Structural Congruence Research Articles

Clostridium septicum manifests a bile salt germinant response mediated by Clostridioides difficile csp gene orthologs

Clostridium septicum infections are highly predictive of certain malignancies in human patients. To initiate infections, C. septicum spores must first germinate and regain vegetative growth. Yet, what triggers the germination of C. septicum spores is still unknown. Here, we observe that C. septicum germinates in response to specific bile salts. Putative bile salt recognition genes are identified in C. septicum based on their similarity in sequence and organization to bile salt-responsive csp genes in Clostridioides difficile. Inactivating two of these csp orthologs (cspC-82 and cspC-1718) results in mutant spores that no longer germinate in the presence of their respective cognate bile salts. Additionally, inactivating the putative cspBA or sleC genes in C. septicum abrogates the germination response to all bile salt germinants, suggesting that both act at a convergent point downstream of cspC-82 and cspC-1718. Molecular dynamics simulations show that both CspC-82 and CspC-1718 bear a strong structural congruence with C. difficile’s CspC. The existence of functional bile salt germination sensors in C. septicum may be relevant to the association between infection and malignancy.

Relational incentives theory.

Our life is built around coordinating efforts with others. This usually involves incentivizing others to do things and sustaining our relationship with them. Using the wrong incentives backfires: it lowers effort and tarnishes our relationships. But what constitutes a "wrong" incentive? And can incentives be used to shape relationships in a desired manner? To address these and other questions, we introduce relational incentives theory, which distinguishes between two aspects of incentives: schemes (how the incentive is used) and means (what is used as an incentive). Prior research has focused on means (e.g., monetary vs. nonmonetary incentives). Our theory highlights the importance of schemes, with a focus on how they interact with social relationships. It posits that the efficacy of incentives depends largely on whether the scheme fits the relational structure of the persons involved in the activity: participation incentive schemes for communal sharing relations, hierarchy for authority ranking relations, balancing for equality matching relations, and proportional incentive schemes for market pricing relations. We show that these four schemes encompass some of the most prevalent variants of incentives. We then discuss the antecedents and consequences of the use of congruent and incongruent incentive schemes. We argue that congruent incentives can reinforce the relationship. Incongruent incentives disrupt relational motives, which undermines the coordinating relationship and reduces effort. But, importantly, incongruent incentives can also be used intentionally to shift to a new relational model. The theory thus contributes to research on relational models by showing how people constitute and modulate relationships. It adds to the incentives and contracting literatures by offering a framework for analyzing the structural congruence between incentives and relationships, yielding predictions about the effects of incentives across different organizational and individual-level contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Structural and semantic congruence of Bulgarian, Russian and English set expressions: Contrastive-typological research

The main aim of the research is to analyze the degree of isomorphism and allomorphy (congruence) of set expressions in three languages - Bulgarian, Russian and English, and to highlight the main factors that have a bearing on the typological affinity of set expressions in these languages. The procedure of the research was two-fold. At the first stage, 4000 idioms were selected from Russian, Bulgarian and English idiomatic dictionaries through the method of random sampling (1334 idioms were selected from each language). For the sake of convenience and comparison, the selected idioms were divided into 5 thematic groups. At the second stage, 850 idioms were further selected for each group through stratified and quota sampling with the aim of subsequent quantification of recurrent keywords in each group. In order to quantify the number of the most frequent keywords in each group and to measure the prevalence of assonance and alliteration, the SPSS software was utilized. The results of the research revealed that the main factors that determine isomorphism and allomorphy among idioms from Bulgarian, Russian and English are (1) typological affinity between Bulgarian and English, (2) genetic kinship, (3) borrowings from English into Russian and Bulgarian and (4) from Russian into Bulgarian, (5) shared idiomatic stock and (6) such extralinguistic factors as the universal makeup of objects and entities, for instance, the same number of functional parts. The research results are relevant for comparative phraseology, areal and contrastive typology as well and for contactology.

