One-dimensional Photonic Crystal Structure Research Articles

Sensitive One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Refractometric Temperature Sensor with Central Superconducting Layer

This work proposes a sensitive low-temperature sensor based on the refractive index (RI) method. It uses a one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC) structure. The proposed sensor design consists of a bilayer stack of dielectric and superconductor materials. YaBa2Cu3O7 is the superconductor utilized in this case, and we consider air to be the dielectric material. The RI of air doesn’t change much with the temperature, especially compared to the superconductor material. YaBa2Cu3O7 is a superconductor that is ideal for temperature sensing applications because of its temperature-dependent RI. The sensing temperature range for the proposed sensor is 35–70[Formula: see text]K. The crucial structural factors have been precisely adjusted to increase sensing performance. Based on our knowledge, this is done to increase the sensor’s efficiency to levels that are higher than anything previously reported in the literature. Results show that the designed structure achieves an impressive RI sensitivity of 821.53[Formula: see text]nm/RIU and a temperature sensitivity of 3[Formula: see text]nm/K. This sensor could be very useful for medical applications for the detection of low temperatures.

Highly sensitive one-dimensional Dielectric-Superconductor photonic crystal structure for low temperature sensing applications

The work proposed in this paper investigates the design and simulation of low temperature refractive-index (RI) sensor using one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PhC) structure. The bilayer stack is created using dielectric and superconductor materials. The dielectric material is assumed to be air and the superconductor considered is YaBa2Cu3O7. Compared to superconductor material, air’s RI is hardly affected by the temperature. The parameter perceived by the suggested sensor for precise temperature measurement in the region of 10 K to 90 K is thought to be the superconductor’s RI, which is a function of temperature. To the best of our knowledge, the structural characteristics of single superconductor material have been precisely adjusted to increase sensor efficiency to a level never before seen in published research. According to the findings, the temperature sensitivity of 1.524 nm/K and the maximum RI sensitivity of 1079.42 nm/RIU are found in the proposed structure. Applications for bio-sensing are a good fit for the suggested sensing device.

Silicon-based planar devices for narrow-band near-infrared photodetection using Tamm plasmons.

Designing efficient narrow-band near-infrared photodetectors integrated on silicon for telecommunications remains a significant challenge in silicon photonics. This paper proposes a novel silicon-based hot-electron photodetector employing Tamm plasmons (Si-based TP-HE PD) for narrow-band near-infrared photodetection. The device combines a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) structure, an Au layer, and a silicon substrate with a back electrode. Simulation results show that the absorption of the TP device with a back electrode is 1.5 times higher than without a back electrode, due to increased absorption from multiple reflections between the back electrode and the 1DPC structure. Experimentally, the responsivity of the fabricated device reaches 0.195 mA/W at a wavelength of 1400 nm. A phenomenological model was developed to analyze the photoelectric conversion mechanism, revealing reasonable agreement between the theoretically calculated and experimentally measured internal quantum efficiencies. Additional experiments and simulations demonstrate the tunability of the resonance wavelength from 1200 nm to 1700 nm by adjusting structural parameters. The Si-based TP-HE PD shows potential for silicon-based optoelectronic applications, offering the advantages of a simple structure, low cost, and compatibility with silicon photonic integrated circuits. This work represents the first demonstration of a silicon-based hot electron NIR photodetector utilizing Tamm plasmons.

Angular dependence of photonic band gap and omni-directional reflection in one-dimensional photonic crystal applied to a thermophotovoltaic device

In this work, we present a theoretical study and a numerical simulation on omnidirectional reflection in one-dimensional photonic crystal structures for a thermophotovoltaic device. The optical properties are determined using the transfer matrix method. The results show that the angular dependence of photonic bandgaps depends on refractive index contrast and, polarization. However, for both TE and TM polarization, a reflectivity peak with 100% reflectivity is observed. The Te/SiO2 structure is the one with the largest bandwidth of omnidirectional photonic band gap compared with the TiO2/SiO2 and Si/SiO2 structures. The results also show that by designing a giant birefringent optical the Brewster’s angle allows angle the control at any angle for both TE and TM mode.

