Conformational Structure Research Articles

M630L MUTATION DISRUPTS THE STRUCTURE CONFORMATION OF BRUTON TYROSINE KINASE (BTK) DOMAIN IN PATIENT WITH X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA: INSIGHTS FROM IN SILICO

X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a rare inherited disease, attributed to mutations found in the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) gene. This research outlines the application of Molecular Modelling and Simulation to predict the effects of a novel non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (nsSNP) reported in the BTK kinase domain protein of a male XLA patient. The mutation at position c.1888A>T causes a substitution of p.M630L within the kinase domain of the BTK protein. Functional assessment using in silico prediction tools (SIFT, Polyphen-2, PROVEAN, MutationAssessor, PANTHER, FATHMM, MutPred and MutationTaster) predicted the mutation to be deleterious, potentially disrupting both the structure and function of the protein. Nevertheless, the mutation is not located at the active site of the kinase domain. Consequently, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the impact of amino acid substitution to the three-dimensional (3D) conformational structure of the BTK protein, contributing to the disease phenotype observed in the reported patient. MD analysis, clustering analysis and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the 3D conformational structure of the kinase domain of mutant protein to be more compact and rigid compared to the wildtype. Given that the alterations in protein structure can influence their functional characteristics, the p.M630L mutation within the BTK protein kinase domain might disrupt the protein function, potentially impeding the maturation of B cells and contributing to the onset of XLA disease.

Conformational and processing properties of a high-active ingredient involving soy protein isolates bound with anthocyanins and its application in cake baking

Soybean protein is of plant origin and is commonly appropriate for improving the processing characteristics of foods. This study aimed to explore a novel functional ingredient that contained soybean protein isolate (SPI) and blueberry anthocyanins (BANs). The spatial conformation and secondary structure of SPI-BANs complexes were analyzed using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, the processing properties were investigated as well as the retention of antioxidant activity during thermal treatments. Results showed that the contents of free sulfhydryl and free amino groups in complexes increased to 3.50 and 1.19 folds than those of SPI, respectively, while the surface hydrophobicity decreased by 74.23%. Compared with SPI, the BANs-modified SPI had a smaller particle size of 29.12 nm and a lower zeta-potential of -8.73 mV and on the other hand, the complexes possessed higher solubility (83.08%) and foaming and emulsifying properties (115.08% and 54.03 m2/g). After fortification with SPI-BANs, the baking loss rate and adhesiveness of chiffon cake were reduced by 10.82% and improved to 0.24 N.mm, respectively. The high antioxidant activities of SPI-BANs under heat led to the cake’s bioactivities largely enhanced by 1.99 ~ 12.71 folds, being 345.19 µg Trolox/g for the DPPH radical scavenging activity. This study developed the functional food ingredients as antioxidants and a substitute for animal-based proteins in bakery products, which was safe and sustainable by using the dietary components from plant resources.Graphical

Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of phthalimide-pyrazole compounds: Effect of the substituent in the pyrazole ring on the crystal structures

Four phthalimide-pyrazole derivative compounds (L1 = H, L2 = NO2, L3 = Br, and L4 = I) were synthesized and fully characterized. Single crystals of each compound were obtained, and their conformational and supramolecular structures were analyzed. The four crystal structures (L1 to L4) are stabilized by different intermolecular interactions and therefore have different characteristics from each other. L1 is dominated by long-range Van der Waals forces and not by short hydrogen bonds. On the other hand, L2 packs into a molecular sheet along the b and c axes. L3 and L4 have a common monoclinic structure (P21/c) and thus allow stabilization of the respective compounds by halogen-halogen interactions (Br–Br, I–I) and σ-hole effects. In all compounds, these interactions, whether Van der Waals forces, π‧‧‧‧π stacking or halogen bonds, are responsible for their packing and molecular stability. Therefore, it was concluded that the substituent on the pyrazole ring is the determining factor in their crystallization. In addition, photophysical and theoretical studies showed that the compounds exhibit emission in the presence of DCM, acetonitrile (MeCN), and DMSO, primarily due to the HOMO-LUMO orbitals in the phthalimide ring.

