Structure Of Social Relations Research Articles

Contributors

Previous articleNext article FreeContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreMarco Garrido is assistant professor of sociology at the University of Chicago. His work has appeared in Social Forces, Qualitative Sociology, and the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. He is writing a book connecting segregation and populism in Manila.Laura Tach is associate professor of policy analysis and management in the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. She received her Ph.D. in sociology and social policy at Harvard University.Allison Dwyer Emory is a postdoctoral associate in the School of Social Work at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. She received her Ph.D. in sociology from Cornell University.David Brady is professor of public policy and director of the Blum Initiative on Global and Regional Poverty in the School of Public Policy at the University of California, Riverside. He studies poverty, the politics of immigration and racial/ethnic heterogeneity, how long-term economic resources drive racial/health/intergenerational inequalities, and comparative social policy.Ryan M. Finnigan is assistant professor of sociology at the University of California, Davis. He was previously a postdoctoral fellow at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center. He studies poverty and inequality, particularly in U.S. labor and housing markets.Sabine Hübgen is a Ph.D. student and research fellow at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center. She studied sociology at the University of Mannheim and the Free University of Berlin, Germany. She is writing a dissertation on single mother poverty.Matthew E. Brashears is associate professor of sociology at the University of South Carolina. His work combines ideas from evolutionary theory, social networks, organizational theory, and neuroscience, and has appeared in Nature Scientific Reports, the American Sociological Review, Social Networks, Social Forces, and Frontiers in Cognitive Psychology, among others.Michael Genkin is assistant professor of sociology at Singapore Management University. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University. His current work uses Blau space models to understand a range of human behaviors. His second research stream seeks to understand the ecological forces that explain how individuals and organizations adopt political violence as a strategy.Chan S. Suh is assistant professor of sociology at Boise State University. His areas of research include political sociology, social movements, and social networks. His work has appeared in Social Forces, Social Science Research, and Mobilization, among others.James A. Kitts is professor of sociology at the University of Massachusetts and director of the Computational Social Science Institute. He models dynamics of social networks within and across groups, cooperation and competition within and across organizations, and health behavior on networks.Alessandro Lomi is professor of organization theory at the University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, and a life member of Clare Hall College, University of Cambridge. His current research interests include statistical models of social networks, the analysis of social relations within and between organizations, and the emergence of hierarchical order in decentralized production systems.Daniele Mascia is associate professor of organization and management theory in the Department of Management at the University of Bologna. His current research focuses on collaborative networks within and across organizations, team learning dynamics under conditions of technological change and the adoption of new organizational models in health care.Francesca Pallotti is senior lecturer in economic sociology at the Centre for Business Network Analysis, University of Greenwich (UK). She holds a Ph.D. from the Catholic University of Rome. Her research draws network perspectives to examine how the structure of social relations develops and affects individual opportunity and outcomes as well as collaborative processes among organizations in health care.Eric Quintane is associate professor of management in the School of Management at the University of Los Andes, in Bogota, Colombia. His research interests revolve around the dynamics of organizational networks and the temporality of social processes related to creativity and innovation. Previous articleNext article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 123, Number 3November 2017 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/695745 © 2017 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Youth identity in desegregated schools of Johannesburg

ABSTRACTSince the end of apartheid, South African schools went through deep changes with the deracialisation of the school system and a fairer allocation of educational resources (funding, equipment, facilities). School vision and mission had to promote values of the rainbow nation in order to enrol learners from different communities. Despite the recognition of diversity, race and ethnic relations still structure social relations inside school. This research shows how South African teenagers from desegregated school of Johannesburg construct their identity in relation to the diverse communities where they evolve. We expose their representation of a world affected by the apartheid legacy of racialised borders and socio-economical divisions but open to identity ‘bricolages’ and aspirations which allow overtaking them. Religion, popular and global culture, and democratic values are sources of identification to analyse to understand youth identity in contemporary South Africa.