A temperature sensor based on Si/PS/SiO2 photonic crystals

The present research deals with the extremely sensitive temperature-sensing capabilities of defective one-dimensional photonic crystal structures (Si/PS/SiO2). The proposed structure is realized by putting a defective layer of material silicon Dioxide (SiO2) in the middle of a structure consisting of alternating layers of silicon (Si) and porous silica (PS). The transfer matrix method has been employed to examine the transmission characteristics of the proposed defective one-dimensional photonic crystal in addition to MATLAB software. The transmission spectra of the proposed structure in the visible light domain are computed throughout a temperature range of 25–900 °C, and we study the thermal properties related to the defective mode. Additionally, the impacts of changing the defect layer's thickness are examined. Due to the effects of thermal expansion and the thermo-optical coefficient, the defect mode varies significantly as the temperature increases. Our investigation shows that the proposed structure considerably impacts the transmission intensity of the defective mode. The theoretically obtained numeric values of the quality factor and sensitivity are 2216.6 and 0.085 nm/°C, respectively. The challenges presented by conventional temperature sensors could be overcome by the suggested defective photonic crystal sensor. These results are enough to support our claim that the present design can be used as an ultra-sensitive temperature sensor.

Improvement on solar selective absorption properties of anodic aluminum oxide photonic crystal films by electrodeposition of silver

Solar selective absorption films based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) photonic crystals were prepared by an anodization under periodic current-pulses, subsequently with an alternating current electrodeposition of Co and Ag in sequence. The phase structure, microstructure, and solar selective absorption properties of the Co–Ag electrodeposited film were investigated in comparison with a Co electrodeposited counterpart. Moreover, the stability of the properties against thermal annealing was examined for the two films. A one-dimensional photonic crystal structure was verified for the AAO part in both films, with the first-order photonic bandgap occurring at around 4 μm, while the metals were confirmed to be deposited at the bottom of the AAO part in the form of nanoparticles. For the Co–Ag electrodeposited film, the Ag nanoparticles were deposited over those of Co. The Ag electrodeposition not only was contributive to the solar selective absorption properties, but also substantially improved the stability of the properties against thermal annealing. The Co–Ag electrodeposited film exhibited an infrared emissivity of 0.12, a solar absorptivity of 0.94, and a spectral selectivity of 7.83 before experiencing thermal annealing, while retained a decent spectral selectivity of 6.00 after being annealed in air at 300 °C for 24 h.

Performance analysis of heterostructure-based topological nanophotonic sensor

In this manuscript, a heterostructure-based topological nanophotonic structure is proposed for improved sensing performance. The topological effect is realized by connecting two dissimilar one-dimensional photonic crystal structures having overlapped photonic bandgaps. The structural parameters are optimized to regulate and alter the dispersion characteristics, which results in the opposite Zak phases. This demonstrates a robust topologsical interface state excitation at a 1737 nm operating wavelength. Further, a topological cavity structure having resonance mode at 1659 nm is formed by replacing the interface layers with a defect layer. The mode excitation is confirmed by analyzing the electric field confinement at the interface. The sensing capability of the structure is analytically evaluated by infiltrating different analytes within the cavity. The analytical results demonstrate the device’s average sensitivity of around 774 nm/Refractive index unit (RIU) along with an average high Q-factor and figure of merit of around 5.2 × 104 and 2.6234 × 104 RIU−1, respectively. Because of the higher interface mode field confinement, the proposed structure exhibits a 92% higher sensitivity, 98% improved Quality factor, 206% improvement in figure of merit, and 86% higher interface field confinement than conventional Fabry–Perot resonator structures. Thus, the proposed topological cavity structure shows its broad sensing ability (Refractive Index: 1.3–1.6) along with a low-cost, simple fabrication and characterization process, promoting the development of highly sensitive planner nanophotonic devices.