Viscoelastic-Support-Layer-Based Macroscopic Conformal Transfer of van der Waals Materials Compatible with Plasmonic Application.

This study showcases the conformal geometries of van der Waals materials with metallic structures utilizing viscoelastic support layers. Mechanically exfoliated nanometer-thick graphite flakes were transferred onto metal structures with various side slopes using two different polymers: polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene (PE). We proposed a morphology-based evaluation of the macroscale conformity that can contribute to the selection of a proper support layer. Although both support layers ensured high conformity on the sloped side, the PE layer offered superior conformity on the vertical metal structure. To further investigate the impact of conformal structures, we compared the terahertz transmission changes of a metal bowtie antenna before and after transferring graphite onto the bowtie gap for two distinct conformal structures. The conformity of graphite to the metal gap structure significantly influenced the optical response in the terahertz frequency regime. This suggests that the conformal structuring technique can be leveraged in various terahertz devices composed of metals and van der Waals materials, opening avenues for quantitative analysis in light-matter interactions.

Computer Simulation of Triazole-Modified Urethane Segments

The focus is on the development of siloxane-urethane block copolymer matrices for additive manufacturing applications, including soft robotics. Molecular dynamics simulations compare classical urethane segments with the triazole-modified ones, revealing temperature-dependent behaviors in their conformational structures. The results suggest the potential for tailoring the mechanical properties of polyurethanes through molecular modification, which is crucial for optimizing additive manufacturing processes. Further research could advance material design for customizable objects with desired mechanical response.

Efficacy of goldenberry in improving obesity-induced hemoglobin conformational structure changes in Wistar rats: A biophysical perspective

Efficacy of goldenberry in improving obesity-induced hemoglobin conformational structure changes in Wistar rats: A biophysical perspective

Fine-tuning the molecular conformation and packing structures of coumarin-based luminogens to achieve distinct piezochromic properties upon mechanical grinding and under hydrostatic pressures.

Organic luminogens (OLs) exhibiting piezochromic (PC) properties have drawn much attention owing to their great application potentials. Both mechanical grinding (MG) and hydrostatic pressures (HP) can induce PC behaviors of OLs, and it is highly desirable to combine the two strategies to study the PC properties of OLs for comprehensively exploring their application scopes and deeply understanding the intrinsic PC mechanisms. In this work, four coumarin derivatives with different substituents at 3- or 4-positions are designed and synthesized to investigate their PC properties by MG and under HP. By MG, two materials show PL shifts, and the PL of the other two molecules barely change. In contrast, under HP, these molecules all exhibit PL shifts, but with different pressure coefficients. In addition, they show different reversibility of PL change after releasing HP. The different molecular conformation and packing structure changing manners of the materials, indicated by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction patterns, and in situ PL lifetime analysis, are anticipated to induce distinct PC behaviors upon disparate force stimulus. Our study indicates that fine-tuning the functionalization position of coumarin derivatives is a powerful strategy to engineer their molecular conformation and packing structures, thus developing versatile pressure-responsive OLs.

Effect of pH-Shift Treatment on IgE-Binding Capacity and Conformational Structures of Peanut Protein.

Hypoallergenic processing is an area worthy of continued exploration. In the treatment of the peanut protein (PP), pH shift was applied by acidic (pH 1.0-4.0) and alkaline (pH 9.0-12.0) treatment, after which the pH was adjusted to 7.0. Following pH-shift treatment, PP showed a larger particle size than in neutral solutions. SDS-PAGE, CD analysis, intrinsic fluorescence, UV spectra, and surface hydrophobicity indicated the protein conformation was unfolded with the exposure of more buried hydrophobic residues. Additionally, the IgE-binding capacity of PP decreased after pH-shift treatment on both sides. Label-free LC-MS/MS results demonstrated that the pH-shift treatment induced the structural changes on allergens, which altered the abundance of peptides after tryptic digestion. Less linear IgE-binding epitopes were detected in PP with pH-shift treatment. Our results suggested the pH-shift treatment is a promising alternative approach in the peanut hypoallergenic processing. This study also provides a theoretical basis for the development of hypoallergenic food processing.

