Structure Of Control System Research Articles

Квазиоптимальный закон управления для лагранжевых систем с дефицитом управляющих воздействий

Mechanical systems with a deficit of control influences are essentially nonlinear dynamic systems of high order, which are characterized by the presence of significant dynamic interaction between the elements. Therefore, the task of control synthesis should be considered in the initial nonlinear formulation, since the use of linear synthesis methods can lead to a loss of stability or significantly worsen the quality of the control process. When solving the problem of synthesis with a deficit of control influences, it is advisable to analyze such a mechanical system as a non-stationary one and use the principle of decomposition in conjunction with the maximum condition of generalized power, which makes it possible to find the structure of a universal two-level control system. The resulting quasi-optimal control provides an increase in the stability area and the quality of the transient process in terms of a quadratic criterion in comparison with known linear algorithms.

Sliding Mode and Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control Structures for Vertical Three-Tank Systems

Sliding Mode and Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control Structures for Vertical Three-Tank Systems

Research on random dynamic cylinder deactivation control strategy of engine based on nonlinear model prediction

In the process of cycle cylinder deactivation, the different proportion of cylinder deactivation between adjacent working cycles will cause the problem of uneven operation of each cylinder. In this paper, a random dynamic cylinder deactivation (RD-CDA) control method based on nonlinear model prediction is proposed. The RBF neural network model of the RD-CDA system is built. The K-means algorithm is applied to the offline training of the center position c of the hidden layer node. The P-nearest algorithm is used to train the hidden layer node width σ offline. The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is applied to train the output layer weight vector w online. The online adaptive change of the model is realized, and the model verification is carried out. Then, the nonlinear model predictive control system structures with the minimum torque fluctuation and brake specific fuel consumption rate (BSFC) are built respectively. Under different working conditions, the average torque fluctuation per cycle is improved by about 9% to 18.75%, and the average BSFC is improved by about 2 % -3.9 %, which verifies the effectiveness of this strategy in reducing the dynamic fluctuation of random dynamic cylinder deactivation torque and improving fuel economy.

Аdaptive Сontrol algorithm Based on a Virtual Synchronous Generator. Part II

An increase in the penetration level of power plants based on renewable energy sources using power converters (PCs) has a direct impact on the dynamic characteristics of modern electric power system (EPS) and, as a consequence, the nature of the transient processes. One of the main problems in such EPS is a significant change in the magnitude of the total inertia of the system over time, which leads to an increase in the rate of change of frequency and the magnitude of its maximum deviation under various disturbances. A promising direction for solving this problem is the synthesis of new structures of PC control systems based on a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) with adaptively changing parameters. The results of the research in this area are presented in the paper, which consists of two parts. In the first part of the paper, the dependence of the adaptive algorithms efficiency for controlling the parameters of the VSG on the structure used is substantiated. A comparative analysis of the developed modified VSG structure with traditional algorithms is performed and its fundamental advantages are proved. The second part of the article presents an analysis of the influence of the modified structure parameters of the VSG on the dynamic response using time domain transient analysis. Based on the results obtained, adaptive algorithms for independent control of virtual inertia and parameters of the VSG damper winding have been developed. The performed mathematical modeling confirmed the reliable and efficient operation of the developed adaptive control algorithms and the modified structure of the VSG as a whole. From the theoretical and experimental results obtained in the paper, it follows that there is a need for simultaneous development and improvement of adaptive control algorithms and the VSG structures used for this.

Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Control Strategies—State of the Art

Variable structure control systems are known to provide a high level of robustness to external disturbances and modeling uncertainties with comparably low computational complexity. Thanks to these features, they have found applications in various fields, such as power engineering, electronics, robotics, and aviation. In recent decades, the field of sliding mode control has developed significantly. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the basic concepts and design methodology of such strategies. Although in the 20th century, continuous-time sliding mode control has been the center of the control engineering society’s attention, it has certain major shortcomings. In particular, such control schemes result in undesirable high-frequency oscillations when applied digitally. Therefore, the more recent discrete-time approach to sliding mode control has gained recognition in the 21st century. Since the introduction of discrete-time sliding mode control strategies, the reaching law-based controller design method has been designed, within which two main paradigms may be named: the switching type and the nonswitching type quasi-sliding mode. This paper presents a broad review of the discrete-time sliding mode control strategies, starting from the definition of sliding mode through the controller design procedures and up to potential applications. The aim of this study is to provide an up-to-date state of the art and introduce readers to the newest trends and achievements in the field of sliding mode control.

Disturbance rejection for switched singular systems using state decomposition technique and equivalent-input-disturbance with a dynamic state observer

In this study, an equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) method with a dynamic state observer and a state decomposition technique (SDT) are used to explore the disturbance rejection of a class of linear switched singular systems. The EID approach defines an EID signal, is defined for the control input channel and has the same impact on the system as exogenous disturbances. Additionally, it employs an observer to estimate the EID and achieves good disturbance-rejection performance. However, in the EID method, the coefficient matrix of the observer needs to be consistent with the coefficient matrix of the original system, which limits the application of the method. So, a dynamic state observer is designed to reconstruct the system state and estimate the disturbance in this study. Based on the state feedback control strategy, a disturbance-rejection control law containing disturbance information is designed and a closed-loop control system structure is established. Subsequently, the state equation of the closed-loop system is reorganized and decomposed into an algebraic equation and a differential equation using the SDT. Then, a Lyapunov function with few decision variables is designed to obtain an admissible criterion for the closed-loop system and the controller gains under arbitrary switching signals. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented method is verified via numerical simulations.

The Helicopter Turboshaft Engine’s Reconfigured Dynamic Model for Functional Safety Estimation

This research substantiates the necessity for developing and implementing structural reconfiguration methods for automatic control systems in the event of a parametric sensor failure to enhance the helicopter turboshaft engine’s overall reliability and safety. The research aim is the substantiation of the helicopter turboshaft engine’s mathematically reconfigured automatic control system in the event of the failure of a standard sensor, which will ensure the helicopter turboshaft engine’s stable operation under failure conditions, minimizing the impact on engine control and performance. A theorem was developed and proven concerning the reconfiguration of the helicopter turboshaft engine’s automatic control system structure, defining the system’s new mathematical form using nonlinear thermogas-dynamic parameters. A method was proposed to determine the values of these parameters that keep the reconfigured control system stable. This method uses numerical optimization to find the best thermogas-dynamic parameters to ensure system stability. Experimental results showed that for slow changes, using parameters from the previous step works best, while for fast changes, restarting is more effective due to significant differences in the system states. The accuracy of the proposed mathematical model for the reconfigured control system was confirmed through mean square error analysis (within 0.4% and 0.77% under white noise), regression analysis (with a determination coefficient of 0.986), and cross-validation (with a metric deviation from the maximum mean square error of 3.88%).

Cooling air flow field in the primary mirror temperature control system of a solar telescope

The temperature distribution and the difference with the ambient temperature of the primary mirror are crucial factors affecting the observational quality of the solar telescope. We designed a flow field structure of the primary mirror temperature control system based on the 2.5-meter Wide-field and High-resolution Solar Telescope(WeHoT), analyzed the flow conditions and heat transfer capacity of the overall flow field, and then carried out five stages of optimization iteration and simulation guided by the analysis results. A flow field structure for the primary mirror temperature control system with high efficiency and high uniformity is summarized. The simulation results for the final solution indicate an average surface temperature of the primary mirror at 20.064°C, with a maximum temperature difference within the reflective surface of 0.809°C, and a reduced difference with the ambient temperature of 0.411°C. Surface thermal deformation is less than 0.2 μm, with an RMS value of 18.05 nm, achieving the ideal state. This work can provide a theoretical foundation and valuable insights for future research on the temperature control system of the primary mirror in large-aperture solar telescopes.

