Structure Of Form Research Articles

Automation, artificial intelligence and capital concentration – A race for the machine

ABSTRACT Since the industrial revolution, productive capital in the form of machines, structures and systems has assumed an ever more dominant role as compared to labour. The owners of non-human productive assets receive a growing share of market-sourced income, with an ever-smaller proportion going to the owners of human labour. The shift between factors of production in favour of capital is exacerbated by technological progress and its embodiment in automation. Academic work on labour’s declining income share has emphasised the role of capital accumulation and capital-augmenting technical change exacerbated by the fast developments of artificial intelligence. At the same time, we observe a peculiar disconnect between this phenomenon and public discourse and interpretation of its social and economic effects: the discussion of automation is focused on its potential effects on employment, micro- and macro-distributive effects are barely mentioned. the discussion of rising inequality is focused on issues of distributive justice; the role of the shift from labour to capital in concentrating wealth is mostly ignored. We argue that to offset the disadvantages of AI/automation and further capital concentration, all citizens should be enabled to (co-)own technology and benefit from the second income source capital ownership provides.

Anti-Seismic Performance Research of Complicated Nodes Involved in Ultra-Limited Steel Structures Subjected to Rare Occurrence Earthquakes

This study focuses on the seismic performance of complicated nodes in the ultra-limited steel structure under rare occurrence earthquakes. The Xi’an Urban Exhibition Center (Chang’an Cloud) is chosen as the engineering background, and the ANSYS (18.0) analysis software is employed. Based on the overall importance and the extent of post-damage impacts, the critical nodes are selected for structural design. The research aims to develop simplified and reliable structural forms that can withstand the most adverse conditions at both the overall nodes and local component levels. Stress distribution under the most unfavorable scenarios is calculated to achieve the seismic design objectives of the overall structure. The research results indicate that localized stress concentration areas can reach or exceed the yield strength of the steel, which enters the plastic phase. The Von Mises stresses in the remaining nodes are lower than the yield strength of the steel. The overall performance is excellent without significant plastic deformation. Thus, the design requirements for non-yielding performance under rare seismic events are met. The conclusions can provide reliable references for the critical structural techniques and seismic design of complicated nodes.

Structural complexity of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonate metal complexes.

Small differences in the structure and subsequent reactivity of glyphosate complexes can have a highly consequential impact due to the enormous quantities of glyphosate used globally. The gas phase metal speciation of glyphosate and its abundant metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), were determined using cross-platform electrospray ionisation ion mobility mass spectrometry. Monomeric [M + L - H]+ complexes, and both larger, and/or higher order clusters formed with divalent metals (M = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+; and L = glyphosate and AMPA). Complexation occurred at more than one ligand donor site for [M + L - H]+, resulting in multidentate complexes. The type of complex depended on M, with central positions maximizing the interactions of the M with donor sites of the L preferred. The isomers were separated by ion mobility and experimental collisional cross sections (N2CCSexp) were derived for all isolated species. An energy threshold DFT approach located the structural families and potential lowest energy forms; these were found to be consistent with confirmed condensed phase (reported crystal structures) and gas phase structures (via infrared multiple photon dissociation, IRMPD). Theoretical nitrogen collisional cross sections (N2CCScalc) of these confirmed structures tended to underestimate the N2CCSexp for both [M + glyphosate - H]+ and [M + AMPA - H]+ complexes. Underestimation ranged between 1-20%, and was not uniform between species. By comparison, helium collisional cross sections (HeCCSexp and HeCCScalc) were in better agreement (within 1-3%). These findings suggest further refinements are needed to collisional cross section modelling for metal containing species, in particular for nitrogen drift gas.