The Future of Social Rights in Europe: In between Nostalgia and Hopefulness

This article attempts to assess the future of social rights and the welfare state in Europe. It perceives the current state of social rights in the context of a shift from the post-war compromise of embedded liberalism and democratic capitalism. This shift embodies the obstruction of the achieved relative harmony between social forces and capitalism through a change in national and global institutional structures. The assessment of potential future trajectories of social rights in Europe will be conducted through a close engagement with the debate between two prominent German thinkers, namely, Wolfgang Streeck and Jurgen Habermas. The debate portrays different pictures of an institutional landscape deemed necessary for the protection of social rights by each account. The first picture stems from an account based on the reversal of the emerging and new institutional structures. The second account, however, conceives the European Union (EU) as the appropriate institutional paradigm for the protection of social rights.Both approaches are understood to entail currently non-existing social assumptions. This refers to a changed social structure in relation to Streecks reversion-based account and to non-existing factors for the mobilisation of forces required for reform initiatives in the case of Habermass EU based approach. Navigating between these understandings, the deficiencies of each account in the provision of a framework for the effective pursuance of social rights will be noted. These deficiencies in turn guide our analysis in the identification of potential fora of contestation for the active pursuance of social rights.

Gender identity as a subject of communicative politics

The article is devoted to the analysis of "social" and "private" and the definition of constructive mechanisms that influence the structure of society and social relations. The ratio of private and public is the main structural feature of the feminist approach to the analysis of society. The problem of public and private is especially relevant in the context of political science, because it is at the intersection of public and private life that gender identity is formed, standardized patterns of courage and femininity arise. Gender studies develop and popularize stereotypes related to gender differences, introduce them into social and political relations, and create dichotomies. Considering the public and private sphere through the prism of gender studies, we disclose the main aspects of contemporary criticism of these spheres in a theoretical and political context.
 Public and private are multifaceted phenomena that can be analyzed from a variety of positions. Personal attitudes are manifested in the appearance and behavior of people, in media and political discourses, in scientific and theoretical models. They change, most often imperceptibly, the perception of both individual subjects and entire institutions. In our time, if we are talking about politics and identity on public and personal, on the theory and practice, it is necessary to take into account the real relations of power, the genesis of categories and discover the origins of inequality and discrimination.
 Keywords: Gender, gender identity, gender stereotype, self-presentation, communication, discourse

The Social Origins of Innovation Failures

This Article identifies and describes a crucial source of innovation failure — linked not to the market but to the structure of social relations that underlie market transactions — that this Article terms social network innovation failures. This source of innovation failure, however, has been obscured by two assumptions in traditional market failure models of innovation. First, market failure models assume that public, non-secret knowledge (or information) will flow freely among communities of innovators and be put to its optimal use. Second, market failure models pay little attention to how good ideas emerge; assuming that good ideas will follow from investment in research and development. Social network failures are failures of social interaction. Drawing on studies from the sociology of networks, as well as original ethnographic research in innovator communities, this Article develops a taxonomy of social network innovation failures: (1) lack of social-cognitive ties; (2) cognitive distance; and (3) different (or clashing) evaluative frames. It then illustrates how these social network innovation failures are endemic in a wide variety of fields, including computer science, mathematics, public health, and medicine, allowing key pieces of publicly available knowledge and expertise needed to solve complex problems to remain trapped in communities of innovators that do not interact with each other. Understanding social barriers to information flow is especially important in light of findings in the sociology literature that breakthrough ideas arise from the work of teams that bring together knowledge from cognitively distant communities to find and frame new problems at their intersection. Breakthrough ideas are rare precisely because of social network failures. Not only does patent law fail to address these social barriers to innovation, patent law as currently designed actually reinforces them. The assumption that public knowledge is free flowing, as well as an emphasis on problem-solving that assumes that problems to be solved are simply out there, underlie the key patent law doctrines of novelty, obviousness, and utility, often resulting in decisions that frustrate patent law’s fundamental goal of incentivizing innovation. Correcting social network innovation failures requires reorienting patent doctrine to reward not only problem-solving but also problem-finding and problem-framing. Identifying the social causes underlying innovation failures is essential to the design of effective law and policy interventions. Just as market failure analyses of innovation identified free-riding as a root cause of market inefficiencies — justifying a property right in information as the targeted cure — social network failure analyses identify the social organization and division of knowledge as an independent cause of innovation failure that calls for the design of new, targeted legal interventions. The three types of social network failures identified in this Article recommend the reorganization of innovation policy to prioritize the building of knowledge infrastructures and the restructuring of research funding from a discipline-based to a problem-based model.

