Structure Of Idioms Research Articles

The comparative meaning and structure of idiom in korean novel Phalshipinyeonsaeng Kim Ji Young (82 년생 김지영) with its Indonesian translation (study of semantics and syntax)

Before expressing an opinion, people typically sort and choose their words, for example, selecting terms they believe to be more subtle. Hence, this research aims to discuss the comparison between the meaning and structure of idioms in a novel. The data were taken from the Korean novel as the source language, Phalshipinyeonsaeng Kim Ji Young (82 년생 김지영) by Cho Nam Joo and its translation in Indonesian as the target language, Kim Ji Yeong, Lahir Tahun 1982. Thus, the purpose of this research is to understand the comparison of meanings and structures in idioms of two different languages. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with the results of comparative meaning and structure of idioms from the source language and the target language by discussing semantic studies in the form of their lexical meanings and idiomatic meanings, as well as syntax studies through the constituent structures of these idioms as their theoretical approach. The findings showed the translation techniques, such as translating idioms into idioms, idioms into nonidioms, nonidioms into idioms, and translation by omission of entire idioms. Also, the findings showed the meaning equivalence whether it’s formal or dynamic equivalence in idioms translation that the translator used to convey the message from the author to the reader.

THE ROLE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

This article investigates the role and the importance of using idiomatic expressions in English language. Idiomatic expressions are group of words with concrete meaning which can be unrelated to the meaning of individual words. They make our speech more sensitive and colourful. In fact, the structure of idioms can be wrong grammatically, but the precise meaning can be seen in this way. Moreover, it can be seen that learners compare the English idiomatic expression in equivalence Russian one(in mother tongue).

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The article focuses on the issue of participation of lexical-semantic variants of the polysemous noun Eng. fire in the process of formation of phraseological units. The goal of our article is to find out how the semantic range of the polysemous noun Eng. fire is reproduced in the structure of idioms. To achieve this goal, the author uses the following research methods: descriptive, comparative, the method of dictionary definitions, the method of phraseological application to establish phraseological meanings, as well as the method of establishing the content of language stereotypes. Occasionally, the historical and etymological methods were used, as well as methods of frame modeling and quantitative estimation. The author describes the peculiarities of actualization of the system of lexical meanings of the polysemantic noun Eng. fire at the phraseological level and establishes structural types of phraseological units which are formed with the help of semantemes of the noun Eng. fire. The object of our research is English phraseological units sharing the common key lexical component � polysemanti� noun of thermal semantics Eng. fire. We conduct the research using not only nominative and predicative idiomatic phraseological units, but also comparative phrases, proverbs and speech formulae. In modern phraseology the problem of interrelationships between the lexico-semantic and lexico- -phraseological levels of the language system is currently important. The specificity of functioning of polysemous adjective with thermal meaning Eng. fire in phraseological units is analysed within the framework of research of the general problem of interrelationships between the lexico-semantic and lexico-phraseological levels of the language system. The author finds general trends of sense development of this noun within the structure of idiomatic set phrases sharing the common key lexical component Eng. fire. The analysis shows that lexical meanings of the polysemantic of noun Eng. fire at the phraseological level are actualized unevenly and selectively. In the structure of nominative and predicative idiomatic phraseological units and comparative phrases the key noun Eng. fire implements almost exclusively its original �thermal� semanteme as a formative one, but its lexical semantemes used in the formation of idioms rarely coincide with its phraseo-derived meanings. Individual semantemes of the noun Eng. fire differ with respect to the number of phrasemes they occur in, besides there are many phraseo-derived meanings that don�t have the corresponding lexico-semantic variants of the noun Eng. fire, though some of them have synonymic lexical meanings. To continue the research of semantic relations between lexical and phraseological levels of the language we should involve to our analysis other parts of speech. This aspect, together with the use of information from other languages is necessary for our better understanding of the role of high temperature characteristics, objects and processes in linguistic world image.

Фразеологизмы немецкого языка с деструктивным глагольным компонентом

The research objective includes considering specificity of destructive verbs functioning as phraseological components. The article describes types of these verbs in the structure of idioms, proverbs and sayings, identifies semantic correlations between the component meaning of destruction and the phraseological unit’s general meaning. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the choice of the research object and subject, i.e. the phrase-formative potential of destructive verbs is analysed by the material of the German language. The author concludes on the importance of verbs’ primary meaning of physical destruction in the formation of secondary, reinterpreted meaning of a phraseological unit. Often the primary meaning of destruction is preserved, but reinterpreted as non-physical destruction, for example, psychological, etc.

METAPHORICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION IN THE ENGLISH IDIOMS THAT BELONG TO THE ALIMENTARY CODE

Figurative structure of idioms reflects cultural codes that make linguistic picture of the world. Food and national cuisine represent a specific culture area. Idioms specify an English alimentary code and its axiological vector. The purpose of the article is to analyze metaphorical models presented in the idioms of the English alimentary code. 256 idioms of the English alimentary code make the object of the research. The idioms under analysis have been selected by the continuous sampling method from the bilingual Big English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A. V. Kunin. The descriptive method and the elements of the comparative-historical method were applied in the course of analysis. Metaphorical model GASTRONOMIC IMAGES is STATE OF A PERSON is represented by the frames ‘Physical parameters of a person’, ‘Satiety’, ‘Emotional state of a person’. The frame ‘Physical parameters of a person’ is represented by the slots ‘Constitution’, ‘State of health’. The slot ‘State of health’ is represented by lexemes denoting food and cooking attributes. Frame ‘Satiety’ is represented by slots ‘Basic need for food’, ‘State of intoxication’. Hunger and satiety are verbalized through anthropomorphic, natural and artifact metaphors. Frame ‘Emotional state of a person’ is represented by the slots ‘Pleasure’, ‘Confidence’, ‘Suffering/Humiliation’. Idioms of the English alimentary code corresponding to the given metaphorical models have been revealed. It was stated that they reflect gastronomic images. The analysis suggests the predominance of anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and artifact metaphors. Key components are represented by the lexemes denoting food, feelings of satiety and hunger, and the process of eating.

«БЫТЬ ИЛИ НЕ БЫТЬ?»: СПОРЫ О ДУШЕ В СОВЕТСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ И КРИТИКЕ 1920-1930-Х ГОДОВ

The article is devoted to the problem of transformation of the key Russian concept “Soul” in the socialist realism literature and critique of post-revolutionary decades. It is found that for the supporters of new political system this concept is mainly related to religious ideas about divine in human being. Symptomatic for 1920s attempts to discredit this concept, to exclude it from the active vocabulary as ideologically alien anachronism are described. Complex “poputchik’s” (L. Leonov’s, M. Shaginyan’s), “internal emigrant’s” (A. Platonov’s) reflection on Bolshevik spiritual experiment is shown. Soviet River by L. Leonov, Gidrocentral by M. Shaginyan, The Street Organ by A. Platonov do indicate that Soul continues to be one of the main ontological categories for these writers. It is stated that by the mid-1930s the word Soul has not disappeared from literary language, although more often than not it has been used only in structure of idioms. The texts by F. Gladkov, I. Le, V. Ketlinskaya, B. Yasensky, G. Dalny, P. Nilin, A. Zorich, A. Carcev prove that traditional views on Soul have just not been eradicated by new ideology but have been distorted and adapted to it. The difference between categories “collectivism” and “sobornost” is demonstrated.

The structure of idioms in Nigerian English

The term ‘structure in linguistics’ is mostly used to refer to a sequence of units that are in a certain linguistic relationship to one another. Thus no matter how minimal a sequence is, if it can be analysed in terms of a relationship within it, then that is a structural unit. For example, one of the structures of a noun phrase may be ‘article + adjective + noun’ as in the vicious circle (Richards & Schmidts, 2002). Structures entail relationships which may be syntagmatic or paradigmatic. According to Finnegan (2014) when we say language structure we are essentially talking about syntax, semantics and phonology of a language. When it comes to idioms the same principles apply. The structures of idioms are essentially their syntactic behaviour. This behaviour cannot be predicted solely on the basis of their form or figurative meaning alone, but it must be due to some relation between the form and meaning (Gibbs & Nayak, 1989). An idiom is an institutionalised and conventionalized sequence of at least two words or free morphemes that is semantically restricted so that it functions as a single lexical unit, whose meaning cannot or can only to a certain extent be deduced from the meanings of its constituents. (Skandera, 2003: 60). To Nurnberg, Sag and Wasow (1994), idioms are characterised as having conventional meaning, figuration, inflexibility of form, and proverbiality. Idioms have been called ‘multiword units’ (Grant & Bauer, 2004), metaphors (Gibbs, 1993; Toris, 2011), phrasemes (Howarth, 1998), fixed expressions (Moon, 1997; Carter, 1998) and formulaic expressions (Wray, 2002). Structurally, idioms do not form a unique class of linguistic items such that all idioms belong to it, but that they share many of the same properties normally associated with more literal expressions.

Extending the extension condition to discontinuous idioms

This paper makes a specific proposal regarding the structure of idioms as they are listed in the lexicon, which has important ramifications. Specifically, I suggest that first Merge as well as internal Merge can target subconstituents of structures already built by Merge. This creates structures which I call Banyan trees, in which there is more than one undominated node. I suggest that this model, together with certain assumptions about phases and about the functional sequence of syntactic heads, derive important facts about the structure of idioms.