption Eradication Commission in the state institutional structure, the position of the Corruption Eradication Commission's employees, and the authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission's Supervisory Board.

Perbandingan Constitutional Theory Dalam Doktrin Para Ahli Sebagai Bentuk Landasan Kelembagaan Negara

The constitution is basically a set of rules that regulate and shape the organs of government and their authorities, as well as the foundations of the state. The constitution functions in maintaining the stability and continuity of political and legal structures as well as the basic principles that serve as guidelines and are formulated in written form. This paper will analyze the comparison of constitutional theory in the doctrine of experts as a form of state institutional basis. With a comparative study between each character, the results of this paper aim to add to the body of knowledge about the world's constitutional theory. Broadly speaking, the constitution is the basic law which is then used as a guide in the administration of a country and there are also two kinds of constitutions, namely written constitutions and also unwritten constitutions. Regarding this matter, the author will analyze how the concept of constitution and state institutions from C.F. Strong, K.C. Wheare, Henc vam Maarseveen as well as from Pancasila law state thinkers (Indonesia) such as Jimly Asshiddiqie and Bagir Manan. This paper uses normative legal research methods using a comparative approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the discussion show that C.F.Strong's concept of state institutions states that the general attributes that must be owned by a modern constitutional state must have branches of legislative, executive and judicial powers. Then K.C. Wheare and Henc van Maarseveen stated that the constitution forms the main institutions of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary, while the determination of the composition and method of appointing these institutions is often left to ordinary law. Then, the concept of the Indonesian constitution that state institutions that have been contained in the Indonesian constitution have actually been the result of transformations from world doctrines such as the concepts of C.F.Strong, K.C.Wheare, and Henc van Maarseveen and several other figures. Although, not in its entirety, the theories that have been put forward have become reference material in forming a state institutional structure that is in accordance with the circumstances and form of the state.

CITA HUKUM BANGSA DAN NEGARA INDONESIA DALAM KONTEKS RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN JANGKA PANJANG NASIONAL 2005-2025

Revisions were made to the Republic of Indonesia's 1945 Constitution, and the modifications had a profound impact on how the Indonesian state government was organized. The modification of the state's institutional structure for upholding legal norms that took place in Indonesia's political system after the end of the New Order era was a key stream of reform thinking. In the Indonesian state administration system, reform means strengthening the presidential system. The president's dual roles as head of state and head of government are at the heart of the presidential system of government (head of state). A normative and conceptual approach are combined in the study's explanatory technique. The state's experience with long-term development plan implementation is notably due to the third amendment to Article 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which changed it to Article 3 Paragraph (1) and deleted the People's Consultative Assembly's jurisdiction. Use RI to generate the GBHN. The RPJPN was created in place of the GBHN as a framework for national development as part of the Decentralization and Regional Autonomy System implementation in order to address concerns regarding the president's latitude. Realizing the goals and aspirations of the nation and state is the primary goal of national development, according to the Preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Role of Political Parties in Communication at the Central and Regional Levels

Parties politics are one of the most important components of a country's political system. This article aims to generate the birth of political power through the political process in empowered institution state and through political communication from the middle to the grassroots. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The data types used in this research are qualitative data, which are divided into primary data and secondary data. Data sources obtained through library research techniques (library research) are related to resources available online and offline, such as: Scientific journals, books, and news from reliable sources. The findings of this study conclude that the role of political forces in the political system is crucial in the process of legislation and communication through which the party's vision and mission are realized. Political institutions that formally have legislative power are staffed by those empowered to do so, or are reflected in the power structure of state institutions through formal political power, such as the President, the Council of People's Representatives, and other state institutions and political infrastructure. Political power, such as political parties, community leaders, community organizations, NGOs, professional associations, etc.