Inter and intrasentential code switching among late bilinguals

This study investigates intersentential and intrasentential code switching among late bilinguals among the Kurdish bilinguals. enormous studies have been conducted on the impact of age of language acquisition on learning second language, however a little research have been conducted concerning to the influence of age of acquisition on how bilingual speakers code switch and the influence of language proficiency on intersentential and intrasentential code switching. The result found out that that age of acquisition plays a crucial role in bilingual code switch. Early bilinguals code switch more frequently than the late bilinguals, intersentential code switching is more common among late bilinguals, whilst intrasentenial code switching is more trend among the early bilinguals. Reference: Ali, Barzan Jaafar (2019) Grammatical aspect of code switching in Farsi-English bilingual speech. University of Sussex, UK. PhD thesis Chan, B. and Hock-Shing. (2015) A diachronic-function approach to explaining grammatical patterns in code-switching: Postmodification in Cantonese English noun phrase. International Journal of Bilingualism. Sage publication. Cheng, L. and Butler, K. (1989) Code-switching: A natural phenomenon vs. language ‘deficiency.’ World English. Di Sciullo, A., Muysken, P., & Singh, R. (1986) Code-mixing and government, Journal of Linguistics. Eppler, Eva. (2010) The Syntax of German-English Code-Switching. Braumüller. Evangelia Adamou and Rachel Shen (2019) There are no language switching costs when code switching is frequent. International Journal of Bilingualism, SAGE Publications. Flege, J. E. (1999) Age of learning and second language speech. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Hans Voggt. 1954. Language Contacts. Word Hartshorne, J.K, Tenenbaum, J. B, Pinker. S (2018) A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers.” Cognition vol. 177: 263-277. Labov, W (1977) Language in the inner city: studies in the black-English vernacular. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Lipski, J. M. (1985) Linguistic Aspects of Spanish-English Language Switching. Arizona State University Center for Latin American Studies. MacSwan, J (1999) minimalist approach to intrasentential codeswitching. New York, Garland Publishing Muysken, P (1995) Grammatical concepts in code-switching. One speaker, two languages: Cross disciplinary perspective on code-switching. Muysken, P (2000) Bilingual speech: A typology of code mixing. Cambridge university press. Myers-Scotton, C.1993. Duelling languages: grammatical structure in code switching. Oxford: clarendon press. Nishimira, M (1986) Intra-sentential code-switching: The case of language assignment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Pfaff (1979) Constraints on language mixing: Intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English. Poplack, S (1980) Sometimes I’ll Start a Sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a Typology of Code-Switching1’. Linguistics, vol.18. Sankoff, D, and Poplack, S (1981) A Formal Grammar for Code‐switching 1. Linguistics, vol. 14. Sankoff, G (2001) Linguistic outcomes of language contact. Handbook of Sociolinguistics, Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. Stenson, N (1990) Phrase structure congruence, government and Irish- English code switching. San Diego: Academic Press. Toribio, A.J (2001) On the Emergence of Bilingual Code-Switching Competence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, vol. 4. Weinreich, U (1953) Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton

Borrowing matter and pattern in morphology. An overview

Morphological inventories and structures of languages in contact can converge by means of either increasing formal similarity (MAT borrowing), or structural congruence (PAT borrowing), or a combination of both (MAT&PAT borrowing). In order to understand whether and how these borrowing types covary with specific grammatical features and modules of grammar, I propose a typology of MAT and PAT borrowing that distinguishes between functional and realization levels and covers all areas of grammar that can be affected by borrowing. I exemplify selected subtypes of borrowing with a number of crosslinguistic cases focusing on morphology and morphosyntax.

Category-Theoretic Interpretative Framework of the Complementarity Principle in Quantum Mechanics

This study aims to provide an analysis of the complementarity principle in quantum theory through the establishment of partial structural congruence relations between the quantum and Boolean kinds of event structure. Specifically, on the basis of the existence of a categorical adjunction between the category of quantum event algebras and the category of presheaves of variable Boolean event algebras, we establish a twofold complementarity scheme consisting of a generalized/global and a restricted/local conceptual dimension, where the latter conception is subordinate to and constrained by the former. In this respect, complementarity is not only understood as a relation between mutually exclusive experimental arrangements or contexts of comeasurable observables, as envisaged by the original conception, but it is primarily comprehended as a reciprocal relation concerning information transfer between two hierarchically different structural kinds of event structure that can be brought into partial congruence by means of the established adjunction. It is further argued that the proposed category-theoretic framework of complementarity naturally advances a contextual realist conceptual stance towards our deeper understanding of the microphysical nature of reality.

