Structural Landforms Research Articles

Estimasi Cadangan Batugamping Menggunakan Block Model Berdasarkan Metode Interpolasi IDW pada IUP OP 231 Karangkemojing

The increasing development of infrastructure development has an impact on the increase in cement demand. Cement is used as the main raw material in making concrete and other construction materials. Therefore, limestone mining as a raw material for cement is also increasing. One of the areas that has prospects for limestone mining is IUP OP 231 Karangkemojing which is still in the exploration stage. The purpose of this study is to determine the geological and geomorphological conditions of the study area, determine the amount of limestone reserves, and determine the estimated mine life based on production targets. The methods used in this research are field observation and laboratory analysis including petrographic analysis and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Furthermore, the calculation of limestone reserves was carried out using block modeling and the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method processed using Surpac software. Based on field geological mapping, the research area is included in the wavy hilly and steep hilly structural landforms, which consist of two lithological units, namely sandstone and claystone intermixture units and limestone units. The results of the calculation of limestone reserves in the study area were obtained at 61,444,362 tons with an estimated mine life of about 24 years and 6 months.

Geomorphological Structure of Landform Characteristics As A Reference for Development Recommendations in Active Volcanic and Faulting Areas, A Case Study in Kerinci Region, Jambi Province, Indonesia

Kerinci Regency is located on the western to the southwestern part of the capital city of Jambi Province, Indonesia. It has interesting geomorphological sites consisting of the physiography of the Barisan Mountain Zone associated with the Sumatran Fault System known as a volcanic-tectonic complex. Geomorphology has an important role in providing information of the landscape in an area. This paper aims to determine the geomorphological characteristics of the area which can provide information regarding disaster mitigation, the direction of land-use innovation, and infrastructure development strategies. This research uses analyses of morphographic, morphometric, morphogenetic, morphoconservation, and morphochronological aspects. Analysis of satellite images and topographic contours is a method used to determine the characteristics of drainage patterns and geological mapping. A significant result of this research is a geomorphological map of Kerinci that divides the area into several geomorphological units, namely volcanic-denudational, karst, structural, volcanic-structural, structural-denudational, and fluvial morphologies. Based on the geomorphological map, the area has a very high potential hazard consisting of volcanic structural landforms, which are Tanco Isolated Hill (TIH), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Volcanic Undulation (KFEVU), structural landforms (Alang Structural Valley (ASV), Kumun Fault Hills (KFH), and Pengasih Fault Undulation (PGFU)). This map can be used to design the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for regional development in Kerinci.

Geoheritage and Cultural-Religious Heritage of Samalute-Minia Area in North Egypt

Geodiversity, geoheritage, geoconservation, and geotourism insights are meticulously interrelated. Their investigations are of comprehensive attention worldwide because of their high scientific, educational, scenic, and recreational values. Various new destinations in Egypt have been promoted for the geotourism and abundance in significance geological heritages in which Samalute-Minia Area is one of the most energetic tourist’s magnetism. The study area is an imperative geo-cultural province that has significant number of geosites and geotouristic fascinations, demonstrating broad array of distinctive phenomena. The latter are assigned to remarkable geomorphological, volcanological, hydrogeological, quarrying, historical, and cultural landscapes that are deliberated a vital part of the polythematic geopark. All of these sites allow the visitors, sightseers, and indigenous populations to enjoy different aspects of tourism such as religious, antiquities, recreational, safari, or ecological tourism as the root for providing the commitment, education, and pleasure. The goal of the present paper aims to stress the reputation of the geological heritage earmarked by Samalute-Minia Area. A quantitative assessment of geodiversity at the study area was carried out using the Brilha’s method (2016) in which the evaluation outputs are labeled for geotourism obligations. A list of eight geosites has been inventoried. Among the principal geosites are (1) geomorphology and karst landforms (GKL), (2) circular structural landforms (CSL), (3) volcanic landforms (VL), (4) riverine landforms (RL), (5) Christian Religion sites (CRS), (6) ancient Egypt monuments (AEM), (7) industrial sites (IS), and (8) hydrogeological aquifers (HA). Quantitative valuation has been revealed that the bunched geosites of GKL, VL, and RL have great scientific and educational value scores, while the geosites of CRS and AEM have high potential touristic use compared to low value for the IS. Regarding the risk evaluation, a high degradation risk is assigned to the sites of AEM, RL, and HA. Severe threats comprising pollution, rapid urbanization, intense degradation of underground water, illegal water pumping, quarrying/excavation, bumpy tourism, and lacking of environmental management are the chief causes for the degradation risk. The lasting five geosites display a moderate to low risk of degradation because there are no extreme observed denudation processes that generate degradation. The protection and geoconservation, increasing the touristic attractiveness, and the socio-economic development for the local community could be proposed in order to decrease the high degradation risk for some geosites. Lastly, the Samalute-Minia Area needs more scientific and potential geoheritage study, improvement in the security circumstances, promotion of the geosites, and strategic implementations as well as regulation constraints for continuous regional development to improve geotourism and geoconservation. The geotourism development would diminish the rate of joblessness and immigration, offer scenarios for dropping poverty through engaging the local inhabitants in tourism activities, and ensure the protection and educational stopovers to well-known geosites.