Enhanced immunomodulatory properties of ovalbumin through transglutaminase and tyrosinase/caffeic acid-catalyzed crosslinking plus galactomannan conjugation alleviates allergic asthma

Ovalbumin (OVA) is the primary allergenic protein, associated with T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated allergy reactions. Here, we studied OVA’s conformational structure, digestibility, and allergenic potency upon galactomannan (Man) conjugation along with transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking (TG-Man/OVA) and tyrosinase/caffeic acid-catalyzed crosslinking (Tyr-Man/OVA). Enzymatic glycosylation altered OVA’s conformation and enhanced the gastrointestinal digestibility. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with enzymatically glycosylated OVA reduced the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II molecules. Furthermore, glycosylated OVA increased IL-10 production while suppressing proinflammatory cytokine production in BMDCs. In an OVA-induced mouse asthma model, TG-Man/OVA and Tyr-Man/OVA upregulated IFN-γ and IL-10 expression and downregulated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in lungs. Crosslinked OVA diminished infiltrated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung and attenuated eosinophilic airway inflammation. These findings offer valuable insights into the development of a novel product with improved hypoallergenic and immunomodulatory properties and hold promise in attenuating allergic diseases.

No bounded geometry wandering domains for sufficiently regular automorphisms

A question whether sufficiently regular manifold automorphisms may have wandering domains with controlled geometry is answered in the negative for quasiconformal or smooth homeomorphisms of n n -tori, n ≥ 2 n\ge 2 , and hyperbolic surfaces. Besides control on geometry of wandering domains, the assumptions are either analytic, e.g., minimal sets having measure zero or supporting invariant conformal structures, or geometric, such as uniform relative separation of wandering domains.

Counterintuitive Isomerization of TFSI- and TFSI--Cation Correlated Isomerization: Insights into the Low Melting Points of TFSI--Based Ionic Liquids.

Ionic liquids (ILs), particularly bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (TFSI-)-based ILs, have attracted substantial attention in electrochemical energy storage, ionic gating for superconductivity, and iontronic sensing. However, underestimating TFSI- isomerization and overlooking TFSI--cation correlation make the origin of their most characteristic property, low melting points (Tm), ambiguous. Traditional static electronic structure calculations assume that C2-symmetric trans enantiomers of TFSI- easily isomerize into cis enantiomers through four symmetrically equivalent pathways over a barrier of 7.1 kJ mol-1. Herein, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations combined with metadynamics reveal that the unusual oscillation of the central nitrogen atom promotes TFSI- to undergo complex isomerization. Specifically, asymmetric trans-to-cis diastereomers of TFSI- experience restricted interconversion (20-52 kJ mol-1) through four distinct asymmetric pathways. The adaptive oscillation and hybridization of chiral nitrogen boost nN → σ*S-C negative hyperconjugation for stabilizing conformational structures and enlarging energy barriers. The orientational distortion of oxygen atoms' lone pairs enhances conjugation but breaks the C2-symmetry. The coexistence of both helicity and chiral nitrogen breaks the enantiomeric relationship. Furthermore, Raman characterization and AIMD simulations confirm the positive correlation between the relative stability of cis-TFSI- and its countercation's polarity. TFSI- and countercations make a mutual conformational selection instead of free isomerization. Surprisingly, Tm increases with the cation-dependent conformational rigidity of TFSI-, offering new fundamental insights into the low Tm of ILs. This descriptor encoding the dependence of thermal property on cation-anion correlated isomerization provides material design guidelines and property prediction capability.