Well-definedness and observational equivalence for inductive–coinductive programs

Abstract We define notions of well-definedness and observational equivalence for programs of mixed inductive and coinductive types. These notions are defined by means of tests formulas which combine structural congruence for inductive types and modal logic for coinductive types. Tests also correspond to certain evaluation contexts. We define a program to be well-defined if it is strongly normalizing under all tests, and two programs are observationally equivalent if they satisfy the same tests. We show that observational equivalence is sufficiently coarse to ensure that least and greatest fixed point types are initial algebras and final coalgebras, respectively. This yields inductive and coinductive proof principles for reasoning about program behaviour. On the other hand, we argue that observational equivalence does not identify too many terms, by showing that tests induce a topology that, on streams, coincides with usual topology induced by the prefix metric. As one would expect, observational equivalence is, in general, undecidable, but in order to develop some practically useful heuristics we provide coinductive techniques for establishing observational normalization and observational equivalence, along with up-to techniques for enhancing these methods.

Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Human and Mouse Lung Cancers Reveals Conserved Myeloid Populations across Individuals and Species

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) comprise monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, and have emerged as key regulators of cancer growth. These cells can diversify into aspectrum of states, which might promote or limittumor outgrowth but remain poorly understood. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to map TIMs in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. We uncovered 25 TIM states, most of which were reproducibly found across patients. To facilitate translational research of these populations, we also profiled TIMs in mice.In comparing TIMs across species, we identified a near-complete congruence of population structures among dendritic cells and monocytes; conserved neutrophil subsets; and species differences among macrophages. By contrast, myeloidcell population structures in patients' bloodshowed limited overlap with those of TIMs.This study determines the lung TIM landscape and sets the stage for future investigations into the potential of TIMs as immunotherapy targets.

Comprehensive Multiparty Session Types

Multiparty session types (MST) are a well-established type theory that describes the interactive structure of a fixed number of components from a global point of view and type-checks the components through projection of the global type onto the participants of the session. They guarantee communicationsafety for a language of multiparty sessions (LMS), i.e., distributed, parallel components can exchange values without deadlocking and unexpected message types. Several variants of MST and LMS have been proposed to study key features of distributed and parallel programming. We observe that the population of the considered variants follows from only one ancestor, i.e., the original LMS/MST, and there are overlapping traits between features of the considered variants and the original. These hamper evolution of session types and languages and their adoption in practice. This paper addresses the following question: What are the essential features for MST and LMS, and how can these be modelled with simple constructs? To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time this question has been addressed. We performed a systematic analysis of the features and the constructs in MST, LMS, and the considered variants to identify the essential features. The variants are among the most influential (according to Google Scholar) and well-established systems that cover a wide set of areas in distributed, parallel programming. We used classical techniques of formal models such as BNF, structural congruence, small step operational semantics and typing judgments to build our language and type system. Lastly, the coherence of operational semantics and type system is proven by induction. This paper proposes a set of essential features, a language of structured interactions and a type theory of comprehensive multiparty session types, including global types and type system. The analysis removes overlapping features and captures the shared traits, thereby introducing the essential features. The constructs of the language are simple and fundamental, based on the $\lambda$ and $\pi$ calculi. Analogously, our global types reflect what is omitted and introduced in the language. Our system covers all the features of the original and variants, with a better ratio of the number of language and type constructs over the number of covered features. The features of the original, variants, and our system along with the number of constructs in the respective language and global types to model them are presented through a table. The syntax, operational semantics, meta-theory and type system of our system are given. We modelled all the motivating examples of the variants in our model, describing the reduction and typing steps. The work discusses how new features, in particular the non-essential ones (formerly excluded) and advanced ones can be either modelled atop the essential ones or added with minimal efforts, i.e. without modifying the existing ones. The fundamental properties of typed processes such as subject reduction, communication safety, and progress are established.