GIS Approach for Expressing Structural Landforms: Forms, Elements, and Relationships

A structural landform is defined by its surface morphology, controlled by tectonics, lithology (arrangement and resistance), and folded structures, and demonstrated by the characteristics and relationships between geological and geomorphic elements. It is very important to use geographic information system (GIS) technology to accurately describe and express elements of structural landforms and their relationships. In this study, a GIS approach for expressing structural landforms, based on “forms–elements–relationships”, was developed. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) Combined with the surface morphological characteristics, the structural landforms were abstracted into geological and geomorphic elements, and the characteristics and relationships of these elements were analyzed. (2) The elements of structural landforms and their relationships were abstracted into spatial objects and topological relationships. The spatial objects of the structural landform were designed based on the types and characteristics of structural landform elements. The topological relationships were developed based on the definition of the structural landform morphotype. (3) The structural landform markup language (SLML) method of “forms–elements–relationships” was created. (4) Two typical structural landforms, namely, Qixia Mountain and Gaoli Mountain, were used as examples to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the GIS approach for expressing structural landforms. This paper describes and expresses the “forms–elements–relationships” of structural landforms from the perspective of GIS, which is expected to promote the joint development of structural geomorphology and GIS.

Geomorphology of the Courel Mountains Unesco Global Geopark (Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula)

ABSTRACT The Courel Mountains Geopark is in Galicia, Northwest Spain. Its total area is 578.29 km2. Parallel valleys and ridges characterize its relief from North to South. Their maximum altitude reaches 1,641 m. Their lithology is dominated by slates, quartzites, and limestones, together with small diabase outcrops. Materials are intensely fractured due to the tectonic dynamics that started during the Cenozoic, and sedimentary formations accumulated in response to environmental changes during the Pleistocene are abundant. As a result, a wide variety of structural landforms are present, along with a wide range of landforms and deposits of alluvial, fluvial, glacial, and periglacial origin. All of them have been mapped to enable sustainable use and management aimed at improving the livelihood of the inhabitants of the geopark area, which has suffered depopulation in recent decades.

Control of Structural Landform Evolution on Karst Groundwater Cycle in a Large-Scale Anticlinorium.

Structural landform evolution and hydrogeochemical analyses are crucial for understanding the characteristics of karst groundwater systems and the development of deep karst formed by complex aquifers in a tectonic collision zone. Detailed structural landform evolution analysis was carried out along the large-scale anticlinorium to investigate the temporal evolution of karst aquifer systems and karstification. Results showed that the tectonic activity included weak horizontal compression and slow vertical uplift during the Triassic to Middle Jurassic, forming a denuded clastic platform. This period was mainly preserved in the geological record as burial karst. From the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, the study area was strongly compressed by S-N-trending stress, and developed E-W-trending high-angle imbricate thrust structures, which controlled the formation of folded and fault-blocked mountains. Vertical multilayered strata underwent a strong horizontal extrusion, forming a large-scale anticlinorium with secondary folds and faults. With the exposure of carbonate rocks due to rapid crustal uplift, karst began to develop, forming a vertical multilayer karst aquifer system and controlling the distribution of karst groundwater. The Fangxian faulted basin was formed from the Late Cretaceous to the Paleogene, whereby landforms were dominated by intermountain basins. Slow crustal uplift caused the retreat of the denudation line to the east, leading to an increase in hydrodynamic conditions and karstification, and the initiation of early karst groundwater systems. Since the Neogene, intermittent and rapid crustal uplift has led to the deepening of rivers, resulting in the formation of peak clusters and canyons, the development of deep karst, and the complete formation of karst groundwater systems. Combined with hydrogeochemical and borehole data, local, intermediate, and regional karst groundwater systems were identified. It has vital significance to the geological route selection or construction of deep-buried tunnels and the utilization of karst groundwater.

THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND REMOTE SENSING (RS) FOR POTENTIAL UNCONFINED GROUNDWATER IN STRUCTURAL AND VOLCANO LANDFORM

The Northern Bandung area covers two landforms, namely volcano and structural landforms. Unconfined groundwater has become the water source for local people’s daily needs in both landforms. It is necessary to map the potential unconfined groundwater for both volcano and structural landforms due to the significant role of springs for the local people living in those areas. This research aims to map the unconfined groundwater on the volcano and structural landforms. This study employed the approaches of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Remote Sensing (RS) using the variables of lineament density, rainfall, slope, and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), hydrogeology, drainage density, and land use. The result shows that each variable has the Consistency Ratio (CR) below 0,1, resulting in consistent research variables and appropriate for discussion. The classification of the potential groundwater is divided into three categories: low, medium, and high. The survey validation finds that 147 springs spread at 86 high lands, 55 medium lands, and six lowlands. This model can be an alternative to map the potential unconfined groundwater in both volcano and structural areas.

Natural Walls of Anatolia: formation and development of Diş Kayalıkları as a structural landform (Sivas, Türkiye)

Natural Walls of Anatolia: formation and development of Diş Kayalıkları as a structural landform (Sivas, Türkiye)

Kajian Potensi Gua Pandan sebagai Objek Geowisata Lampung Timur

Indonesian tourism has developed in various sectors and regions in Indonesia. Various types of tourism have been presented in modern, traditional and rural forms. One of them is related to the development of geotourism in Indonesia. Geotourism has benefits, namely the welfare of the people who live around it, encouraging local people to participate in maintaining and developing geotourism, realizing sustainable tourism development, giving a distinct impression and experience for every tourist who comes. Pandan Cave is one of the geosites in Giri Mulyo, East Lampung. The Pandan Cave area is included in the Sukadana Lava lithology unit (Qbs). Pandan Cave in geomorphological studies includes structural landforms formed as a result of endogenous processes, in the form of lifting, folding, and faulting. This endogenous force is constructive. Pandan Cave has geotourism potential because of its unique geology, the various rock forms that make up Pandan Cave and its morphology are interesting things for tourists to study geology. In addition, the location of Pandan Cave which is in the plantation of residents close to the village, makes this tourist attraction an interesting place to visit.

Geology and the effect of compaction on base material disposal for the stability of coal disposal slopes in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

A mining activity generally removes overburden to extract minerals. Therefore, a certain area is needed to place the overburden material. One of the parameters that can affect the stability of the disposal is the base or the foundation of the disposal area which will later be stockpiled. This study is observe influence of base disposal to the stability of slope. Based on the lithological characteristics and observations of the outcrop, the writer arranges the stratigraphy of the study area in order to determine the stratigraphic arrangement and the distribution of the rock units laterally. In general, the study area is dominated by quartz sandstone, claystone, conglomerate and loose material from older rocks. The stratigraphic sequence of the study area from old to young includes Warukin Sandstone Unit (Tmw), Dahor Layang Member Conglomerate (TQdt) and Dahor Sandstone Unit (TQd). In general, the research area is included in the structural landform unit with geomorphological control that influences the tectonic process (endogenous). Based on the results of the study, there was a significant increase related to the stability of the coal disposal slope with compaction efforts carried out on the base material.

Geological study of a Mewoulou-Nkolbisson ductile strike-slip fault segment (Western Yaoundé, Cameroon): evidence of hazards related to structural landforms

Geological study of a Mewoulou-Nkolbisson ductile strike-slip fault segment (Western Yaoundé, Cameroon): evidence of hazards related to structural landforms

Geomorphology of the seafloor north east of the Maltese Islands, Central Mediterranean

ABSTRACT This paper presents a geomorphological map of the seafloor north east of the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean) at a scale of 1:50,000. The map was compiled following the integration, analysis and interpretation of several high-resolution seafloor bathymetry datasets. Several structural features, coastal and marine landforms and anthropogenic features have been mapped. Most of the mapped submerged landforms – including fluvial, gravity-induced and karst landforms – appear to have been formed during the sea-level lowstand of the last glacial cycle. The map provides valuable insights on the submerged landscape of the Maltese Islands and its evolution since the Last Glacial Maximum.

