Structural Systems For Tall Buildings Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Framed-Tube & Braced-Tube System in Tall Buildings Using ETABS

Abstract: Since the rigid frame became popular in the first half of the 20th century, tall buildings with structural systems have evolved. The development of underlying frameworks for tall structures lays on reasonable realism, economy of material utilization, effortlessness and polish, and worry for constructability. We are now able to build buildings that are ever higher thanks to cutting-edge building materials, sophisticated computational software, and sturdy structural systems. The rationale behind the creation of structural systems for tall buildings is to achieve architectural expression, ensure safety and serviceability, and make rational and effective use of materials. The use of composite structures, which combine the advantages of various materials, has been the trend in structural systems for tall buildings. In both static and dynamic conditions, these high-rise structures ought to be able to withstand a variety of lateral loads, such as wind load and earthquake load. This study examines the responses of the Framed Tube, Braced Tube, structural systems to various parameters such as Story displacement, Story drift, Story shear, and time period. The analysis focuses on 60-story structures situated in Seismic Zone III with medium soil conditions. The static analysis of the structures is conducted using the linear static method, which involves wind load calculations using the force coefficient method. On the other hand, the dynamic analysis is performed using the response spectrum method, with wind load calculations carried out using the gust factor calculation method.

Embodied carbon premium for vanity height: A case for the exclusion of decorative spires in the design of tall buildings

In measuring the height of a tall building, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) recognises three categories: “height to architectural top”; “height to highest occupied floor”; and “height to tip”. The “height to architectural top” category, which includes decorative spires, is used to define the influential CTBUH annual rankings of the “World's Tallest Buildings”. The inclusion of decorative spires in the category ranking has created an incentive for developers to maximise the vanity height of tall buildings, defined as the height difference between a tall building's architectural top and its highest occupied floor.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the detrimental influence of spires and, by extension, vanity height on the embodied carbon of structural systems for tall buildings. This influence is evaluated using three tall building scenarios of varying heights (50, 70, and 90 storeys). Two finite element models, with and without spires, are parametrically designed for each scenario. All the modelled structural systems comprise a reinforced concrete tube-in-tube lateral load resisting system. A hybrid life cycle inventory analysis approach is used to quantify the embodied carbon of spires as well as the resulting increase in the embodied carbon of structural systems.The findings of this study indicate that even basic spires can lead to an increase of up to 14.2% in the embodied carbon of structural systems for tall buildings, underscoring the imperative to eliminate such elements in the design and construction of tall buildings to minimise overall embodied carbon.

Effect of type of internal core on the behavior of diagrid tube systems under lateral seismic loads

Diagrid structural systems have emerged as innovative and adaptable structural systems for tall buildings. These structures contain diagonal truss elements throughout the height of the structure. The present study investigated the effect of an inner steel moment frame core and an inner concentrically-braced core on a diagrid tube system under lateral seismic loading. The effect of inner cores on ductility and failure of the structures was assessed. A 36-story composite diagrid structural system with three different arrangements of diagonal angles was considered and the response spectrum analysis and nonlinear static analysis were conducted. The diagrid structures with inner cores indicated that most of the transferring lateral force in all stories is tolerated by the diagrid system; only in the last story was the shear absorbed by the internal core. Analytical results show that as the slope of braces increased, the lateral strength decreased. Diagrid structures with an inner braced core indicated greater ductility and strength than diagrid structures with inner moment frame cores. Moreover, the results indicate that the diagrid tube with an inner core produced no significant increase in ductility. To avoid premature buckling of braces, perimeter diagonal braces should be replaced with buckling-restrained elements.