Effectiveness of Village Administration Coaching in Tompaso District Minahasa Regency

The main objective of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of village administration coaching in Tompaso District Minahasa Regency. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with primary data sources obtained through structured interview techniques to the sub-district head, sub-district secretary, village head, village secretary, government head in Tember, Kamanga, kamanga one, Sendangan, Liba, Tempok Selatan, Tempok, Talikuran, Tolok and Tolok one villages. Secondary data in the form of regulations, organizational structures and administrative activities of the sub-district head and Village General Administration book documents consisting of: 1) village regulation book, 2) Village head decision book, 3) Village inventory and wealth book, 4) Government apparatus book, 5) cash land book in the village, 6) land book in the village, 7) agenda book, 8) expedition book, and 9) village sheet book and village news. The results showed that the development of village government administration in Tompaso District Minahasa Regency has not been running effectively. This is because the administrative order has not been maximized, the village apparatus lacks discipline, and there is still a lack of socialization, limited technical guidance, weak supervision, and no incentives. For this reason, it is recommended: 1) that the village apparatus be given reinforcement in the form of socialization, technical guidance, and inherent supervision, 2) In order for the village apparatus to increase discipline in carrying out their duties and responsibilities, it is better to make a village head regulation to the village apparatus.

Enhancing impact resistance of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites through bio‐inspired helicoidal structures: A review

AbstractOne of the primary limitations of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites, particularly carbon fiber, is their low impact resistance. Helicoidal structures, inspired by natural biological materials, are created by rotating each layer at a small angle through the thickness, forming a staircase pattern. These structures have been used as microstructure models to improve impact resistance in composite laminates. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent progress in the impact resistance of bio‐inspired helicoidal laminates (BIHL). The review begins with an introduction to typical microstructural characteristics of helicoidal architectures, including single‐ and double‐twisted Bouligand structures. The impact damage mechanisms specific to BIHL are then elucidated, particular emphasis is placed on key parameters that affect impact performance, including different forms of helicoidal structures, constituent materials and impact factors. Furthermore, a critical discussion is conducted to highlight the advantages and limitations of manufacturing processes tailored for high‐volume production of BIHL. Finally, after identifying research gaps in the current literature, future directions for BIHL in design, fabrication and application are presented. This review may serve as a practical guide for engineers and researchers interested in developing polymer composite laminates that are highly resistant to impact loads.Highlights Helicoidal structures significantly enhance the impact resistance of composites. The damage pattern and mechanisms of BIHL are identified and summarized. Key parameters influencing the impact behavior of BIHL are discussed in detailed. The advantages and limitations of manufacturing processes for BIHL are examined Contemporary challenges and future research directions for BIHL are outlined.

Frequent transitions in self-assembly across the evolution of a central metabolic enzyme

Many enzymes assemble into homomeric protein complexes comprising multiple copies of one protein. Because structural form is usually assumed to follow function in biochemistry, these assemblies are thought to evolve because they provide some functional advantage. In many cases, however, no specific advantage is known and, in some cases, quaternary structure varies among orthologs. This has led to the proposition that self-assembly may instead vary neutrally within protein families. The extent of such variation has been difficult to ascertain because quaternary structure has until recently been difficult to measure on large scales. Here, we employ mass photometry, phylogenetics, and structural biology to interrogate the evolution of homo-oligomeric assembly across the entire phylogeny of prokaryotic citrate synthases – an enzyme with a highly conserved function. We discover a menagerie of different assembly types that come and go over the course of evolution, including cases of parallel evolution and reversions from complex to simple assemblies. Functional experiments in vitro and in vivo indicate that evolutionary transitions between different assemblies do not strongly influence enzyme catalysis. Our work suggests that enzymes can wander relatively freely through a large space of possible assembly states and demonstrates the power of characterizing structure-function relationships across entire phylogenies.

Research on the cracking risk index of massive concrete based on Chemo-Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical multi-field coupling model

Building upon the intricate interplay of hydration, temperature, moisture, and mechanical forces, we introduce an innovative Chemo-Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (C-T-H-M) multi-field coupling model tailored to massive concrete structures. This model facilitates the analysis of the cracking risk index through the application of the maximum effective energy density ratio. An exhaustive inquiry delves into the correlation between this index and factors such as structural form, failure driving force, and humidity effect in massive concrete. Findings reveal significant disparities in the cracking risk index across distinct structural configurations. By examining diverse stress scenarios and accounting for various failure driving forces, a Three parameters emerges as the chief contributor to the highest cracking risk index. Moreover, the proposed C-T-H-M model exposes a heightened surface cracking risk index in comparison with conventional Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical approaches. These observations underscore the significance of adopting a holistic perspective when assessing cracking risk indices and devising crack mitigation strategies, taking into account structural aspects, failure driving force, and humidity effect.