Research on the technical principles and applications of massage robots

Massage robots, as innovative therapeutic devices, have garnered significant attention and application due to technological advancements and society's increasing focus on wellness. However, amidst this progress, gaps persist in fully understanding their capabilities and optimizing their functionalities, highlighting the need for further research in this domain. This paper focuses on exploring the intricate technical principles, mechanical structure, sensing technology, and intelligent control systems of massage robots, with the aim of providing both theoretical foundations and practical insights for researchers and practitioners in this field. Specific inquiries encompass the elucidation of working principles, emulation of human massage techniques, mechanical design considerations, applications of sensor technology, and implementations of intelligent control systems within massage robots. Employing a blend of literature review, comparative analysis, and experimental validation, this paper aims to not only deepen the understanding of massage robot functionality but also contribute to the advancement and refinement of this technology, fostering innovation and growth within the industry.

Structural literacy in architectural studio learning

ABSTRACT Architectural education encompasses a multidisciplinary curriculum including design, theory, history, technology, environmental considerations, urban planning, social aspects, and professional practice. This study aims to investigate the extent to which students can effectively integrate structural concepts into architectural design. This examination takes place within the framework of a third-year architectural design studio course, where students advance their design processes with input from architectural design instructors and experts in structural concepts. To facilitate this endeavour, a simple visual screening form was introduced to aid in the learning process. The study utilises a newly generated survey, namely ‘Structural System Control Form’, which is inspired by the rapid visual screening forms, to assess the students’ comprehension of structural concepts during a 14-week architectural design studio. Employing a descriptive and correlational research approach, the study assesses the effectiveness of this integrated strategy in enhancing the students’ understanding of structural principles. The findings revealed a notable development among students who participated in the integrated approach, highlighting the value of feedback and evaluation from instructors versed in construction. Furthermore, the use of simplified structural models in students’ projects improved their understanding of structural concepts and their ability to incorporate them into their architectural representations.

The Study of Levee Flood Control at Pengkol River - Meteseh, Tembalang Sub District - Semarang City

The Pengkol River, situated in Meteseh, Tembalang sub-district of Semarang City, underwent three significant flood occurrences from January to February 2023. An approach involving a structural flood control system, specifically a levee, was suggested as a solution to this issue. The objective of this research is to establish the arrangement and highest elevation of the levee flood control and evaluate its effectiveness in mitigating floods. To determine flood hydrographs, a hydrological analysis was carried out using the Rainfall-Runoff simulation with the SCS Curve Number method. Additionally, a hydraulic analysis was performed using Unsteady Flow simulation with HECRAS 1D/2D hydrodynamic models to define the river body, water profile, inundation, and levee design. The hydrologic analysis indicates that the flood discharge for the 50, 100, and 200-year return periods are 209.5 m³/sec, 225.1 m³/sec, and 240.6 m³/sec, respectively. Based on the hydraulic analysis, the maximum water levels resulting from these return periods' flood discharges are +35.62 m (Q50 years), +35.77 m (Q100 years), and +36.43 m (Q200 years). The Q200 years of return period was chosen for 2D modeling because it resembles documented flood occurrences. Using the HECRAS 2D Unsteady Flow model, it was found that before the levee implementation, the flooded area within the residential zone spanned 9462 m², with a peak water level of +37.3 m. With the levee application, using an existing layout with a total length of 230 m and a top levee level of +37.5 m, flooding was effectively prevented, reducing the maximum water surface elevation to +37.17 m. This demonstrates the levee's effectiveness in preventing floods.Keywords: levee, flood, HECRAS 1D 2D model, inundation. Unsteady flow.