Remote Sensing Data Integration of Landsat 8 and SRTM for Geomorphological Characteristics Identification in Karst Pringkuku, Pacitan, East Java

Pringkuku is one of the transition areas where the morphology of karst began to develop toward the western part of Gunung Sewu Karst region. The purpose of this research is to identify the landform unit in Pringkuku’s Karst as the result of geomorphological processes recorded by Landsat 8 image and SRTM image. The research was conducted by analyzing and dividing the landform units based on landform parameters such as flow patterns, slope forms, valley forms, and ridge patterns. Structural geology data such as a strike of joints and direct rock sampling are also used as the supporting data. The developing flow patterns are the multi-basinal and rectangular patterns in the western and eastern parts of the area respectively. Inferred from the analysis of joints pattern and stream lineament, the rectangular pattern is in direction NW - SE and NE - SW. The results of this research are two units of karst and structural landform, which are structural limestone hill unit in the eastern part of the area with 68.18% of spreading area of the total extent and conical limestone hill unit in western part of the area with spreading area of 31,82%.

Geomorphology and iron sand potential at coastal sediment morphology, Kebumen Regency

Geomorphology is a landform that extends on the surface of the earth as a result of interactions between endogenous and exogenous processes. Landform classification based on morphometry, morphogenesis, and morphoarengement. Kebumen has attractive geological diversity. The potential of iron sand spread out as beach sand deposits. This research conducted to map landforms, including south coast region and analyze the distribution of iron sand sediment. The study used DEMNAS image analysis, a 1: 20, 000 scale with Arc-GIS software. Variables analysis includes elevation, aspect, roughness, hill shade, river pattern, and hill roughness accompanied by a field survey. Resistivity survey on old beach deposits morphology (2 locations) and young beach deposits (2 locations) to obtain data on the potential of iron sand. Measurement using OYO Model 2, McOHM Resitivimeter, Schlumberger configuration, and geophysical modelling using Res-2Din software. The landform in Kebumen consists of 33 units as structural, denudational, dissolving, fluvial, and coastal landforms. The Coastal Sediment landscape consists of 3 units, in the form of young coastal sediment, old coastal sediment, and fluvio marine sediment. The potential of iron sand is founded in young coastal sediment (M5) is about 764, 77 Ha, and old coastal sediment (M4) about 590, 84 Ha. Mineral compositions are olivine, pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, and impurities as quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, rutile and calcite minerals. Coastal sand sediment in the Old Sediment is found 30-60 m depth with overburden up to 4 m. The potential of beach sand about 406, 686, 300 m3 similar with 1, 037, 050, 065 tons, total Fe estimated about 629, 696, 799 tons.

Coastal landforms of “Meso-Afro-American” and “Neo-American” landscapes in the periglacial South Atlantic ocean: With special reference to the clast orientation, morphology, and granulometry of continental and marine sediments

Coastal landforms of “Meso-Afro-American” and “Neo-American” landscapes in the periglacial South Atlantic ocean: With special reference to the clast orientation, morphology, and granulometry of continental and marine sediments

Space-for-time substitution in geomorphology

Geomorphic evolution often presents a spatial pattern of a “young to old” distribution under certain natural environmental conditions, whereby sampling the geomorphic types and characteristics in spatial sequence can provide evidence for the individual landform evolution and change. This so-called space-for-time substitution has been a methodology in geomorphologic research. This paper firstly introduced the basic concepts and background of the space-for-time substitution, then a full review has been conducted of recent research progress in geomorphic evolution based on the space-for-time substitution, such as fluvial landform, structural landform, estuarine landform and coastal landform. Finally, the basic principle of space-for-time substitution in geomorphology is developed. This review is intended to introduce the achievements of geomorphic evolution research using space-for-time substitution method and to point out the critical research needs to better understand and predict the geomorphic evolution in the future.