Prospective assessment of social network quality among depressed mothers treated with brief psychotherapy: The Social Network Quality (SNQ) scales

ObjectiveSocial relationships play important roles in emotional health, and are common targets of psychotherapeutic interventions. To better evaluate social relationship structure and function in the context of psychotherapy trials, this study introduces and psychometrically evaluates the Social Network Quality (SNQ) scales, which supplement the Social Network Index (SNI). The original SNI evaluates social network structure (i.e., extent of participation in diverse social roles and number of social relationships). The SNQ adds two social network quality scales evaluating levels of: (a) positivity/support, and (b) negativity/stress, within and across specific social roles. MethodParticipants included 168 depressed mothers of psychiatrically-ill children participating in a psychotherapy treatment trial utilizing interpersonal therapy (IPT) and brief supportive therapy (BSP). The SNI, SNQ, and measures of social functioning and psychopathology were collected at baseline and at 3-month intervals over a one-year period. ResultsSNQ scores showed meaningful concurrent relationships with measures of social support and interpersonal distress, as well as incremental utility in explaining variance in relationship and mood outcomes above and beyond the SNI. SNQ scores also detected global and relationship-specific changes in social relationship quality following psychotherapy treatment. ConclusionThis report demonstrates that SNQ scales reliably assess psychotherapy-induced changes in relationship quality.

Adaptační kurz jako nástroj změny sociálních vztahů ve třídním kolektivu

The article contributes to the illustration of the importance of outdoor courses for development of social relationships in school classes. Following text is a pilot study for future research. The research sample consisted of 17 pupils of Grade 6 primary school, average age 11.24 years, who participated on a three-day outdoor course. The course focused on the development of team dynamics, cooperation and social relationships. The participants filled in the same questionnaire before and after the course which enabled to compare the changes. The questionnaires were based on rating all classmates according to the preferential relationships. The strength of these relationships was transformed visually in sociomaps showing the structure of social relationships. The sum of ratings given by the whole class increased from 1583 before to 1751 points after the course. The general colour of sociomap changed after the course showing increased sympathies between the classmates after the course. Sociomapping showed to be a useful and lucid method for illustration of positive impact of the outdoor course for the development of social relationships in the school class.

Stayers versus movers: Social capital and early career imprinting among young professionals

SummaryWe investigate what interfirm career mobility patterns would emerge if individuals are motivated by the job rewards they obtain as a function of their experience in organizations. We articulate two career strategies that individuals employ to navigate their early careers—commitment to a single employer and “job hopping” between different employers. Each strategy generates social capital (an individual's structure of social relations) but of a different kind. Embeddedness in the same organization over time develops a strong local identity and reputation within the firm. Boundary spanning through experience in different organizations creates opportunities for connecting people and ideas and for knowledge transfer between firms. We posit and present evidence that the choice between these two strategies is conditioned by social experience at the onset of one's career—the length of tenure with the first employer—which sorts individuals into “stayers” and “movers.”

Проблемы формирования правовой культуры современного общества

This article analyzes the legal culture of the modern society. The aim of the paper is to select the values of the legal culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan during its development as a democratic state. Special attention is paid to the study of axiological aspects of the legal culture in the process of development of democratic state and formation of civil society. The scientific work was based on a scientific research of Kazakh and foreign authors on nature of law, legal culture, its values in the process of formation of civil society and a state governed by the rule of law. The author believes that legal culture is a phenomenon quite complex and diverse in its internal structure and variety of social relations. The legal culture is not only knowledge of the laws, norms of law and methods of their use, however, and involves them as mandatory elements of the legal system. Legal culture includes awareness and the level of law-enforcement activities in the interests of ensuring and strengthening the rule of law. There are a few conclusions at the end of the article. The author believes that the legal culture is a certain steady state of social consciousness and social practice whish are based on repeated certain activities, the systematic functioning of the various structural elements of the legal system — the law, morality and traditions.