Sustainable and Efficient Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Exploring Timber and Steel–Timber Hybrids through a Case Study

The paper focuses on tall timber buildings. The major aim of this paper is to identify the most sustainable and efficient structural system to increase the height of timber buildings, also considering steel–timber hybrid structures. First of all, a brief review of tall buildings’ evolution is presented to understand why tall timber buildings are considered nowadays and which are the most adopted structural solutions. Then, the case study of the tallest timber building in the world is selected and utilized as an archetype. Once the model has been validated, seven alternative structural systems are considered by varying the horizontal load resisting system and preserving the same member cross-sections as the reference building. The variants are tested and compared in terms of material consumption, vibration characteristics and lateral load response. Using the best structural system, the height of the building is increased, pushing the structures beyond the current limits and identifying the most efficient option. The idea is to preserve the column cross-sections and balance the increase in gravity loads due to the additional floors by replacing the concrete floors with timber counterparts. With the same structural system, equivalent steel–timber hybrid solutions are finally tested and compared in terms of sustainability to timber-only counterparts and to the original project. The results of analyses show that the use of steel elements combined with timber can lead to optimized and sustainable structural solutions.

Evaluation of the Cost Effectiveness of Three Different Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

Evaluation of the Cost Effectiveness of Three Different Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

The Evolution of Structural Systems in Tall Buildings: From Ancient Skyscrapers to Future Megatowers of the Future

Tall buildings have undergone significant structural evolution throughout history, driven by advancements in engineering, materials, and design concepts. The construction and operation of tall buildings pose challenges related to safety, transportation, and infrastructure. The development of seismic-resistant structural systems for tall buildings, especially in earthquake-prone regions, is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety and stability of structures during seismic events. The integration of these structural systems and design strategies is crucial for creating safe and resilient tall buildings in regions vulnerable to earthquakes. This paper focuses on the historical development of structural systems in tall buildings, from ancient skyscrapers to the design and construction of sustainable and eco-friendly innovative megatowers of the future. This review will highlight the diverse ways in which tall buildings can integrate sustainability-focused structural systems, contributing to environmental conservation and energy efficiency. Key words: Tall buildings, sustainable, energy efficient, structural systems, seismic resistant

Nonlinear Behavior Study of Reinforced Concrete Coupling Beams Subjected to the Effect of Wind Loading

Reinforced concrete shear walls connected by coupling beams are considered an efficient structural system for tall buildings subjected to lateral loads. For seismic design of such buildings, performance-based design has been commonly used in regions with strong earthquakes for its ability to achieve economical and safe design, however the use of performance-based wind design (PBWD), which permits nonlinear response of ductile elements at specific locations under wind loads is still hindered due to the lack of information regarding the performance of these elements. In addition to that, there is still a need for developing an analytical model that can represent nonlinear behavior of these elements when subjected to wind loads. Therefore, in this study two analytical models using two different methods to consider bond slip effect (Bond SP01 (BS) model and steel modification factor (SMF) model) were developed and implemented in OpenSees software and validated with a tested specimen of reinforced concrete coupling beam subjected to a simulated windstorm loading protocol. Then, a parametric study was conducted using the SMF model to investigate the effect of axial restraint, and modification of the ductility demand. Results showed that both of the models showed good agreement with the experiment, however results of the SMF model were more accurate. As for the parametric study, it was concluded that with axial restraint, the beam behavior was dominated by shear, and a slight increase of strength was observed. At ductility demand of 1.8 θ y , the beam performed well with no significant damage and minor residual rotations.

Shear Wall Analysis and Design Optimization in Instance of High-Rise Buildings using ETABS

Abstract: Today’s tall buildings are becoming more and more slender, leading to the possibility of more sway in comparison with earlier high-rise buildings. improving the structural systems of tall buildings can control their dynamic response. With more appropriate structural forms such as shear walls and tube structures and improved material properties. The general design concept of the contemporary bearing wall building system depends upon the combined structural action of the floor and roof systems with the walls. The floor system carries vertical loads and, acting as a diaphragm, lateral loads to the walls for transfer to the foundation. Lateral forces of wind and earthquake are usually resisted by shear walls which are parallel to the direction of lateral load. These shear walls, by their shearing resistance and resistance to overturning, transfer the lateral loads to the foundation. In the present study a 45 storey high rise building, with podium up to 4th floor level is considered. After podium level (4th floor level), there is no sudden change in plan because if there is any sudden change it may result in the stiffness/torsional irregularities of building if a small seismic forces or any other less magnitude horizontal force strike the structure. The optimization techniques which are used in this project are firstly considered the size of shear wall is same throughout the building and then analysis is done from the result the failed shear wall dimensions are increased to resist the whole structure, in this way the optimization was done for number of time till the whole structure comes to stable to resist the forces. In this present project shear wall design and optimization is done by using the software Etabs and the shear walls are arranged in such a way to resist the lateral forces in zone III region throughout the structure according to Indian codes.