Effect of salt and alkali on the viscoelastic behavior of noodle dough sheet with different wheat starch granule sizes

The underlying mechanisms of salt and alkali on the viscoelastic behaviors of noodle dough sheets with varied B/A-type starch ratios were investigated from water state, protein polymerization and conformation, and microstructure. The viscoelastic behaviors of dough sheets increased with increasing B/A-type starch ratio, regardless of the presence of salt and alkali, indicating the addition of salt and alkali did not change the effect law of starch granule size on dough viscoelasticity. The viscoelastic moduli of dough decreased in the presence of salt and alkali, and the effect was more obvious as the ratio of B/A-type starch decreased, which was mainly determined by the interactions of protein-protein, protein-starch, and starch-starch in dough systems. In the low ratio of B/A-type starch dough sheets, NaCl enhanced the non-covalent interactions and β-sheet structure, while alkali promoted the covalent cross-linking of protein. In the high ratio B/A-type starch dough samples, the big starch surface area provided by a high phase volume of starch granules led to the domination of starch-starch interactions over the protein phase, thus determining the viscoelastic behavior of dough. SEM images showed that NaCl caused the gluten to form a fibrous structure, while alkali induced a membrane-like and more closed structure. NaCl and alkali showed different influences on water distribution, molecular conformation, and network structure of dough sheets with varied B/A-type starch ratios and thus contributed to the different viscoelastic behaviors.

Role of Solvent and Noncovalent Interactions in Alkaline Reactivity of Strained and Strain-Free Macrocyclic Disulfides.

This study employs ab initiomolecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impact of solvent and non-bonded interactions on the structure-reactivity relationship of both strain-free and strained macrocyclic disulfides. Our findings reveal that interactions with water as a solvent significantly influence the minimum energy geometry structures of both conformers of the studied macrocycle. In particular, our simulations identify short contacts, specifically S···π-aromatic interactions, which suppress reactivity for the strained isomer by obstructing the reaction cone at the minimum free energy. Surprisingly, the free energy barriers for the disulfide reaction with a simple nucleophile (OH-anion) remain very similar, despite one conformer having a markedly more strained disulfide bond than the other. Enhanced molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solution elucidate this apparent contradiction by revealing different solvent exposures of the two sulfur atoms in the macrocycles.

Cholesterol Conformational Structures in Phospholipid Membranes.

Cholesterol is a major component of biomembranes that impacts membrane order, permeability, and lateral organization, but the precise molecular mechanisms of cholesterol's actions are still under investigation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have opened the fingerprint vibration bands of large molecules to detailed spectral analysis. For cholesterol, Raman spectral interpretation for conformational structure and hydrogen bonding is now possible. Here, DFT calculations of cholesterol conformers identify 10 structure types that also have unique low-frequency Raman spectra. By fitting experimental spectra to these types, the distribution of cholesterol structures present in phospholipid (PL) membrane vesicles was measured. The distributions reveal that the cholesterol iso-octyl chain tends to align with saturated PL chains and shifts to a thermal distribution for unsaturated PL chains. The results agree with the templating effect of cholesterol on PL membranes and show that the top of the iso-octyl chain is rigid like the rings. It is also shown that the inclusion of water molecules hydrogen bonded to the cholesterol hydroxy group in the DFT calculations may improve the spectral fitting for future studies.

Citrus flavonoid-pectin conjugates with enhanced emulsifying properties

Pectin and flavonoids are important components of citrus fruits, but the effects of flavonoid grafting on the emulsifying properties of citrus pectin remain unclear. In this study, a novel natural citrus flavonoid-pectin conjugate in citrus peel was identified through alkaline hydrolysis combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Subsequently, two major citrus flavonoids were enzymatically conjugated to citrus pectin at high grafting rates (hesperidin: 20.21%; naringin dihydrochalcone: 16.11%). The flavonoids increased pectin amphipathy while ensuring a tighter conformation and denser network structure. These structural changes reduced the interfacial tension (from 20.6 to 18.4 mN/m) and increased the adsorbed layer thickness (from 11.8 to 37.8 nm), facilitating rapid pectin anchoring at the oil-water interface. These led to smaller droplet size and better emulsion stability. Prepared flavonoid-pectin conjugates with high grafting rates exhibited better emulsifying properties than those with medium grafting rates; hesperidin-pectin conjugates were more effective than naringin dihydrochalcone-pectin conjugates. The prepared flavonoid-pectin conjugates aid in the structural identification of natural flavonoid-pectin conjugates; they also facilitate analyses of the properties of these conjugates and offer new insights into improving the functional properties of pectins used in the food industry.