The Role of Political Parties in Communication at the Central and Regional Levels

Parties politics are one of the most important components of a country's political system. This article aims to generate the birth of political power through the political process in empowered institution state and through political communication from the middle to the grassroots. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The data types used in this research are qualitative data, which are divided into primary data and secondary data. Data sources obtained through library research techniques (library research) are related to resources available online and offline, such as: Scientific journals, books, and news from reliable sources. The findings of this study conclude that the role of political forces in the political system is crucial in the process of legislation and communication through which the party's vision and mission are realized. Political institutions that formally have legislative power are staffed by those empowered to do so, or are reflected in the power structure of state institutions through formal political power, such as the President, the Council of People's Representatives, and other state institutions and political infrastructure. Political power, such as political parties, community leaders, community organizations, NGOs, professional associations, etc.

Spatio-temporal pattern of urban vegetation in the central business district of the Wa municipality of Ghana

Increasing physical infrastructure development influences the spatial distribution of vegetation and temperature in many cities around the globe. However, in emerging cities such as Wa Municipality in Ghana and elsewhere, research attention has focused on urban expansion or urban sprawl and the impacts thereof on the peri‑urban vegetation. Considering the importance of vegetation in regulating temperature, reducing windstorm, carbon sequestration and creating beauty, this paper concentrates on the threat posed by urban retrofitting activities on vegetation in open spaces in the Wa Central Business District (CBD). The study area was gridded into 1 ha plots using the Fishnet tool in ArcMap. One hundred and fifty-seven full plots and 75 plots of various sizes less than 1 ha were obtained from the fishnet gridding. One hundred and thirteen full plots were sampled for the counting of the trees. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) maps were prepared from 2014, 2017 and 2020 Landsat 8 satellite images. Point NDVI and LST values were extracted for 600 random points and used to analyze the spatial distribution using Global and Local Moran I tests. Two-sample t-test and Pearson correlation statistical tests were performed to assess the significance of any differences in the NDVI, LST and the tree density for 2014, 2017 and 2020. The results revealed that the average tree densities for 2017 and 2020 in the Wa CBD were 4 and 3 trees ha−1, respectively which were classified as very low. The spatial distribution of the NDVI values showed low, high and insignificant clusters. The NDVI values were within the range of 0.019–0.219. The clusters of high values were found around state institutional structures, where large open spaces existed while clusters of low values were found around the market, transport stations and densely populated areas where open spaces were very few. The land surface temperature trend revealed increasing minimum and maximum values. The minimum LST values were 32 °C, 33 °C and 36 °C in 2014, 2017 and 2020, respectively and the maximum LST values were 36 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C for 2014, 2017 and 2020, respectively. It is concluded that tree density and NDVI values in the CBD are low, signifying isolated trees and patches of vegetation in the area. Also, it was revealed that as greenness reduces LST increases. The Wa Municipal Assembly and the Regional Forestry Commission should intensify public education on tree planting and maintenance in the city.

The institutional framework for the public sector of economy at the current stage of its development

Subject. The basic components and the structure of the public sector of economy and its functioning in the current context are subjects of applied research of many international and Russian scientists. However, the majority of significant aspects of the institutional framework for the public sector, the classification of types and forms of state institutions in theoretical economics have not been studied enough and have been debated a lot in scientific literature. One of the most controversial issues in economics is the rationality of the formation of an institutional framework for the public sector. Therefore, the study of issues related to the functioning of the public sector and its development as the main state institution is objectively important for the formation of prerequisites for the sustainable economic and social development. Objectives. The purpose of the research is to study the institutional system of the public sector within the national economy and to consider its basic structural elements and its functioning aimed at improving the public welfare. The article presents a classification of public institutions by hierarchical structures and their main functional features, i.e. public administration, public enterprise, and public social services. Methods. The research was conducted with a help of a set of scientific methods and research techniques: dialectical logic, the cognition of objective reality, scientific abstraction and analysis. Also, an institutional and systemic approaches to the “public sector” category were used. The study involved an assessment of relevant scientific publications in theoretical economics. Conclusions. The conclusion was made about the leading role of public institutions in the social and economic system of the national economy. The public sector institution has a dual nature, since it is both a subject and an object of public administration. It was found that as a subject of administration the public sector acts as the main regulator of social and economic relations in the national economy, and as an object of administration it functions as an economic entity that performs a variety of functions and carries out its activities in accordance with state standards. It is advisable to classify the institutional framework for the public sector of the economy by the types of state activities, which characterise its horizontal structure, i.e. public administration, public enterprise, and public social services. Such structure is also classified by a hierarchic feature and makes up a vertical structure of state institutions: public institutions of a higher, middle, and lower levels. The activities of the public sector institutions are subordinate to the achievement of the established state goals, which take into account public interests and are aimed at the sustainable development of the social and economic system of the national economy.