An Assessment of the Relation between Architectural and Structural Systems in the Design of Tall Buildings in Turkey

Many professionals from several disciplines need to cooperate in designing and constructing tall buildings since their design and construction require more complex systems and technologies in terms of structure, installation, facade, vertical circulation and fire systems compared to low-rise buildings. The architects who design tall buildings have to know the architectural and structural design considerations of tall buildings and their interrelations well. This study is expected to reveal the status of tall buildings completed in Turkey and help designers understand architectural forms, floor plans, core planning and structural systems of tall buildings. For this purpose, the factors affecting architectural and structural design were examined, and the relation between the architectural–structural system was revealed for tall buildings completed in Turkey. In order to study architectural and structural considerations, 230 constructed tall buildings in Turkey were selected and analyzed in detail. According to the results of the study, it is seen that the prismatic form is widely used as the building tower form in Turkey, the shear-frame system as the structural system, the residential function as the building function, the single symmetrical central core as the building core, and the rectangular plan as the building floor plan alike.

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

Structural systems for tall buildings have gone through an evolutionary process. The rigid frame became popular in the first half of the 20th century but proved to be structurally inefficient beyond a certain height of tall buildings. The invention of the tubular structure in the 1960s allowed buildings to be built taller with low material consumption. Due to the obstructive nature of the closely spaced exterior columns of framed tubes and bracings of braced tubes, the core-outrigger system gained acceptance by the architects as it allowed them to freely articulate the façade design. However, the conventional tubular structures continued to retain their use for tall buildings to a lesser degree and later underwent a resurgence in modified forms. These and other advanced tubular forms in cutting-edge structural systems developed later continue to find application in modern times. This study presents a detailed narrative of different structural systems for tall buildings that is expected to assist structural engineers and architects to collaboratively select appropriate structural systems for tall buildings.

Proposing Cubic-Grid System as a New Structural System for Tall Buildings

Background: Changes in the skyline of cities all over the world show that tall buildings are an interesting solution to accommodating growth more sustainably in today’s urban areas. Stability against lateral loading is the main issue for designing high-rise buildings. Diagrid systems or grid structures are one of these stable systems. For a long time, the only structural pattern used in this system was the triangular modulus (diagrid). Methods: In the present study, a new pattern for grid structures was introduced, and its performance was compared with the two previous common patterns (triangular and hexagonal). The new pattern is called the Isometric Cube grid, thanks to its particular shape. The design process was performed based on a simple stiffness criterion presented in the previous research. In order to calculate the stiffness of the structure for the new pattern, two types of existing structural nodes were distinguished, and the results were combined to determine the stiffness of the unit forming the entire grid. Results and Conclusion: From the results of analysis, it was found that the optimal angles of diagonal elements were in the range of 50-65 degrees. Although the behavior of the new pattern in terms of shear stiffness was between the two previous patterns (and closer to the hexagonal pattern), the shear stiffness ratio increased from 30° to 65° for cube pattern, while for hexagrid, it decreased over the same range of angles.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Single-Outrigger Structural Systems in Tall Buildings

This study investigated the seismic behaviour of the single-outrigger frame systems and proposed the optimum location of outrigger in tall buildings compared to conventional approaches. For this purpose, a pushover analysis was carried out on different forms of the single-outrigger braced high rise buildings to capture the seismic response. An innovative Stiffness Ratio Method (SRM) technique has been utilised for small-scale 3-D modeling using Finite Element Modeling (FEM) in Abaqus/CAE software commercial program. The performance of single-outrigger systems under uniform loading was measured through lateral displacement and drift. The results confirm that by changing an outrigger’s position throughout the height of the building, the strength and stiffness will experience significant changes. Placing an outrigger at the top level of the building termed Cap model led to a reduction in lateral drift by 72 percent, while it reached 84 percent, where it placed at 0.4 height of the building hereinafter called Optimal model. Overall, the results showed that the optimal form of the single-outrigger systems’ efficiency is 17 percent higher than the conventional model (Cap model) in the reduction of the top displacement of the building under lateral loads.