Design of high performances electronically reconfigurable antenna arrays by means of parasitic structures and RF-MEMS switches

AbstractThis work explores the development of smart array antennas, able to electronically change their beam patterns through reconfigurable linear, planar, or conformal parasitic structures controlled by mean of a set of electronic switches namely the radio frequency micro-electromechanical switches (RF-MEMS). The motivation of this study is to extend and make competitive the use of reconfigurable antenna arrays in areas such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks. These hot research areas require a capillary distribution of sensors characterized by compact dimensions and limited cost. The radiating systems play a key role in such applications since the improvement of the radiating properties can dramatically reduce the power consumption of such sensors and extend their operative range. Standard smart antenna arrays such as phased, or fully adaptive arrays are extremely expensive, expensive and difficult to control. In this work, the use of smart reconfigurable antenna arrays that do not require expensive digital variable phase shifters and attenuators has been considered. The proposed antenna structures are based on reconfigurable parasitic structures, that thanks to suitable RF-MEMs switches are able to obtain a desired beam pattern, by steering the main beam in a given direction, removing eventually interfering signals and maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio SNR. The versatility, simplicity, and low cost of such antennas make them particularly suitable for the emergent wireless sensor networks and IoT applications. Theoretical background, design guidelines, and suggestions for their fabrication are detailed in this work. Some antenna models for different practical applications are designed, optimized, numerically assessed with commercial electromagnetic simulators, and commented to provide a valid alternative to researchers involved in antenna design for IoT applications.

Abstract A085: Engineered novel bioactive Nectin-4 dimer protein significantly enhances the binding of TIGIT

Abstract The goals of this study are to: (a) create a novel soluble bioactive Nectin-4 dimer molecule mimicking its native dimer quaternary structure on the cell surface and (b) evaluate the recombinant Nectin-4 dimer binding potency to its receptor vs the monomer form, so that the dimer can be used as an immunogen and an antigen to increase the potential of cancer therapeutic antibody and vaccine discovery when targeting quaternary structural epitopes. Nectin-4 is a cell adhesion molecule belonging to the nectin family. It's involved in cell-cell junctions and plays a role in cancer progression by influencing cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Nectin-4 is overexpressed on various types of tumor cells including breast, lung, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. Nectin-4 has been recently identified as a novel ligand of T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and interaction between Nectin-4 and TIGIT inhibits NK cell cytotoxicity thus suppressing immune responses, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. Nectin-4 and Nectin-1 interact in a heterophilic manner, however in the context of cancer, altered expression of Nectin-4 and Nectin-1 can contribute to tumor progression. Nectin-4 is a type 1 single transmembrane protein, and can form homodimers on the cell surface. While therapeutics such as Enfortumab Vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate, binds Nectin-4 on the surface of cancer cells, mimicking the Nectin-4 dimer quaternary structure can present many more critical opportunities for therapeutic antibody and vaccine discovery. To better mimic the native dimer conformation and quaternary structure, we designed a novel soluble Nectin-4 dimer with 3 extracellular domains fused to a dimer motif at the C-terminus. The Nectin-4 dimer protein was expressed and purified from HEK293 cells and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses. We characterized the Nectin-4 dimer protein binding potency to TIGIT and Nectin-1 by ELISA. Very interestingly, the results demonstrated that the Nectin-4 dimer binding potency to TIGIT increased dramatically as measured by ELISA, compared to the Nectin-4 monomer protein. Conversely, the Nectin-4 dimer binding to Nectin-1 monomer was significantly decreased, compared to Nectin-4 monomer, as expected. We also studied Nectin-4 dimer immunogenicity using a Nectin-4 dimer DNA immunization to induce potent antibody responses in mice. In summary, these findings imply that the Nectin-4 dimer protein is bioactive and in the desirable conformation, resulting in an increased binding potency to its receptor TIGIT, reduced binding to Nectin-1 (as expected), and eliciting strong antibody responses in mice. This novel Nectin-4 dimer protein can be a very useful molecule for cancer research, therapeutic antibody and vaccine discovery. The Nectin-4 dimer protein can be used to: (i) elicit antibody responses against the dimer quaternary structure, (ii) screen antibodies targeting more conformational epitopes, and (iii) study the Nectin-4 and TIGIT ligand/receptor interactions. Citation Format: Christofer Walsh, Timothy Smith, Mikhail Rashkovskii, Richard Parent, Jean Qiu, Shixia Wang. Engineered novel bioactive Nectin-4 dimer protein significantly enhances the binding of TIGIT [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Advances in Pancreatic Cancer Research; 2024 Sep 15-18; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(17 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A085.