Intellectual property and industrialization: legalizing hope in economic growth

This article draws on theoretical resources from economic sociology and sociology of law to intervene in economic debates about the relationship between intellectual property and industrialization. Utilizing historical evidence from the earliest period of American intellectual property law and from a formative company in the New England textile industry, I propose a social process of influence that connects intellectual property law to industrialization. I argue that, consistent with the findings of New Economic Sociology, social relationship structures and social capital are the proximate influential force in industrialization. However, I also argue that transformative changes in those social relationship structures are rooted in the emergence of a particular type of political culture: what I call here, borrowing from Hannah Arendt and Frank Dobbin, a “Natal-Industrial Culture.” A Natal-Industrial Culture, as I propose it here, is a political culture in which collective hopes for the future are placed in new technologies and new cultural products, as means for achieving economic growth. Intellectual property law contributed to the emergence of this new type of political culture by holding out the promise of property, as a reward for the provision of new technologies or new cultural products. Because of the way that hope works on motivation—through cognitive pre-rehearsals of future attainment, which involve semantically-meaningful propositions and contribute to positive emotional experience—the promise of property provided a powerful stimulant to social capital formation. Working through the semantic resonances of property, intellectual property law contributed to a political culture in which invention and creativity were expected to secure a future of growth within the political community, both for particular members and for the political community, as a whole. By fostering a Natal-Industrial Culture, intellectual property law contributed to systematic invention and social capital-formation, leading, in turn, to the transformative changes in working and material provisioning that constitute industrialization.

The Social Lives of Poems in Nineteenth-Century America

The Social Lives of Poems in Nineteenth-Century America

La plaza laboral como espacio de legitimación del sociólogo. Apuntes para el caso chileno

ResumenLo que se encuentra bajo análisis es la estructura posible de las relaciones sociales que logran dotar de poder material y simbólico a los mecanismos de inclusión del sociólogo en el Mercado de Trabajo. El artí­culo fue presentado en el II Workshop sobre Dependencia Académica: "El desafí­o de construir Ciencias Sociales autónomas en el Sur", organizado por la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo de la ciudad de Mendoza en Argentina, el Programa Sur-Sur del Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, SEPHIS, PIDAAL y SRIIRU, y que se realizó entre el 3 y 6 de noviembre de 2010.

Strategic Development of Innovative Social Services in Elbasan

Modern times has brought major changes to the conceptual social life. Even the dimensions to be assessed not only sociologically and conceptually, but also to consider more joint efforts of the state, and family. Especially for building social rights policies, integrated by improving the structure of social relations. This should be the essence of each regional social policy, local way of organizing community life. In terms of decentralization of social services, integration services are indications that local authorities should assess not only to root society board but target the most vulnerable groups. Rendered necessary by the implementation of a community instruments of the most innovative social policies being considered as trace methodological work and how to move forward strand of improving: Social Plan Area. In this case its implementation will affect the strategic development of innovative social services to improve and provide more social services integrated with health not only for the city but also in Elbasan Municipality Paper, Labino -Fushe, Tregan, Shirgjan, Shushice, to meet local policies for economic, social and cultural, creating social integration of health services, a calendar of activities for the implementation of the priorities in the field of social protection , to a common vision on the delivery of services DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p52

The 1920s Viennese Intellectual Community as a Center for Ideas Exchange: A Network Analysis

This article constructs a social network, based on informal seminar attendance, for intellectuals living and working in Vienna in the 1920s. A range of primary and secondary sources has been used to compile a dataset on the duration, operation, and membership of informal seminars and the movement of individuals through the Viennese intellectual community between 1918 and 1930. This has then been visualized as a social network, highlighting the interrelationships between individuals, seminars, and different fields of study in Vienna in this period. By linking the structure of social relationships to differences in ideas between individuals and groups, this technique complements the qualitative techniques that are traditionally used to analyze communities in the history of economic thought. It is argued that the nature of this intellectual community meant that scholars could easily move between different disciplines and that certain individuals assisted this process by acting as intermediaries between domains of knowledge.

Exposure to Political Disagreement in Social Media Versus Face-to-Face and Anonymous Online Settings

This article investigates political disagreement on social media in comparison to face-to-face and anonymous online settings. Because of the structure of social relationships and the social norms that influence expression, it is hypothesized that people perceive more political disagreement in social media settings versus face-to-face and anonymous online settings. Analyses of an online survey of adults in the United States show that (a) social media users perceive more political disagreement than non-users, (b) they perceive more of it on social media than in other communication settings, and (c) news use on social media is positively related to perceived disagreement on social media. Results are discussed in light of their implications for current debates about the contemporary public sphere and directions for future research.