On increasing the scour funnel size upstream of a bottom orifice by using a cuboid pile

Scour funnels formed before bottom orifices are of vital importance regarding intaking water with low-concentration and small-sized sediment to protect the water turbine. Via flume experiments, this work investigates the effect of a bottom-mounted cuboid pile on the formation of a scour funnel upstream of a bottom orifice. A phenomenon we call as “reverse sediment collapse” is observed for the first time, which causes a rapid increase in the scour depth upstream of the orifice. Instantaneous velocity measurements show that the turbulence kinetic energy near the cuboid pile is significantly higher compared with that in a case without a pile or with a cylinder under a same waterhead condition, indicating that large-scale vortex motions are enhanced due to the use of a cuboid pile. The equilibrium scour funnel depth upstream of the orifice is found to be increased by as much as 124.6% when a cuboid pile exists compared with that in a case without a pile under a same waterhead condition. The scour process is highly accelerated when a cuboid pile exists, and it is found that the time required when a cuboid pile exists to reach for the first time the same equilibrium scour depth without a pile is dramatically reduced by 97.2%–99.7%. A formula was established to calculate the equilibrium scour depth. The findings provide guidance for future optimization of the form and placement of structures upstream of an orifice to efficiently achieve a larger-sized scour funnel.

Influence of osmolites on dual-species biofilm formation

Abstract. In a large part of ecological niches, bacterial species are united in communities and develop together in the form of heterogeneous structures called biofilms, which are formed on surfaces of different nature and nature with the participation and as a result of the interaction of two or more bacterial species In this study, we evaluated effects of the osmolarity of cultivating on the biofilm development and architecture of biofilms of the bacterium (B. subtilis) during their interactions with Escherichia coli K-12 1655 strain. Effects of the osmolarity of cultivating on bacterial biofilm formation and the mechanisms were analyzed by the crystal violet staining method combined with cultivated microbial analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Тhе increase of the concentration of NaCl in the culture medium over 100 mM leads to inhibition of growth and negatively affects the process of biofilm formation by co-cultivation of B.subtilis 170 and E.coli K-12 1655, B.subtilis 168 and E.coli K- 12 1655 strains. The change of the concentration of NaCl from 100 to 200 mM is accompanied by decrease of the value of the optical density, the average thickness and the relative spread area and proportional increase of the ratio of the spread area of the structures to their volume of the formed biofilms, as well as inhibition of spore formation.

Prestress state, parametric analysis study and genetic algorithm-based tentative design of a novel pentagonal cable dome structure with tri-strut layout

To improve the structural performance and economy of the large-span roof structure from the structural system level, a novel structural form of pentagonal cable dome with tri-strut layout and large central opening is proposed, which can be applied to the large-span stadium ring canopy structure. Different from Fuller's traditional conception of the tensioning whole, this type of system has three struts intersecting at the same chord node, which reduces the amount of ring and diagonal cables, facilitates tensioning construction, and improves overall stability. For this large-opening cable dome, a general formula for calculating the internal force of prestressed state rods was derived based on the nodal equilibrium equations, and the effects of several parameters on the distribution of pre-tension in the cable dome were analyzed and studied to understand the distribution pattern and characteristics of the cable dome pre-stress. A large-opening stadium canopy with a span of 100m is taken as an example. The parameter sensitivity and correlation analysis of the structural performance reveals that the main influence of the economy of this cable dome is the pre-tension level. In contrast, the geometric parameter produces a much lower effect on the structural economy. The optimal design and trade-off analysis of this cable dome structure based on two genetic algorithms show that appropriately increasing the structural vector height and decreasing the thickness while satisfying the stability improves the structural stiffness and economy. The analysis results show that this new type of cable dome has superior technical and economic indicators, and the research in this paper provides a new form and new ideas for the analysis and design, optimization research, and modeling of the cable dome.