Reduction semantics in Markovian process algebra

Markovian process algebras allow for performance analysis by automatic generation of Continuous Time Markov Chains. The inclusion of exponential distribution rate information in process algebra terms, however, causes non-trivial issues to arise in the definition of their semantics. As a consequence, technical settings previously considered do not make it possible to base Markovian semantics on directly computing reductions between communicating processes: this would require the ability to readjust processes, i.e. a commutative and associative parallel operator and a congruence relation on terms enacting such properties. Semantics in reduction style is, however, often used for complex languages, due to its simplicity and conciseness. In this paper we introduce a new technique based on stochastic binders that allows us to define Markovian semantics in the presence of such a structural congruence. As application examples, we define the reduction semantics of Markovian versions of the π-calculus, considering both the cases of Markovian durations: being additional standalone prefixes (as in Interactive Markov Chains) and being, instead, associated to standard synchronizable actions, giving them a duration (as in Stochastic π-calculus). Notably, in the latter case, we obtain a “natural” Markovian semantics for π-calculus (CCS) parallel that preserves, for the first time, its associativity. In both cases we show our technique for defining reduction semantics to be correct with respect to the standard Markovian one (in labeled style) by providing Markovian extensions of the classical π-calculus Harmony theorem.

And now for something completely different: the congruence of the Altmetric Attention Score’s structure between different article groups

Altmetric Attention Score (AAS) is an increasingly popular composite altmetric measure, which is being criticized for an inappropriate and arbitrary aggregation of different altmetric sources into a single measure. We examined this issue empirically, by testing unidimensionality and the component structure congruence of the five ‘key’ AAS components: News, Blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and Google+. As a reference point, these tests were also done on different citation data: WoS, Scopus, and Google Scholar. All tests were done for groups of articles with: (1) high citations, but lower AAS (HCGs), and (2) high AAS, but lower citations (HAGs). Changes in component structures over time (from 2016 to 2017) were also considered. Citation data consistently formed congruent unidimensional structures for all groups and over time. Altmetric data formed congruent unidimensional structures only for the HCGs, with much inconsistency for the HAGs (including change over time). The relationship between Twitter and News counts was shown to be curvilinear. It was not possible to obtain a satisfactory congruent and reliable linear unidimensional altmetric structure between the groups for any variable combination, even after Mendeley and CiteULike altmetric counts were included. Correlations of altmetric aggregates and citations were fairly inconsistent between the groups. We advise against the usage of composite altmetric measures (including the AAS) for any group comparison purposes, until the measurement invariance issues are dealt with. The underlying pattern of associations between individual altmetrics is likely too complex and inconsistent across conditions to justify them being simply aggregated into a single score.

Structural Sequencing of Oligopeptides Aided by 1H Iterative Full-Spin Analysis.

This report describes an approach using 1H NMR iterative full-spin analysis (HiFSA) to extract definitive structural information on unknown peptides from 1D 1H NMR data. By comparing the experimental data and HiFSA fingerprint of a known analogue, it is possible to isolate the characteristic 1H subspectrum of the different amino acids and, thus, elucidate the structure of the peptide. To illustrate this methodology, a comprehensive analysis of five new anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides (2-6), all analogues of ecumicin (1), was carried out. The method was validated by demonstrating congruence of the HiFSA-based structures with all available data, including MS and 2D NMR. The highly reproducible HiFSA fingerprints of the new ∼1600 amu peptides were generated in this process. Besides oligo-peptides, the HiFSA sequencing approach could be extended to all oligomeric compounds consisting of chains of monomers lacking H-H spin-spin coupling across the moieties. HiFSA sequencing is capable of differentiating complex oligomers that exhibit minor structural differences such as shifted hydoxyl or methyl groups. Because it employs the basic and most sensitive 1D 1H NMR experiment, HiFSA sequencing enables the exploration of peptide analogues up to at least 2000 amu, even with basic contemporary spectrometers and when only sub-milligram amounts of isolates are available.