The Position and Authority of the Constitutional Court As Actors of Judicial Power

The paradigm regarding the structure of state institutions underwent drastic changes since the constitutional reform from 1999 to 2002. For various reasons and needs, new state institutions were formed, although some institutions were abolished. One of the institutions formed is the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court is designed to be a guard and at the same time an interpreter of the Constitution through its decisions. In carrying out its constitutional duties, the Constitutional Court seeks to realize its institutional vision, namely the establishment of the constitution in the context of realizing the ideals of a state of law and democracy for the sake of a dignified national and state life. This vision becomes a guideline for the Constitutional Court in exercising its judicial power independently and responsibly in accordance with the constitutional mandate. The Constitutional Court work since its presence has been considered quite significant, especially in its contribution to maintaining the law and developing democracy.

THE POSITION AND AUTHORITY OF THE CONSTITUIONAL COURT AS ACTORS JUDICIAL POWER

The paradigm regarding the structure of state institutions underwent drastic changes since the constitutional reform from 1999 to 2002. For various reasons and needs, new state institutions were formed, although some institutions were abolished. One of the institutions formed is the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court is designed to be a guard and at the same time an interpreter of the Constitution through its decisions. In carrying out its constitutional duties, the Constitutional Court seeks to realize its institutional vision, namely the establishment of the constitution in the context of realizing the ideals of a state of law and democracy for the sake of a dignified national and state life. This vision becomes a guideline for the Constitutional Court in exercising its judicial power independently and responsibly in accordance with the constitutional mandate. The Constitutional Court work since its presence has been considered quite significant, especially in its contribution to maintaining the law and developing democracy

Legal Reconstruction of State Institutionalities of State Commissions to Suppress the Potential of Institutional Authority Dispute

The main problem of this research triggers by the fact that Indonesia fundamental constitutional system changed into the 1945 Constitution. The changes affected the structure and structural mechanism of state institutions. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the philosophical question of the basic root formed in the 1945 Constitution as a new constitution of Indonesia. Regarding the organization and institution of the state can be started by questioning the essence of power that is institutionalized or organized into the state. The results showed that it is also important to know how the principle of popular sovereignty is reflected in the structure and mechanisms of state and government institutions that guarantee the establishment of the legal system and the functioning of the democratic system. At the theory level in terms of state institutions, with the various state commissions, how the principle of popular sovereignty is organized into institutional functions can be patterned into state institutions that are equal and mutually balanced in forms of checks and balances. From a normative perspective, the sources of state institutional authority can be used as a reference in the structuring of state institutions by considering shifts and the development of state administration, especially with the state commissions that occurred after changes to the 1945 Constitution.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВНУТРЕННЕГО КОНТРОЛЯ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ

The article deals with the features of the organizational structure of state institutions, conditioned to the directions of their activities, and the functionality used to solve the tasks set. The article highlights the specifics of the organizational and legal forms of activity of organizations under the jurisdiction of executive authorities, as well as the peculiarities of regulating their practical work. The main directions of internal control carried out by state institutions are outlined, topical issues related to the need to improve the internal control system are highlighted.

State‐Level Political Institutions Matter: The Balance of Powers Among Governors, Legislatures, and Direct Democracy Influences Medicaid Expansion Decisions

Why have some Republican‐controlled states controlled expanded Medicaid while others have not? Research into state expansion decisions has emphasized partisanship, interest groups, legislative professionalization, and available resources. In contrast, we evaluate the impact of political institutions, which are rules that govern how officials reach policy decisions. We explain how different state institutional structures can lead to different expansion decisions, given similar partisan control patterns. We describe varying gubernatorial powers over Medicaid programs and analyze the potential of voter‐led initiatives to impose expansion on recalcitrant elected officials. Finally, we describe how politicians change rules to make it more likely that their preferences are enacted. Overall, focusing on institutions in addition to partisanship and interest groups more effectively illuminates the expansion prospects in holdout states. This allows for an effective illustration of potential roadmaps and roadblocks for pursuing both Medicaid expansion and other state‐level health reforms that can improve access and equity of health care.

Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Perlindungan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara Melalui Konstitusional Complaint

T he c onstitutional court brought Indonesia towards a better democracy. This is due to the existence of a separate institution that specifically safeguards the dignity of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as the highest norm in Indonesia, so that any actions related to the constitution can be responded specifically to the constitutional court. In addition, the position of the constitutional court in the state institutional structure as an institution that is equal to the people's consultative assembly, the house of representatives, the regional representative council, the president, the supreme court and the judicial commission has affirmed that the constitutional court is an institution that has high authority in the corridors of its authority. The r esearch is a basic tool in the development of science and technology. This is because research aims to express the truth systematically, methodologically, and consistently. Through the research process analysis and construction of data that has been collected and processed is conducted. the problem in this research is how is the concept of constitutional complaints as a form of protection of citizens' constitutional rights , h ow is the alternative application of constitutional complaints authority in Indonesia. The result of this research is that constitutional complaints are one of the defense mechanisms for citizens to defend their constitutional rights through the courts against the exercise of state power.

Bounded political contestation: the domestic translation of international health and housing rights in Australia

ABSTRACTPolitical contestation within liberal democratic states is an important, albeit limited, guide in defining how these states domestically implement their international human rights obligations. While often ritualistically endorsing human rights standards, political actors allow themselves a limited policy space with their domestic political contest circumscribed by more pervasive influences, often at odds with the state's international commitments. This article examines recent health and housing policy initiatives by Australia's two major political parties and assesses them against its international commitments. Applying a social constructivist approach, this article argues that the dominant neoliberal political discourse and the state's institutional structure set contextual boundaries to the parties’ policy contestation and reveal the limited influence of domestic political contestation in determining Australia's rights implementation.

Grey Zone in the Real Estate Market

Abstract The grey area exists in all countries of the world. It is visible in various areas of activity, which means that it is widespread. It is a sign of the weak state institutional structures and overregulation of the economy. Traces of it are also visible on the real estate market. This paper argues that the size of the shadow economy in the real estate market is significantly undervalued. For this purpose, areas of its occurrence which had not been included in previous estimates were indicated, prepared by the Central Statistical Office and the Gdansk Institute for Market Economics. Two ways of tracking the grey zone were used: press reports and case studies.

Impact of destructive institutional imperatives on quality of life

In spite of countless of studies and discussions on the importance of corruption and shadowing of socio-economic relations in the development of Ukrainian society, today in Ukraine is not implemented effective mechanisms that are able to prevent the formation of destructive institutional imperatives and improve quality of life. Essence of destructive institutional imperatives and their dialectical character are researched using institutional approach. As a result, formula for motivation of representatives of state institutional structures is proposed that will make it possible to form the conditions under which carrying on corruption and illegal activities in Ukraine will be less profitable. The results of research can be a basis in the formation of economic security strategies in the process of institutional transformation to overcome the corruption and reduce its impact on quality of life.

Multikulturalizam u europskom kontekstu: dosezi i nesuglasja

Multikulturalizam u europskom kontekstu: dosezi i nesuglasja

Domestic Institutions and regional representation in the European Union: the case of Austria

ABSTRACTMulti-level governance in the European Union is a well-established model in the EU literature. An area of ongoing focus within that literature has been the regional representation offices that have proliferated in Brussels. This article addresses the research question of how domestic institutional arrangements affect the strategies of regions seeking representation at the European level. Based on the results of original interviews with directors and deputy-directors of Austrian regional representation offices in Brussels to illustrate the approach these offices take when interacting with other European institutions and with Austrian federal representatives, this study builds on the regional representation literature that has stressed the pre-eminence of state institutional structures in understanding the role of regional representation offices and argues that the importance of the offices is best examined through a focus on state level institutions and power arrangements rather than on office impact at the European level.