Ultra-sensitive pressure sensing capabilities of defective one-dimensional photonic crystal

Present research work deals with the extremely sensitive pressure-sensing capabilities of defective one-dimensional photonic crystal structure (GaP/SiO2)N/Al2O3/(GaP/SiO2)N. The proposed structure is realized by putting a defective layer of material Al2O3 in the middle of a structure consisting of alternating layers of GaP and SiO2. The transfer matrix method has been employed to examine the transmission characteristics of the proposed defective one-dimensional photonic crystal in addition to MATLAB software. An external application of the hydrostatic pressure on the proposed structure is responsible for the change in the position and intensity of defect mode inside the photonic band gap of the structure due to pressure-dependent refractive index properties of the materials being used in the design of the sructure. Additionally, the dependence of the transmission properties of the structure on other parameters like incident angle and defect layer thickness has also studied. The theoretical obtained numeric values of the quality factor and sensitivity are 17,870 and 72 nm/GPa respectively. These results are enough to support our claim that the present design can be used as an ultra-sensitive pressure sensor.

Study transmission characteristics of graded photonic crystal as low pass filter

Here, we investigate propagation characteristics of graded thickness one-dimensional photonic crystal structure made of silicon and air. The optical transmission is obtained by transfer matrix method (TMM) and studied impact of graded index and refractive index variation on the transmission spectra. The optical transmission of suggested structure drops as frequency increases and falls to zero more rapidly as graded index increases. The graded index variable can be used to tune the suggested structure’s cut off frequency, which corresponds to half of the transmission value. So, such device has useful application as tunable optical low-pass filter.

Transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal omnidirectional reflector

In this paper, a concept of transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal is proposed to design omnidirectional reflector, which has a reduced thickness compared with that of the omnidirectional reflector using conventional one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. At first, the omnidirectional reflection band of an original one-dimensional photonic crystal is simulated using the transfer matrix method for comparison. Next, the transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal is designed based on transformation optics. Simulation results indicate that the transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal structures with arbitrary shrunken thickness can omnidirectionally reflect the incident TM waves that operates in the same omnidirectional reflection band of the original one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. Such a concept of transformation one-dimensional photonic crystal also can be expanded to any omnidirectional reflector designed by using other multilayer dielectric systems.

Multichannel filtering properties of one-dimensional graphene photonic crystals with high refractive index media layer

Graphene photonic crystals have been attracting increasing attention due to their distinctive properties. In this work, the multichannel filtering performance of a one-dimensional graphene photonic crystal structure is theoretically investigated in the optical communication band. The graphene photonic crystal composed of a stack of alternating layers of dielectric material with high refractive index and graphene sheet. The influence of several structural parameters on the filtering performance of this structure was analyzed using the transfer matrix method. It is shown that the channel number and channel spacing of the multichannel filter can be adjusted by changing the period number and the dielectric constant and thickness of the high refractive index material. The multichannel filtering properties of this graphene structure have potential applications in wavelength division multiplexing systems.

Analysis of a gas sensor based on one-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a designed defect cavity

A symmetric one-dimensional photonic crystal configuration with defect layer is proposed for an optical gas sensor based device application. Here, Silicon and Si3N4 are considered as materials of dielectric layers with zero value of extinction coefficient in the wavelength range of concern. The transmission of PC configuration is estimated using the transfer matrix approach in case of configuration with and without defect, and the infiltrated gas is treated as defect layer. On the basis of the defect mode’s wavelength, gas can be determined. In addition, quality factor and sensitivity of the device are improved due to the variation of refractive index of layer B, thickness of defect, angle of incidence and the number of unit cells on either side of defect layer. By making analysis of the effect of these parameters on the sensitivity and quality factor, interesting results have been obtained and conclusions drawn. We have also proposed and investigated a symmetric structure with defect made with a single material to improve optical sensing parameters. Further for the sake of comparison, the various gases are used to show improved sensing characteristics for respective gases, which can be used to determine gas. It is inferred that such refractive index optical sensor based on defect mode position is highly sensitive and offers precise optical sensing characteristics and possibly find applications in gas detection.