Multidirectional Lineament Analysis from DEMNAS Digital Elevation Model, Application for Detection Permeability Zone Tulehu Geothermal Field, Central Moluccas

The morphological lineament on the surface detected by satellite imagery expresses the geological structure in the form of faults, fractures, joints, and other geological structures. Identification of geological lineaments is useful for analyzing tectonic history, exploring geological resources, and mitigating geological disasters. Exploration of geological resources, one of which is geothermal, continues to be developed to meet the world's growing energy needs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to extract lineaments using the multidirectional irradiation method from DEMNAS images applied to analyze the permeable zone in the Tulehu geothermal field, Central Moluccas. To optimally identify the geological lineament, lineament extraction is carried out using the multidirectional irradiation method from DEMNAS imagery which has a spatial resolution of 0.27 arcs, which is then quantified lineament density in a grid with an area of 1x1 km2. The quantification result of the highest lineament density is 3.47 km/km2. The permeability zone at the study site is at a lineament density value greater than 1.6 km/km2, which is associated with sedimentary rocks and lithological boundaries. Overall, the multidirectional method of DEMNAS images produces detailed visual images so that lineament extraction can be carried out optimally.

Biharmonic slant submanifolds in space forms

In this research work, bi-harmonic slant sub-manifolds in space forms have been studied. Bi-harmonic maps are critical points of the bi-energy functional and are of great importance due to both analytical and geometrical characteristics. After the study of Riemannian Manifolds with complex and contact structure and s-space form structure along with slant sub-manifolds theory, some significant developments related to bi-harmonic slant submanifolds in space forms have been established. Manifolds with constant sectional curvature is known as space form. As s-space form is the generalization of complex and contact structure, we get generalized results. Different aspects of results have discussed.

A hybrid predictive model with an error-trigger adjusting method of thermal load in super-high buildings

The precise prediction of thermal load has consistently garnered attention owing to its significant impact on energy conservation in buildings. The methodologies employed primarily concentrate on modeling within steady-state conditions, utilizing time-series data or mechanism model on fixed parameters. However, given the pronounced time-varying and multifaceted disturbance characteristics associated with building loads, current approaches exhibit constrained efficacy in addressing abrupt fluctuations in demand load and managing data noise. This limitation consequently undermines the accuracy of predictions. This paper proposes a novel hybrid model and an error-trigger adjusting strategy for predicting the thermal load in super-high buildings. The model is constructed by combining a thermodynamic model and an error cancellation model. The former, derived from an examination of the variations of material and energy in buildings, is proposed in the form of an approximate resistance-capacitance structure. The latter is developed using a wavelet threshold denoising technique, in conjunction with a convolutional neural network and a long short-term memory network. A self-adaptive state transition algorithm has been proposed, which relies on dynamically adjusting factors within the feasible region to optimize the selection of unknown parameters in the thermodynamic model. To enhance the flexibility of the hybrid model in effectively respond to the intricacies and fluctuations within the thermal conditions of buildings, an error-trigger adaptive updating strategy and a parameter calibration method based on sensitivity analysis are established. The real-world application results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented hybrid model and the adjusting strategy.