Parametric Analysis of the Shear Lag Effect in Tube Structural Systems of Tall Buildings

Horizontal loads such as earthquake and wind are considered dominant loads for the design of tall buildings. One of the most efficient structural systems in this regard is the tube structural system. Even though such systems have a high resistance when it comes to horizontal loads, the shear lag effect that is characterized by an incomplete and uneven activation of vertical elements may cause a series of problems such as the deformation of internal panels and secondary structural elements, which cumulatively grow with the height of the building. In this paper, the shear lag effect in a typical tube structure will be observed and analyzed on a series of different numerical models. A parametric analysis will be conducted with a great number of variations in the structural elements and building layout, for the purpose of giving recommendations for an optimal design of a tube structural system.

A New Modular Structural System for Tall Buildings Based on Tetrahedral Configuration

Inspired by the high mechanical performance of diagrid structures, the minimization of material consumption on braced tubes and the expressive potency of tensegrity modular structures, this work proposes an innovative three-dimensional system for tall buildings. A new modular structural system generated from the assembly of tetrahedral units is investigated. The paper integrates insights on the architectural implications and mechanical performance of the reticular system arranged in repetitive triangular-based modules. The impact of different geometric configurations of the structural members on the economic design is also discussed and recommendations for the optimal topology are made. Guidelines for the design and analytical formula for accessing preliminary member sizes are proposed on the basis of stiffness requirements.

The influence of life cycle inventory approaches on the choice of structural systems to reduce the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of tall buildings

The construction of tall buildings generates a high spatial and temporal concentration of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Research has shown that as building height increases, more resources per floor area are required to withstand the increasing effects of wind and earthquake loads. This has major implications for the environmental performance of tall buildings since the embodied GHG emissions (EGHGE) of structural systems tend to represent the greatest portion of the life cycle GHG emissions of tall buildings. In mitigating the effects of climate change, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been proposed as an early stage design tool to facilitate the choice of structural systems for tall buildings. However, international standards on LCA do not specify which of the three main life cycle inventory (LCI) approaches to use - process analysis, environmentally-extended input-output analysis or hybrid analysis. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of LCI approaches on the choice of structural systems for tall buildings to minimise their embodied GHG emissions.The effects of LCI approaches on the choice of structural systems for tall buildings are evaluated using 10 tall buildings, ranging in height from 10 to 50 storeys, parametrically designed using finite element modelling. Two alternative structural systems are proposed and various LCI approaches are used to compare their EGHGE. The paper demonstrates that varying the LCI approach can significantly influence the values of EGHGE of structural systems for tall buildings by up to 116%. Notably, the paper demonstrates that, in minimising EGHGE, the adopted LCI approach can influence the choice of structural systems for tall buildings. The findings of this study confirm the need for clarity, transparency and comprehensiveness in the use of LCI approaches for comparative LCA studies, particularly in the structural design of tall buildings.

Reducing the Impact of Wind Load with Shape of High Rise Buildings

Recent Years, Many high rise buildings are being constructed across the world due to the increase in population. From the design point of view, lateral load such as earthquake and wind load should be taken into consideration while designing process. Architectural design of buildings sometimes leads towards difficult and unusual shape that challenges structural designers. The objective of this study is to assess the building behavior when subjected to wind load. To achieve this objective, different shapes of building such as pentagonal, triangular and circular building are assessed for stability. Parameters such as storey drift and lateral displacement are considered in order to find most effective and stable shape. The computer program ETABS is used for analysis. As the height of the building increases, wind load effect becomes significant and should be considered for designing. This could also be achieved by selecting most stable shape and appropriate structural system for tall buildings.