Near-perfect wide-band absorbers based onone-dimensional photonic crystal structures in1-20 THz frequencies.

This paper investigates the absorption behavior of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PhC) structures in the 1-20THz region. The structures are analyzed by the transfer matrix method to achieve accurate results quickly with ordinary simulation facilities. The simulation results indicate a strong dependence of the absorber performance on the thickness and material of the PhC layers, as well as the frequency and angle of incident light. The combination of silica and titanium (Ti) materials as dielectric and metal layers presents a great choice for broadband high-absorption applications so that this structure can absorb, on average, more than 80% of the normal incident radiation in the studied frequency range. Additionally, this absorber has the lowest dependence on incident light with the angle varying from 0° to 80° compared to identical absorbers with silver, aluminum, gold, chromium, nickel, and tungsten metals. The excellent absorption feature of the Ti-based absorber compared to the other absorbers is attributed to the lower permittivity of Ti (in both real and imaginary parts) in comparison with the other metals. In addition to owning simple and fabrication-friendly structures, 1D PhCs can pave the way to achieve various absorption spectra proportional to the needs of photonics, communications, and aerospace applications.

Design, Preparation and Characterization of Mid-infrared Low-emissivity Film

The rapid development of infrared detection technology requires that military targets have mid-infrared stealth performance. In this paper, a mid-infrared low-emissivity film based on one-dimensional photonic crystal structure was designed and prepared. The results showed that its reflectivity properties are improved and total thickness is reduced by optimizing the construction parameters. The thickness and refractive index of the prepared Ge film and ZnSe film were tested using IR ellipsometer. After the test results were brought into the designed structure, mid-infrared low-emissivity films with emissivity of 0.032, 0.068, 0.146, 0.203 and 0.366 were prepared by vacuum evaporation. The infrared reflectivity of the mid-infrared low-emissivity films was tested using Fourier spectrometer, and the test results are in good agreement with calculated results.

Eight-channel C-Band demultiplexer based on one-dimensional photonic crystals defected with lithium niobate

We propose an eight-channel Dense Wavelength Division Demultiplexer (DWDM) device based on one-dimensional photonic crystal (1-D PC) structures defected with lithium niobate (LiNbO3) thin films. The demultiplexer operates in the C-band window (1460–1560 nm), which belongs to the ITU grid for DWDM applications. The desired output wavelength is achieved by applying the proper external electric field to the LiNbO3 layer at various temperatures. The transfer matrix method (TMM) is used to simulate the transmittance spectrum. Efficient output channels with transmittances of about 90% are attained. An excellent quality factor of 30919 and a very small line width of 0.05 nm are exceptional values acquired by the output channels. A very small channel spacing of 0.182 nm is attained without compromising the crosstalk, which reaches a minimum value of −34 dB. The astounding characteristics of the eight channels reveal that the proposed demultiplexer could be a potentially efficient device for DWDM networks.

Highly boosted trace-amount terahertz vibrational absorption spectroscopy based on defect one-dimensional photonic crystal.

Although terahertz (THz) spectroscopy demonstrates great application prospects in the fields of fingerprint sensing and detection, traditional sensing schemes face unavoidable limitations in the analysis of trace-amount samples. In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, absorption spectroscopy enhancement strategy based on a defect one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PC) structure is proposed to achieve strong wideband terahertz wave-matter interactions for trace-amount samples. Based on the Fabry-Pérot resonance effect, the local electric field in a thin-film sample can be boosted by changing the length of the photonic crystal defect cavity, so that the wideband signal of the sample fingerprint can be greatly enhanced. This method exhibits a great absorption enhancement factor, of about 55 times, in a wide terahertz frequency range, facilitating the identification of different samples, such as thin α-lactose films. The investigation reported in this Letter provides a new research idea for enhancing the wide terahertz absorption spectroscopy of trace samples.