Dip, layer spacing, and incision rate controls on the formation of strike valleys, cuestas, and cliffbands in heterogeneous stratigraphy

AbstractLandscapes developed over heterogeneous stratigraphy exhibit a spectrum of landforms from dramatic cliffbands to hogbacks, depending on the dip and spacing of the layers. In deeply incised landscapes, a single cliffband may consist of multiple resistant layers, whereas similar stratigraphy elsewhere is separated by strike valleys into individual cuesta benches or hogbacks. This paper presents a geometric analysis, informed by a numerical landscape model, to explain the conditions for development of a strike valley floored by erodible rocks. The results define a threshold incision rate below which strike valleys are more likely to form; this threshold incision rate is proportional to the stratigraphic spacing of cliff-forming layers and a trigonometric function of dip angle. The analysis also yields a time scale for the adjustment of structural landforms to changes in regional incision rate, which is a function of dip angle and the coupling between cliff retreat rate and escarpment height. In example landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, this time scale is likely much longer than that of documented variations of incision rates due to late Quaternary climate and land-use changes. The transitional state of escarpments in layered rock may therefore contain information about regional downcutting rates over time scales different from those recorded by the fluvial network. The utility of such features will require better understanding of the coupling between incision of a foot slope and the retreat rate of the cliff above in different kinds of rocks.

Geomorphology of the Sierra del Aramo (Asturian Central Massif, Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain)

ABSTRACT A detailed geomorphological map of the Sierra del Aramo (Asturian Central Massif) is presented at a scale of 1:25,000. The Sierra del Aramo is one of the major middle-altitude mountains of the Asturian Central Massif (maximum altitude 1,791 m a.s.l.). Specifically, the lithology and the structural landforms, as well as karst, fluvial, periglacial and other landforms and deposits, have been mapped based on meticulous fieldwork, photointerpretation and a geographic information system. The final printing has been drawn carefully following the RCP 77 geomorphological mapping system of the French CNRS to achieve a graphic design that adequately expresses the true nature of the landforms. Thus, the geomorphological map is a precise scientific tool that serves as a basis for geoheritage studies, and the analysis of natural hazards; in short, for territorial planning.

Geomorphological processes, forms and features in the surroundings of the Melka Kunture Palaeolithic site, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The landscape of the surroundings of the Melka Kunture prehistoric site, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia, were studied intensively in the last decades. Nonetheless, the area was mainly characterized under a stratigraphic/geological and archaeological point of view. However, a detailed geomorphological map is still lacking. Hence, in this study, we identify, map and visualize geomorphological forms and processes. The morphology of the forms, as well as the related processes, were remotely sensed with available high-resolution airborne and satellite sources and calibrated and validated through extensive field work conducted in 2013 and 2014. Furthermore, we integrated multispectral satellite imagery to classify areas affected by intensive erosion processes and/or anthropic activities. The Main Map at 1:15,000 scale reveals structural landforms as well as intensive water-related degradation processes in the Upper Awash Basin. Moreover, the map is available as an interactive WebGIS application providing further information and detail (www.roceeh.net/ethiopia_geomorphological_map/).

VARIASI TEKNIK SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) UNTUK REKONSTRUKSI GEOLOGI KABUPATEN PIDIE JAYA PROVINSI ACEH

Geology information has an important role in development planning in Indonesia especially in physical development so that it needs to be well laid out in order to give the complete information. The objectives of the study are: First, integrating result of the SAR technique processing to image fusion technique to identify geological structure, landform and litology in Pidie Jaya region, Aceh province and Second, testing ability of SAR technique and image fusion technique in geology reconstruction in Pidie Jaya region. This study was done in most parts of Pidie Jaya and Pidie region using the main data that were Sentine-1A with VH polarization and Landsat 8 OLI with 567 composite. The methods used are digital image processing and field observation. Digital image processing uses some techniques including: SAR technique (calibration, multilook, deburst, median speckle filtering, geometric correction), InSAR tecnique to create DEM, HSV image fusion and directional spatial filter techniques (3x3 and 5x5 windows) to identify landform, geological structure and litology through visual interpretation. Field observation was done through strike and dip measuring with purposive sampling method. Results of HSV fusion technique visual interpretation can identify structural landform, volcanic landorm, fluvial landform, drainage patterns and litology. Results of directional filter visual interpretation can identify lineament, fault and fold. Geological structure in study region has dominant direction South West – North East or 42.4 o – 223.63 o . The study region is dominated by structural landform with an area of 555.39 km 2 or 59.56 % of study area total with accuration 86.04 %. Litology which dominates in study area is sandstone with an area of 571.78 km 2 or 61.31 % of study area total with accuration 82.93 %.