Structural Building Components Research Articles

Multifunctional Models in Digital and Physical Twinning of the Built Environment—A University Campus Case Study

The digital twin (DT) concept has been developed for a single function in previous studies. This study aims to empower DTs with a layered integration of multifunctional models in the built environment. It develops a framework of DT modules in three hierarchical tiers: region, asset, and system; defines a new concept of the degree of digital twinning (DODT) to the real world by the number of models enabled by a common DT platform; and enables spatiotemporal analysis in multiple scales to couple nonstructural with structural building components and connect the built environment to planning constructions. While the asset and system DTs focus on the lifecycle management of buildings and infrastructure systems, the region DT addresses diverse modeling approaches for a comprehensive management of the built environment as demonstrated on a university campus. The DODT allows the value-driven digital replication of a physical twin at different levels. For the campus case study, the DODT is eight, for building and infrastructure planning, condition assessment of building envelopes, construction management for efficiency and quality, damage/cost scenario studies under earthquake events, energy harvesting efficiency, environmental planning for flood zone susceptibility, master planning for green space development, and security protocol development.

Investigation on radiation attenuation properties of natural stone samples traded in Turkey

Although radioprotection is globally regulated for high radiation exposure, formal guidelines concerning natural radiation exposure that causes stochastic radiation effects have not been established. The commonly used absorbers lead, tungsten and bismuth are not appropriate for the radioprotection of the public. The primary barrier against natural radiation is the structural components of buildings, where humans spend approximately 80 % of their lifetime. Natural stones are secondary materials, which are applied to walls and floors as coating. This study focuses on the radiation shielding properties of natural stones. Herein, the samples of marble, granite and sedimentary rock traded in Turkey were examined to determine whether they can serve as passive or alternative radioprotection materials. Notable gamma absorption rates were obtained when an intense gamma source with an energy of 662 keV was used. The calculated mass attenuation coefficients were comparable with those of copper and aluminium. The mean mass attenuation coefficient was 0.082 cm2/g for marbles and granites and 0.080 cm2/g for sedimentary rocks. Considering the stochastic effects, the use of the natural stones as construction materials is anticipated to significantly reduce the natural radiation level in inhabitable regions. Furthermore, natural stones can be used in clinics as secondary radiation shields against low-energy gamma and x-rays.

The Combustion and Mechanical Properties of Guanidine Phosphate-Boron Compound-Silica Sol Composite Flame Retardant on Wooden Structure Building Components

ABSTRACT In order to develop a kind of wood with excellent flame retardancy properties, guanidine phosphate, boron compounds and silica sol were used as the main materials to formulate flame retardant solutions with different mass fractions, and to study the fire performance of wood structural building components after impregnation treatment with different flame retardant. The results showed that the LOI values of GPBS-4 and GPBS-5 increased by 82.22% and 97.78%, respectively, compared with that of the natural wood, and the residual charcoal rate of the wood was enhanced by 14.26% and 10.29% at 700°C, indicating that the composite flame retardants have high thermal stability. The results of cone calorimeter test showed that GPBS-4 had the most significant reduction of pHRR1, pHRR2 and THR, which were reduced by 43.01%, 41.06% and 36.97%, respectively, compared with the natural wood. The macroscopic morphology of the charcoal layer showed that the integrity of the charcoal layer of GPBS-4 was better, and the R-value of residual charcoal of GPBS-4 was reduced by 47.92% compared with that of the natural wood obtained by Raman spectroscopy, which indicated that the composite flame retardant effectively promoted the conversion of amorphous carbon into graphite structure, and facilitated charcoal formation in wood. In addition, the addition of silica sol in the flame retardant improved the effect on the mechanical properties of wood.

Feasibility of using Uruguayan Eucalyptus for sustainable timber connections

Uruguayan fast-growing Eucalyptus grandis has emerged as a promising sustainable material for structural building components. However, traditional methods for joining timber components, such as beams and columns, typically rely on metallic fasteners, and mass timber products like glued laminated timber often use adhesives. In response to growing environmental concerns over the past five years, researchers have explored the substitution of petroleum-based adhesives and metallic fasteners with wooden pegs or dowels. To create effective connections, these dowels must be fashioned from denser wood than the lamellae. The embedment strength of both woods with varying densities is a critical factor in the design of timber connections using fasteners. This paper presents the results of a structural performance analysis of fully eucalyptus dowelled connections, constructed by combining Eucalyptus grandis (? = 473.2 kg|m3, COV = 13.2 %) for the lamellae and Eucalyptus tereticornis (? = 1042.4 kg|m^3, COV = 3.2 %) for the dowel. The bending strength of dowels was determined for specimens with 15- and 18-mm diameters, yielding 173.0 MPa (COV = 10.7 %) and 184.0 MPa (COV = 8.3 %), respectively. Four series of connections were tested, varying the fiber orientation of the lamellae (longitudinal L, transversal T) and dowel diameter (15, 18), following the half-hole method described in ASTM D 5764 standard. The embedment strength values obtained for the connections are as follows: L-15 = 31.3 MPa (COV = 9.3 %), T-15 = 11.2 MPa (COV = 28.7 %), L-18 = 29.6 MPa (COV = 10.1 %), T-18 = 16.7 MPa (COV = 25.7 %). These results reveal that the longitudinal application of the load, aligned with the fiber orientation, exhibits approximately twice the strength of the transversal orientation, with less variability in the outcomes. Furthermore, a strong correlation with the lamellae density was observed, while no significant dependency on the dowel diameter was found. These findings represent a crucial initial step in characterizing and designing glue-free wood-wood connections. The utilization of different eucalyptus species presents a promising path for the development of connections that promote more sustainable timber construction systems.