Unraveling the size‐dependent optical properties of dissolved organic matter

AbstractThe size‐dependent optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from four Swedish lakes were investigated using High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) in conjunction with online characterization of absorbance (240–600 nm) and fluorescence (excitation: 275 nm, emission: 300–600 nm). The molecular size of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) was consistently higher than that of fluorescent DOM (FDOM), with an average difference of 0.37 kDa. The relative abundance of FDOM vs. CDOM ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 across lakes, and increased with decreasing average molecular size. Across sites, the CDOM spectral slopes of the large molecular size fraction were highly similar while the low molecular size fraction differed and contributed to different bulk spectral slopes. Our results indicate structural congruence of high molecular size DOM across systems while lake trophic status determined the characteristics of the low size range. Furthermore, the combination of HPSEC and parallel factor analysis (HPSEC‐PARAFAC2) allowed the decomposition of DOM fluorescence chromatograms. Three humic‐like components and one protein‐like component with broadly overlapping molecular size distributions were identified. This overlap provides further evidence for the supramolecular assembly hypothesis since fluorophores, as revealed by PARAFAC2, occur in aggregates of overlapping molecular size. Our results further suggest a link between the molecular size of these fluorophores and the associated supramolecular assemblies. This study demonstrates the potential for HPSEC and novel mathematical approaches to provide unprecedented insights into the relationship between optical and chemical properties of DOM in aquatic systems.

The short form of the VIA Inventory of Strengths.

The VIA Institute on Character is offering the VIA-120 as the standard VIA Survey, replacing the original 240-item version. The present work involved the construction and the initial evaluation of the Spanish VIA-120 as a short version of the Spanish adaptation of the VIA-IS. This short form was developed using data from 2,143 Spanish-speaking adults. The Spanish VIA-120 was developed by selecting the five items with the highest corrected item-total correlations from the 10 items per subscale of the Spanish VIA-IS. Results lent support to the reliability and validity of this short form to measure the 24 character strengths included in The Values in Action (VIA) classification. The internal consistency coefficients of the subscales of the Spanish version of the VIA-120 were substantially equivalent to the long version. The VIA-120 showed high convergence with the Spanish VIA-IS in terms of descriptive statistics and associations with life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Factor structure congruence coefficients also indicated very high convergence between the VIA-IS and the short form. The Spanish VIA-120 proved to be a reliable, valid instrument for the assessment of character strengths.

Repurposing of Potent Drug Candidates for Multiparasite Targeting

Parasite-directed drug discovery efforts require sustained and substantial scientific resources. Many eukaryotic parasites share similarities in metabolic pathways and housekeeping genes, as evident from their underlying protein sequences. Their subsequent structural congruence within enzyme active sites can thus be leveraged for multiparasite targeting using similar or identical drug probes. This bodes well for delivering new anti-infectives.

Axioms for Behavioural Congruence of Single-Pass Instruction Sequences

In program algebra, an algebraic theory of single-pass instruction sequences, three congruences on instruction sequences are paid attention to: instruction sequence congruence, structural congruence, and behavioural congruence. Sound and complete axiom systems for the first two congruences were already given in early papers on program algebra. The current paper is the first one that is concerned with an axiom system for the third congruence. The presented axiom system is especially notable for its axioms that have to do with forward jump instructions.

Structural congruence for bialgebraic semantics

It was observed by Turi and Plotkin that structural operational semantics can be studied at the level of universal coalgebra, providing specification formats for well-behaved operations on many different types of systems. We extend this framework with non-structural assignment rules which can express, for example, the syntactic format for structural congruences proposed by Mousavi and Reniers. Our main result is that the operational model of such an extended specification is well-behaved, in the sense that bisimilarity is a congruence and that bisimulation-up-to techniques are sound.

DOCLASP - Docking ligands to target proteins using spatial and electrostatic congruence extracted from a known holoenzyme and applying simple geometrical transformations