Emerging trends in the growth of structural systems for tall buildings

ABSTRACT Tall buildings are being built for more than a century now, but there has been an exponential growth in the development of convoluted tall buildings with distinctive architecture. A tall building with a unique structural form, brings forth admonishing challenges for the structural designers to deal with. Such a contemporary inclination towards the fabrication of free-form structures has posed enormous challenges to the modern-day structural engineering community, and consequently, has faced reactions in the form of tremendous researches pertaining to complex building specific issues. This paper extensively reviews six case studies of recent tall buildings that possess a challenging architecture with tortuous structural features to cope with the gravity and lateral loadings. Six representative tall buildings have been chosen from all over the world, which have distinctive features in terms of their structural systems. This paper discusses the fundamental characteristics of these tall buildings in the world and presents the challenges faced during the modelling, analysis, design, and construction of these skyscrapers, along with the brief of methodologies which were eventually adopted to cope with these challenges.

Art and Analysis of high-rising building

شهدت تطورات المباني الشاهقة زيادة سريعة في جميع أنحاء العالم. تستعرض هذه الورقة تطور الأنظمة الهيكلية للمباني الشاهقة والقوة الدافعة التكنولوجية وراء تطورات المباني الشاهقة. بالنسبة للأنظمة الهيكلية الأساسية ، يتم تقديم تصنيف جديد - الهياكل الداخلية والهياكل الخارجية. بينما تتم مناقشة معظم الأنظمة الهيكلية التمثيلية للمباني الشاهقة ، فإن التركيز في ورقة المراجعة هذه ينصب على الاتجاهات الحالية مثل النمذجة والتحليل. يعتبر النظر في التحميل الجانبي الخاص بالموقع بسبب أحمال الرياح أو الزلازل جنبًا إلى جنب مع أحمال الجاذبية الرأسية أمرًا مهمًا لإيجاد سلوك المباني الشاهقة. يتضمن تصميم المباني الشاهقة أساسًا تصميمًا مفاهيميًا وتحليلًا تقريبيًا وتصميمًا أوليًا وتحسينًا لحمل الجاذبية والأحمال الجانبية بأمان. يعد تحليل وتصميم المباني للقوى الثابتة والديناميكية أمرًا روتينيًا هذه الأيام بسبب توفر أجهزة كمبيوتر وبرامج متخصصة بأسعار معقولة يمكن استخدامها للتحليل. أخيرًا ، يتم تصور مستقبل التطورات الهيكلية في المباني الشاهقة بإيجاز.

The influence of structural design methods on the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of structural systems for tall buildings

The construction of tall buildings generates a high spatial and temporal concentration of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Research has shown that as building height increases, more resources per floor area are required to withstand the increasing effects of wind and earthquake loads. This has major implications for the environmental performance of tall buildings since the embodied GHG emissions (EGHGE) of structural systems tend to represent the greatest portion of the life cycle EGHGE of tall buildings.In mitigating the effects of climate change, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been proposed as an early stage design tool to facilitate the choice of structural systems and materials for tall buildings. Existing studies that use LCA to compare alternative structural systems and materials use incomplete and inconsistent structural design methods related to imposed loads, façade loads and lateral loads, both static and dynamic in nature. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the influence of these structural design methods on the EGHGE of structural systems for tall buildings.The influence of structural design methods on the EGHGE of structural systems for tall buildings are evaluated using a total of 80 structural systems, parametrically designed using finite element modelling. A hybrid life cycle inventory analysis method is used to quantify the EGHGE of the structural systems.The paper demonstrates that structural design methods can significantly influence the values of EGHGE of structural systems for tall buildings, by up to 22%. The findings of this study confirm the need for clarity, consistency, transparency and comprehensiveness in structural design methods when conducting comparative LCA studies of structural systems for tall buildings.

Environmental Assessment of Cost Optimized Structural Systems in Tall Buildings

Environmental Assessment of Cost Optimized Structural Systems in Tall Buildings