Evaluation of hemp stem retting water for carbon dots production and their phyto-activity

Water-retting hemp stem yields high-quality fiber but generates wastewater causing environmental pollution. In the present study, the retting water of hemp stem was used to synthesize carbon dots (HP-CDs). The obtained HP-CDs not only exhibited similar fluorescence emission characteristics to that of widely studied citric acid-based CDs (CA-CDs) but also contained nitrogen elements, primarily presented in the form of graphitic and pyridinic structures. Furthermore, the effect of HP-CDs on hemp growth and physiological characteristics were examined at six concentration levels (0, 10, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg⋅L-1) in comparison with those of CA-CDs. Results indicated that HP-CDs were non-phytotoxic across the tested concentration levels. In contrast, CA-CDs exhibited concentration-dependent phytotoxicity, with concentration higher than 500mgL−1 resulted in adverse effects, including increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves, necrotic symptom at the leaf edges, reduced root volume, and decreased dry weight accumulation. In a subsequent experiment, plants grown aeroponically with 100mgL−1 of HP-CDs promoted nitrogen uptake, and resulted in a higher leaf and stem dry weight than the plants at 0mgL−1 by 36.4% and 37.8%, respectively, which was comparable with the effects of CA-CDs. In conclusion, CDs derived from hemp retting water exhibited low biological toxicity and demonstrated similar plant growth-promoting effect as chemically derived CDs. Therefore, hemp stem retting water holds potentioal as a source for carbon dot production, and thereby supporting the sustainable hemp industry.

Protein Condensates Unfold G-Quadruplex Resembling a Helicase Activity.

Membrane-less organelles, formed by liquid-liquid phase separation, participate in many vital cellular processes and have received extensive attention recently. A notable form of noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structure, G-quadruplex (G4), interacts with the scaffolding proteins in these membrane-less organelles and becomes an integral part of this condensed phase. However, the structure and stability features of the integrated G4 remain poorly characterized. Herein, we employed NMR along with other biophysical methods to investigate the conformation of a G4 within condensates formed by a disordered protein known as DDX4N1. We discovered that the human telomeric sequence MHT24, which forms a G4 structure in a non-condensed phase solution of protein DDX4N1, unfolds when it is within DDX4N1 condensates due to phase separation. Our findings provide an instance of a protein acquiring new functionality through phase separation process, which deepen our understanding of how protein condensates regulate G4 structure and their functions.

Developing a multi-region coupled analysis method for floating offshore wind turbine based on OpenFOAM

As floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) continue to scale up in size, the simulation technology for coupling aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, and mooring forces presents significant challenges. This study proposes a multi-region coupled simulation solver, MRFoam, for FOWTs. The multi-region coupled method divides the computational domain into two parts: the turbine region and the floating platform region. This division reduces the number of grid cells and facilitates modular simulations for various structural forms and operating conditions. Compared to the traditional fully coupled method, the multi-region coupled method significantly improves computational efficiency. For various models and grid quantities, the computational efficiency of the multi-region coupled method is nearly double that of the fully coupled method with the results remaining almost identical. Subsequently, the multi-region coupled model is applied for the aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and mooring dynamic analyses of a large-scale FOWT (IEA 15 MW) under various wind and wave conditions. The study found that a decrease in wind speed increases the amplitude of surge response while decreasing the amplitude of heave response. Additionally, at lower wind speeds, an increase in wave height amplifies the platform's motion response, while the variation in aerodynamic thrust is slightly influenced by the change in the platform's motion amplitude.

Binding interaction of food preservatives with glycosylated DNA: In vitro assessment and computational studies

This work aims to evaluate the interaction between sodium benzoate (SB), potassium sorbate (PS), and sodium dihydrogen citrate (CIT) as food preservatives, individually, as well as in combinations of two and three, with DNA and glycosylation DNA to determine the allowable amount of food additive consumption to mitigate potential harm to human health. Various techniques including UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, DNA amadori product formation, and agarose gel electrophoresis, were employed to observe these interactions. Furthermore, pioneering molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to gain deeper insights into the interactions between these preservative compounds and DNA. It is also noteworthy that there have been no documented biological or computational studies concerning citrate. The results revealed that all three food preservatives could interact with DNA, leading to conformational changes as indicated by increased absorption and fluorescence intensity. Both SB and PS were found to damage the DNA structure and promote the formation of DNA Amadori products. Moreover, all treatment groups exhibited a decrease in migration speed on the agarose gel, suggesting binding to DNA and alterations in the supercoiled form of DNA structure. Interestingly, the groups treated with citrate showed a smeared appearance, DNA strand fragmentation, and cleavage. Molecular docking complemented the in vitro achievement that SB, PS, and CIT could interact with DNA. DFT analysis showed that CIT exhibited the best thermodynamic and kinetic stability compared to other food additives.