РОЛЬ СЛОВАРЯ ПОНЯТИЙ В АВТОМАТНОМ ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ РАЗРАБОТКИ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОГО АКВАРИУМА

The paper considers the issue of using automa-based programming technology methods for developing software for an automated aquarium. The technological process of operating the aquarium is analyzed in detail and the choice of cer-tain hardware solutions included in the automated aquarium control system is substantiated. The need to write a con-trol system for the object (aquarium) is justified and the methods of its use are proved. The control system structure is analyzed, where each new piece of code in this program is given an explanation of its functionality and application possibilities for reference, taken from the concept dictionary of automa-based programming techniques. The result is presented in the form of a program code and block diagrams that translate the rules of this system operation into the language of logic, based on the knowledge about the technological structure of the aquarium. This software develop-ment method is a “machine” translation of a clearly written human text, being an attempt to show that the process of writing a program code is a process of translating a text from one language into another, and also that this method of programming is easy to learn and convenient in operation. In this case, the first language is understandable to hu-mans, and the second language is adapted for computers. For a stable operation of this translation technique, a dic-tionary is needed that allows the user to create a task for the computer.

Space and Underwater Robots using the SPSS Method

Ocean research requires the use of underwater robots, such as controlled boats (ROVs) and autonomously underwater vehicles (AUVs). These robots can investigate oceanic regions that are too hazardous or challenging for people to visit. Ocean research requires the use of mechanical diggers, including au vehicles (AUVs) and remotely piloted submersible vehicles (ROVs) (AUVs). These machines can investigate oceanic regions that are too hazardous or challenging for people to visit. Underwater robotics is not only used in rescue and search, it is already used in marine resource exploration, undersea terrain mapping and construction and maintenance of marine engineering structures. A dash cam, propulsion system, and lighting are standard on all ROVs. Depending on the necessary criteria, additional apparatus such as a handling arm, water sampling, clarity, emissivity, temperature, and depth measurement instruments is added. Since Robots that operate underwater must be waterproof since both ROV and AUV robots involve computers and electronics. This indicates that since the equipment is housed inside of an enclosure that forbids water from entering, water won't harm it. Yet, such a large area poses several difficulties, both above and below the surface. in monitoring, exploration and underwater operations, such as erosion. Turbulent water, low temperature and high pressure. Realistic controls require advanced theory, methodology, and equipment for underwater robots. Underwater acoustic sensors are the most intriguing sensing technique for aquatic robotic use. Acoustic underwater sensors often fall into one of the following two categories: both acoustic location sensors and acoustic ranging/imaging sensors. The underwater robot can successfully detect all ships entering a port and ensure that drug dealers are not attaching any packages to the underwater sections. Movement control of a system for underwater micro robots by developing a PSO path planning optimization system and a VR Control system for three-dimensional space. Artificial intelligence, network technology, and underwater medicine can all benefit from using this kind of submerged micro robot system. an array of micro robotics for drugs. Every A micro robot with smart materials can be used for transportation Some drug injection task and micro robot The most difficult underwater activities, such context identification and analysis, may be finished by the system. Initially, we employing a new spin particle to design the architecture of a micro robot system and an AVR control system. A technique to particle search using paths on the road, determined to dodge the obstruction The shortest robot and one t path to three Robots Smart Material ICPF (Ionic Conducting Polymer Film), let's study These types of underwater cooperative techniques A novel micro robot system with a single mother Several micro robots with submarine and ICPF actuators. SPSS statistics is multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation data management, advanced analytics, developed by IBM for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. Was created by, IBM purchased it in 2009. The most contemporary versions are marketed under the designation IBM SPSS statistics. Control signal of micro robot turning around, Fish-like underwater micro robot moving forward, Structure of the micro robot system and structure of AVR control system. The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .860which indicates 86% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Emotional Intelligence the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .860which indicates 86% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis.

Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Vulnerability Analysis of Intelligent Ship Network

The improvement in transportation efficiency, security, safety, and environmental effects may be possible due to the impending advent of autonomous ships. Automatic situational awareness, risk detection, and intelligent decision-making are the key features of the intelligent ship network, differentiating it from conventional ships. There is an immediate need to implement a system for marine information management and network security due to the growing importance of this field, which poses a risk to national and societal stability due to factors, such as the diversity and complexity of marine information types, the challenges associated with data collection, and other similar factors. By recognizing different vulnerabilities and through research cases of the ship systems and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, this paper presents Adaptive Fuzzy Logic-assisted Vulnerability Analysis of Intelligent Ship Networks (AFL-VA-ISN) in various cyberattack scenarios for autonomous ship intrusion detection and information management. Fuzzy logic has been combined with AI, providing a framework for handling uncertainty and imprecision in intelligent ship networks and effective decision-making. This work presents a method for detecting anomalies in risk data based on the collaborative control structure of the Ship Information System. Maintaining the network security of intelligent ships is the primary focus of this research, which mainly employed multi-sensor nodes to evaluate data containing information about malicious attacks and placed self-execution protection organize generating nodes into place to intercept and protect against attacks. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the suggested AFL-VA-ISN model increases the data transmission rate by 99.2%, attack detection rate by 98.5%, risk assessment rate by 97.5%, and access control rate of 96.3%, and reduces the network latency rate of 11.4% compared to other existing models.

Public Financial Control – Financial Policy Instrument of the State

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to provide an objective approach, starting from the current legislation, on the financial control system and the extent to which it can be an instrument of financial policy. At the same time, this paper captures the structure of the financial control system in Romania with brief considerations of the forms of financial control that make it up, starting from the community acquis in the field of financial control. In the current economic-social context, the existence of financial control standards is required, which are guaranteed by the Romanian state through the creation of a set of laws that govern this field. The pragmatic approach to financial control is vital for establishing its objective, based on specific management methods and techniques, and with the help of which the consolidation of order, discipline, the spirit of responsibility, as well as the efficient management of the economic and financial resources managed by the entities can be achieved public. Financial control must ensure the good functioning of all activities in the economic sphere and is called to act systematically in order to identify or prevent possible deviations and deficiencies, increase the efficiency in the use of resources, preserve the integrity of the heritage and, last but not least, in understanding the way in which legality is respected in the economic and financial field.

Research on the operation and quality control of small rock hole shotcrete robot

A small rock shotcrete robot is applied in the deep tunnel dynamic disaster physical simulation system in order to simulate the final operation process of the tunnel project. The robot’s spraying operation and control include many kind of factors. In this paper, the main parameters affecting the spraying operation are analyzed by establishing the spraying model and coating growth model. For matching reasonably the spraying parameters, the matching equation of spraying quality and spraying gun parameter model and spraying feed speed has been derived. Based on the matching equation, the spraying gun structure and robot control system are designed, and the spraying distance and spraying gun movement velocity including horizontal and vertical driving have been controlled better. On the basis of theoretical analysis, a small rock hole shotcrete robot prototype has been developed and the spraying experiments have been finished. The experimental results showed that the model and equation established can guided the spraying quality control. With the increase of the injection elevation angle, the length of the long and short axes of the elliptic coating becomes larger, and the average thickness of the coating center is between 2.23 and 2.34 mm, which meets the design index of the injection robot. The rock hole shotcrete robot meet the design requirements.

Metaheuristic Airflow control for vibration mitigation of a hybrid oscillating water Column-Floating offshore wind turbine system

Unlike the fixed wind turbines, the structure of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWT) have the added motions of six degrees of freedom induced by the wind, wave and tidal loads. These motions lead to vibration and the degradation of the structure. This paper presents a novel approach to model and stabilize the FOWT by employing the Oscillating Water Columns (OWC) as active structural control system. The innovative concept involves designing a new floating barge-type platform with integrated OWCs on opposite sides of the platform to mitigate undesired oscillations of the system. These OWCs counteract the bending forces caused by wind on the tower and waves on the barge platform. To synchronize the opposing forces with the system’s tilting, a proposed Particle Swarm Optimization with Decreasing Inertia-based Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PSODI-ANFIS) airflow control strategy is employed. Through manipulation of the barge platform’s pitch angle, the PSODI-ANFIS airflow control system adjusts the valves on either side, opening one and closing the other accordingly. Simulation results, compared with the standard FOWT as well as the Fuzzy-based airflow control system, demonstrate the effectiveness of the PSODI-ANFIS airflow control. It is shown to be superior in reducing platform pitching and the fore-aft translation of the top tower.