Analysing social networks in rural development: a gender approach

Abstract Gender issues are of growing importance in the European and Spanish rural areas. The literature reflects that women have traditionally been linked to marginal positions in economic life, social activities and even political representation at the local level. Local development programs that have been implemented in Europe’s rural areas have had among its objectives the improvement of the articulation of local communities. To reach them, it has been fostered, among others, a gender perspective, promoting both productive activities led by women and their participation as stakeholders in the management and decision-making structures of such programmes. In this paper, we addressed this latter issue. The study focuses on a sample of 30 relevant social actors linked to the implementation of a rural development programme in the county of Rincón de Ademuz (Valencia, Spain) from the mid-1990s to recent date. Through Social Network Analysis, gender differences and women’s roles within the social network are studied in two differentiated periods. This analysis reveals that despite women representing a minority among the relevant stakeholders, their level of participation, prestige, position in the network, and frequency of relationships, among other indicators, are comparable with respect to those sustained by men. Therefore, it cannot be said, as reflected in some of the literature, that women tend to occupy marginal positions in the structure of social relations of local development programs.

Investigating social support patterns of single mothers from a social network perspective

AbstractIn the present study, we discuss how social network analysis approach can be fruitful exploited to study social support within family studies. An ego-centred network approach is adopted within a case study about social support networks of low income single mothers living in a city of southern Italy. We address three main issues. First, we aim to describe and explore the structure of social relationships that single mothers activate in order to obtain different kind of supports. Second, we investigate the main factors that affect the amount and variety of resources embedded in the single mothers’ support networks. Third, we analyse the relationship between the received social support embedded in the ego network and the support perceived by mothers. Beyond the description of composition and structure of ego-centred networks through network measures and factorial methods, a series of regression models was estimated to assess factors explaining received and perceived support of single mothers.

“Sostener la cara”. Presentación social de beneficiarios de programas de empleo

We propose to investigate the regulatory processes of sensation in the world of work, studying how the bodies and emotions are built. We take as reference the Plan Nacional Jovenes con Mas y Mejor Trabajo, using in-depth interviews for who participated in the Programa de Orientacion e Induccion al mundo del trabajo (POI) in three employment offices in Mendoza, Argentina. The job search process, linked to inclusive policies are a key that allows us to recognize the constant ideological exercise, as imperative and seduction, which carries the possibility of effective inclusion of individuals in society. This analysis, situated in a thematic cross between social expulsion and inclusive policies, examines the effectiveness of such programs from relegated dimensions in sociological studies; specifically, the body and emotions, recognizing the complex relationship between agency and structure of social relations.

City Comedy, Public Style

AbstractLondon's expansion altered the structure of social relations within the city by making anonymity, rather than familiarity, a normative precondition of day‐to‐day encounters. This new condit...

OBJECT OF AUTHORITY, OFFICE AND SERVICE POSITION ABUSE

Work is devoted to the object of authority, office and service position abuse. In the study the value of criminal offenses object in office for application of law is highlighted. The state of research of a given topic is analyzed in scientific literature. The attention is given to different approaches to understanding of crime object. Having analyzed different approaches to understanding of crime object the author came to the conclusion that approach according to which social relationships are the object of crime is the most correct. The structure of social relationships as the object of crime is studied. Object, subject and content of public relations as an object of criminal offenses in office are determined. The generic object of crimes related to performance management and professional activities related to the provision of public services is studied. The attention is given to different approaches to understanding of object of such crimes. Having analyzed different approaches to understanding of the generic object of service crimes the researcher determinated her own definition of the gender object of criminal offenses in office. It is pointed that authority, office service position abuse encroaches the same object that is why typical objects of criminal offenses in office does not exist. It is stated that there is a general rule, concerning misuse of the power of special status (this special status can be expressed in the presence of authorities, organizational and administrative functions, administrative and economic functions or other authorities). This general rule is contained in several articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provide liability for acts which by its legal nature are a misuse of the power of special status. It is noted, that public relations concerning the correct activities of public authorities, local governments, their staff, enterprises, institutions and organizations irrespectively of ownership forms, persons providing public service – are the generic object of criminal offenses in office. Proper activity is defined as conscientious, proper activity that is conducted in accordance with certain functions, tasks and duties within the competence and lawfully charged according to set tariffs, rates or contract. The definitions of direct objects of authority, office and service position abuse are given. Author came to the conclusion that direct objects of authority, office and service position abuse are related but they differ in sphere of public relations.