Optimization of thermal environment and airflow distribution in data center with row-based cooling using the Taguchi/TOPSIS method

The short air supply distance of the row-based cooling system improved the cooling efficiency. However, the row-based coolers are closer to the racks, resulting in high-speed airflow and airflow mixing problem in the aisles. The internal structure of a row-cooled cluster is closely related to the cooling effect, and existing studies neglect the synergistic effect of multiple factors on the thermal performance of the row-based cooling system, which is still controversial about the optimal form of a row-based cooling cluster. This study analyzes and presents row-based cooling system airflow problems through large-scale field experiments and simulation. All rows' supply heat index (SHI) exceeds 0.2, and the return temperature index (RTI) exceeds 100 %, indicating a poor thermal environment in the DC. Taguchi and TOPSIS methods were used to analyze the coupling effect on the number of racks, power density, hot and cold aisle width, cooler's location, server's location, and blanking panels of the cluster's thermal environment. The optimal row-based cooling cluster structure form for different rack numbers and power density was determined. In order to optimize the air supply path of the cooler to reduce the air supply stream's collision, the effects of deflectors with different structures installed at the cooler supply and return air vents on the thermal environment were analyzed based on the optimal cluster structure. In practice, it is recommended to install deflectors of 45° with 50 mm, 75° with 30 mm, or 70 mm in the air supply vent of the cooler to create a better thermal environment. After cluster and deflector optimization, temperature uniformity, vortex airflow, and hot spots in the cluster are improved. SHI, RTI, and standard deviation of each cluster's average inlet air temperature are all closer to the ideal values.

Bending Performance of F-Type Socket Joints for Rectangular Pipe Jacking Tunnels with Longitudinal Connectors

Joints are the weakest part of rectangular pipe jacking tunnels, and the structural form of the joint is closely related to its bending resistance. In this work, the F-type socket joint of a rectangular pipe jacking tunnel is selected as the object of study. The bending mechanical properties of the joints connected by steel screws and those connected by bent bolts are compared via a three-point bending test. The results show that the two longitudinal connection joints have similar bending stiffnesses. Compared with the bent bolt connection joint, the steel screw connection joint has better toughness, and the load at which the joint enters the plastic stage and the bearing capacity are increased by 0.47 times and 1.02 times, respectively. The failure modes of the joints connected by steel screw connections and those connected by bent bolts are crushing of the concrete of the top plate and cracking of the concrete above the screw holes, respectively. When a bent bolt connection is used, the reinforcement at the screw hole should be locally strengthened, or ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) should be used at the screw hole to improve the load-bearing capacity of the joint.

Comparative analysis of capacitorless DRAM performance according to stacked junctionless gate-all-around structures

The characteristic comparison of the capacitor-less DRAMs in the structural form variation is investigated. Based on the simulation results of the three basic structures, such as circular, square, and rectangular nanosheets, the gate length (Lg), channel thickness (Tsi), and width of the nanosheet (Wsi) are considered as the main factors in design and the characteristic variations are verified according to the junctionless (JL) gate-all-around (GAA) geometry factors. The channel thickness is a major factor that has a major influence on the sensing margin and the retention time, which are important characteristics of DRAM. The thinner the thickness, the more deteriorated the sensing margin is confirmed. Retention time is due to the influence of the electric field distribution of the JL GAA structure, resulting in differences in structure. Finally, the rectangular type nanosheet is implemented in the stacked structure. As the number of stacks increases, the effective channel width increases compared to the layout footprint. In addition, by stacking vertically, the area where holes can be stored increases. Therefore, the sensing margin tends to increase as the number of stacks increases. However, the difference in diffusion due to the difference in the initially stored hole density, the retention time deteriorates as the number of stacks increases