Temperature tunable Bragg transmission multichannel filters made of two quarter-wave stacks separated by defect layers

We report on simulated temperature-tunable single-channel/multichannel transmission filters with 0.37 nm/K shift in the peak wavelength is observed in the infrared region (1300 nanometers −1650 nanometers) using a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. A single channel can be selected in the photonic bandgap region based on the thickness of the quarter wave stacks and temperature. The transmission coefficient of the transmitted defect modes is approximately the same as that required for telecommunication. For 20000 defect layers, 4000 channels were created with full width at half maximum of 0.7 picometers at the center wavelength of ∼1550 nm and channel separation of ∼0.18 nanometer between 1500 nanometers-1600 nanometers.

Assessment of Bloch surface wave-based one-dimensional photonic crystal sensor using ultraviolet range

To generate resonance in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength region, we have developed a Bragg mirror structure with a SiO2 top layer. This paper shows the wavelength at which sensitivity occurs by modifying the architecture of the one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PhC) structure appropriately. The structural parameters are adjusted to excite a Bloch surface wave with a wavelength of 256 and 281 nm at the top interface, which are the operational wavelengths. The spectrum’s distribution of electric fields and mode confinement confirmed the suggested structure with an 8-nm thick defect layer. The proposed design is empathetic at UV wavelength with varying analyte’s refractive index value. The investigation shows that the sensitivity is about 107.42 and 101.85 deg/RIU, and the quality factor is 1426.17 and 1708.14 nm at UV wavelengths of 281 and 256 nm, respectively.

Bloch surface wave-atom coupling in one-dimensional photonic crystal structure.

Considering efforts for hot atomic vapor-nanophotonics integration as a new paradigm in quantum optics, in this paper, we introduce 1D photonic crystal-Rb vapor cell as structure with miniaturized interaction volume. The Bloch surface wave (BSW) excited on surface of a photonic crystal as electromagnetic hosting photonic mode, and altered the optical response of Rb atoms in the vicinity of surface. Coupling of atomic states with BSW confined modes would lead to quantum interference effects and results in nonlinearities in resonant coupling of atoms with BSW. We show Bloch surface wave induced transparency is highly stable under a change of incidence angle. Our results show slight changes in transitions detuning's due to nonlinear interactions like the Casimire-Polder effect under change of localized density of optical states.

Photonic crystal nanostructure as a photodetector for NaCl solution monitoring: theoretical approach.

In this research, we have a theoretical simple and highly sensitive sodium chloride (NaCl) sensor based on the excitation of Tamm plasmon resonance through a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. The configuration of the proposed design was, [prism/gold (Au)/water cavity/silicon (Si)/calcium fluoride (CaF2)10/glass substrate]. The estimations are mainly investigated based on both the optical properties of the constituent materials and the transfer matrix method as well. The suggested sensor is designed for monitoring the salinity of water by detecting the concentration of NaCl solution through near-infrared (IR) wavelengths. The reflectance numerical analysis showed the Tamm plasmon resonance. As the water cavity is filled with NaCl of concentrations ranging from 0 g l-1 to 60 g l-1, Tamm resonance is shifted towards longer wavelengths. Furthermore, the suggested sensor provides a relatively high performance compared to its photonic crystal counterparts and photonic crystal fiber designs. Meanwhile, the sensitivity and detection limit of the suggested sensor could reach the values of 24 700 nm per RIU (0.576 nm (g l)-1) and 0.217 g l-1, respectively. Therefore, the suggested design could be of interest as a promising platform for sensing and monitoring NaCl concentrations and water salinity as well.