Ab-initio Study of Structural, Spectroscopic and Electronic Properties of High Energy Explosive Molecules: DFT/TD-DFT Calculations

This research explores the ground state geometry and molecular properties of FOX-7 and nitroguanidine molecules, with a focus on their spectroscopic and electronic characteristics. Initially, the conformational space of each molecule was systematically scanned using molecular mechanic calculations and the most probable conformer structure was obtained for each molecule. Subsequently, geometry optimizations of molecules were conducted by using ab initio density functional theory (DFT) with Becke’s three-parameter hybrid-exchange functional, which combines the Lee–Yang–Parr correlation functional (B3LYP) method, and the standard 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The theoretically determined geometrical parameters from optimized structure and experimental values available in the literature were compared, providing validation for the structural properties of both molecules. Furthermore, the stability and reactivity properties of both molecules are estimated in terms of HOMO-LUMO energies. Overall, this study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the ground state geometry, molecular structure, and spectroscopic behavior of FOX-7 and nitroguanidine, paving the way for potential applications in various fields of science and technology.

Conformal structure of singularities in some varying fundamental constants bimetric cosmologies

In this paper, we explore the conformal structure of singularities arising from varying fundamental constants using the method of Penrose diagrams. We employ a specific type of bimetric model featuring two different metrics. One metric describes the causal structure for matter, while the other characterizes the causal structure for gravitational interactions, which is related to variations in fundamental constants such as the gravitational constant and the speed of light. For this reason, we focused on the gravitational metric to calculate the conformal transformation and compose Penrose diagrams for the singularities arising from the varying fundamental constants. We have shown that, in one case, the parameter such as the scale factor, the density and the pressure resemble those of the finite scale factor singularity (FSF). Despite singularity appears in constant conformal time in our case and in the case of FSF the Misner-Sharp horizon looks different. Our another case is similar to sudden future singularity (SFS), but there are differences in the conformal structures. We have also shown that in our cases the behavior of Misner-Sharp horizon strongly depends on initial conditions. The last analytical solution which we introduced is identical to conformal structure of the standard exotic singularity for the matter.

Dietary polyphenols reduced the allergenicity of β-lactoglobulin via non-covalent interactions: a study on the structure-allergenicity relationship

Studies showed that complexation of polyphenols with milk allergens reduced their immunogenic potential. However, the relationship between structures of polyphenols and their hypoallergenic effects on milk allergens in association with physiological and conformational changes of the complexes remain unclear. In this study, polyphenols from eight botanical sources were extracted to prepare non-covalent complexes with β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), a major allergen in milk. The dominant phenolic compounds bound to β-LG with a diminished allergenicity were identified to investigate their respective role on the structural and allergenic properties of β-LG. Extracts from Vaccinium fruits and black soybeans were found to have great inhibitory effects on the IgE- and IgG-binding abilities of β-LG. Among the fourteen structure-related phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins with larger MWs and multi-hydroxyl substituents, notably rutin, EGCG, and ellagitannins were more potent to elicit changes on the conformational structures of β-LG to decrease the allergenicity of complexed β-LG. Correlation analysis further demonstrated that a destabilized secondary structure and protein depolymerization caused by polyphenol-binding were closely related to the allergenicity property of formed complexes. This study provides insights into the understanding of structure-allergenicity relationship of β-LG-polyphenol interactions and would benefit the development of polyphenol-fortified matrices with hypoallergenic potential.