An Investigation in the Control Effectiveness of the Driving Wheel Slip Prevention System of a Diesel Engine Dump Truck

<div>This article proposes the structure and algorithm to design a PID controller for the driving wheel slip prevention system (DWSPs) of a dump truck using a diesel engine, which is equipped just only with a traditional high-pressure pump (HPP) under low-adhesion coefficient conditions. First, a longitudinal dynamic model, and a dynamic model of the wheel and powertrain of a dump truck are, respectively, established, and an experiment in the torque determination of a diesel engine is set up to investigate longitudinal vehicle dynamics as well. Then, a control system structure of the DWSPs for a dump truck using a diesel engine with a high-pressure inline fuel pump is proposed. Finally, based on performance analysis of other types of controllers, a PID controller is selected to control actual load level of a diesel engine. The criteria representing the vehicle’s acceleration such as the vehicle speed, vehicle acceleration, total slip time, and time to reach vehicle speed are selected to examine the effectiveness of the proposed controller when vehicles are being operated under the road surface conditions with low values of adhesion coefficient. The obtained results show that the proposed controller has greatly limited the driving wheel slipping phenomenon and increased the acceleration of the original dump truck. In addition, these findings can be used as a theoretical basis for the improvement of the wheel slip controllers in trucks using diesel engines.</div>

The Role of Greenhouse Technology in Streamlining Crop Production

Greenhouse technology has revolutionized modern agriculture by enabling year-round crop production, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing crop yields and quality. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of greenhouse technology in streamlining crop production processes. It delves into the principles of greenhouse design, covering essential components such as structural materials, covering materials, and environmental control systems. The article discusses the advantages of greenhouse cultivation, including extended growing seasons, protection from adverse weather conditions, and reduced pest and disease pressure. It examines the use of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics in greenhouse systems, highlighting their potential for maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact. The review also addresses the integration of precision agriculture techniques, such as sensors, automation, and data analytics, for optimizing greenhouse operations. Furthermore, it explores the economic aspects of greenhouse crop production, including initial investment costs, operational expenses, and market opportunities. The article emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in greenhouse agriculture, focusing on energy conservation, water management, and waste reduction strategies. It also discusses the challenges associated with greenhouse technology adoption, such as high initial costs, technical complexity, and the need for skilled labor. Finally, the review concludes by outlining future research directions and the potential for greenhouse technology to contribute to global food security and sustainable agricultural practices.

Performance of multiple tuned inerter dampers optimized by a cultural algorithm to control response in buildings subjected to ground acceleration

The reduction of the response parameters of civil structures subjected to the action of wind or ground accelerations is one of the main objectives of the implementation of a structural control system. Many investigations have been developed to make progress and contributions to the design and implementation of effective, reliable, and economical control devices. Therefore, this paper explores the performance of different configurations of multiple Tuned Inerter Dampers (TIDs) in buildings excited by earthquakes. TIDs are passive control devices that enhance a viscous damper by incorporating a novel mechanism known as an inerter. The inerter amplifies an apparent mass that is used to dissipate energy in the controlled system. Four different control alternatives with one, two, three, and four TIDs in the structure are studied. The determination of the optimal design parameters of the different control alternatives was carried out using a novel and very promising optimization process based on a Cultural Algorithm (CA), which has great potential due to being a fast, precise, and reliable method, which is not traditionally associated with the optimization of seismic protection devices. The CA was tuned through a parametric study and compared in terms of performance with an optimization process based on an exhaustive search. A case study of a 12-story building subjected to the action of different ground motions was developed in which the proposed optimal control alternatives were tested. The results showed a significant effectiveness of the control alternatives using multiple TIDs, achieving reductions in peak displacements, RMS values of the maximum displacements and the maximum interstory drifts of up to 54 %.