The ability to accurately and effectively predict the interaction between proteins and small drug-like compounds has long intrigued researchers for pedagogic, humanitarian and economic reasons. Protein docking methods (AutoDock, GOLD, DOCK, FlexX and Glide to name a few) rank a large number of possible conformations of protein-ligand complexes using fast algorithms. Previously, it has been shown that structural congruence leading to the same enzymatic function necessitates the congruence of electrostatic properties (CLASP). The current work presents a methodology for docking a ligand into a target protein, provided that there is at least one known holoenzyme with ligand bound - DOCLASP (Docking using CLASP). The contact points of the ligand in the holoenzyme defines a motif, which is used to query the target enzyme using CLASP.If there are significant matches, the holoenzymeand the target protein are superimposed based on congruent atoms. The same linear and rotational transformations are also applied to the ligand, thus creating a unified coordinate framework having the holoenzyme, the ligand and the target enzyme. In the current work, the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin was docked to the PI-PLC structure complexed with myo-inositol using DOCLASP. Also, corroboration of the docking of phenylthiourea to the modelled structure of polyphenol oxidase (JrPPO1) from walnut is provided based on the subsequently solved structure of JrPPO1 (PDBid:5CE9). Analysis of the binding of the antitrypanosomial drug suramin to nine non-homologous proteins in the PDB database shows a diverse set of binding motifs, and multiple binding sites in the phospholipase A2-likeproteins from the Bothrops genus of pitvipers. The conformational changes in the suramin molecule on binding highlights the challenges in docking flexible ligands into an already 'plastic' binding site. Thus, DOCLASP presents a method for 'soft docking' ligands to proteins with low computational requirements.

DOCLASP - Docking ligands to target proteins using spatial and electrostatic congruence extracted from a known holoenzyme and applying simple geometrical transformations

The ability to accurately and effectively predict the interaction between proteins and small drug-like compounds has long intrigued researchers for pedagogic, humanitarian and economic reasons. Protein docking methods (AutoDock, GOLD, DOCK, FlexX and Glide to name a few) rank a large number of possible conformations of protein-ligand complexes using fast algorithms. Previously, it has been shown that structural congruence leading to the same enzymatic function necessitates the congruence of electrostatic properties (CLASP). The current work presents a methodology for docking a ligand into a target protein, provided that there is at least one known holoenzyme with ligand bound - DOCLASP (Docking using CLASP). The contact points of the ligand in the holoenzyme defines a motif, which is used to query the target enzyme using CLASP. If there are significant matches, the holoenzyme and the target protein are superimposed based on congruent atoms. The same linear and rotational transformations are also applied to the ligand, thus creating a unified coordinate framework having the holoenzyme, the ligand and the target enzyme. In the current work, the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin was docked to the PI-PLC structure complexed with myo-inositol using DOCLASP. Also, corroboration of the docking of phenylthiourea to the modelled structure of polyphenol oxidase (JrPPO1) from walnut is provided based on the subsequently solved structure of JrPPO1 (PDBid:5CE9). Analysis of the binding of the antitrypanosomial drug suramin to nine non-homologous proteins in the PDB database shows a diverse set of binding motifs, and multiple binding sites in the phospholipase A2-likeproteins from the Bothrops genus of pitvipers. The conformational changes in the suramin molecule on binding highlights the challenges in docking flexible ligands into an already ’plastic’ binding site. Thus, DOCLASP presents a method for ’soft docking’ ligands to proteins with low computational requirements.

Invariant two-component structure of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)

ABSTRACTThe Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS; Randolph, 1998, 2012) is a brief neurocognitive instrument used to evaluate cognitive functioning in clinical settings. Prior investigations of the factor structure have revealed subtle differences across samples. It was hypothesized that these differences are primarily the result of methodological decisions made by researchers. The present study utilized empirically supported extraction criteria (parallel analysis; minimum average partial procedure) and uniformly investigated 5 samples. RBANS data from 4 previously published studies (Carlozzi, Horner, Yang, & Tilley, 2008; Duff, Hobson, Beglinger, & O’Bryant, 2010; Duff et al., 2006; Wilde, 2006) were reanalyzed, and a new clinical sample was obtained from the Gundersen Health System Memory Center. The congruence of factor structures was investigated by conducting orthogonal vector matrix comparisons (Barrett, 2005), and a robust 2-factor structure reliably emerged across samples. The invariant RBANS 2-factor structure primarily emphasized memory and visuospatial functioning. This finding offered further support for a 2-factor RBANS structure identified in previous studies and additionally provided empirical documentation of replication across diverse samples. Due to the expansive use of the RBANS, this psychometric knowledge has significant clinical implications. It should facilitate accurate interpretation of test data and allow clinicians to make more informed decisions regarding whether the instrument is appropriate to use in various clinical settings.