Machine vision‐based automated earthquake‐induced drift ratio quantification for reinforced concrete columns

SummaryThis paper presents a novel method for estimating the seismic peak interstory drift ratio (IDR) in reinforced concrete (RC) columns after an earthquake using surface crack image analysis. The quantitative representation of the complexity and irregularity of crack images in damaged RC columns is obtained through the consideration of the generalized fractal dimensions. The authors have compiled a comprehensive database consisting of 445 crack maps obtained from cyclic experiments conducted on 110 rectangular RC column specimens exhibiting double‐curvature deformation mode. This database is utilized by the authors to develop and validate the proposed procedure. The research database contains a wide range of structural and geometric features. Five closed‐form equations are developed with the objective of estimating the peak IDR experienced by the RC columns during a seismic event. The predictive equations are derived through the utilization of symbolic regression technique, with the input parameters varying according to the availability of columns characteristic parameters. Results reveal that generalized fractal dimensions, especially D−1, are strong vision‐based indicator of damage in RC columns having correlation coefficients with IDR ranging from 0.82 to 0.92 across the considered plans. The seismic peak IDR obtained through the empirical equations can serve as the input engineering demand parameter (EDP) in the seismic loss estimation frameworks. This allows for the determination of the probability of exceeding damage states for structural and nonstructural components of concrete buildings. Finally, the practical implementation of the methodology is examined by its application to an actual case of a damaged column during the Kermanshah earthquake of magnitude 7.3 that occurred in 2017.

Integrated urban heat sinks for low-carbon neighbourhoods: dissipating heat to the ground and sky through building structures

In a global context of simultaneous urbanization and rising ambient temperatures, it is imperative to design heat-resilient and material-efficient neighbourhoods that respond to the pressing demand for housing with minimal environmental impact. With this goal in mind, the work presented here focuses on the integration of heat dissipation systems within structural building components, introducing a novel framework for their systems-level simulation and design. Two well-studied, low-cost systems (shallow geothermal and night-sky cooling) are modelled within a parametric design workflow that combines bottom-up structural embodied carbon calculations with annual building energy simulations that account for heat sink availability. The proposed method results in a fast and reliable early-stage design tool that allows urban planners, policymakers, and designers to evaluate the suitability of available heat dissipation technologies across climates and urban morphologies. This paper analyzes specifically the multi-domain performance of a hypothetical urban geometry within three different cooling-dominated locations (Algiers, Cairo, and Bangkok).

Concrete reinforcement using composite fiberglass-based materials

Numerous existing structures, both old and new, have serious load-bearing capacity issues, which, in some cases, could endanger the safety of their users. In fact, we can say that these structures are nearing (or have already reached) the end of their useful lives, necessitating the need to find technical and financial solutions to renovate them as efficiently as possible. Many reinforced concrete bridges experience advanced states of deterioration as a result of extended exposure to hostile environments or even continuously rising use loads. Additionally, since the time of their construction, the technical standards used for the design and dimensioning of the old structures have had to be updated. As a result, some structural components that are still in use do not adhere to the standards for response to loads. In fact, it is frequently less expensive to reinforce the structural components of buildings than to perform a full reconstruction, especially now that, thanks to technological advancements, a variety of reinforcement techniques are still available and their costs are decreasing. One such technique involves externally reinforcing reinforced concrete elements with composite materials because of their superior strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to abrasion. Additionally, these composite materials can be utilized for column containment as well as shear and bending reinforcement for beams. This study aims to evaluate the impact of glass fibers on the general behavior of concrete, in particular on its resistance, deformations, and ductility, using FRP: Fiber-reinforced plastics are materials generally formed of two main and distinct elements: the fiber, "made from glass," and the matrix, "an epoxy resin that allows the transfer of loads between the fibers. The results of the specimens' cyclic loading tests attest to the significance of the contribution that concrete specimen confinement with FRP can make in terms of deformation and resistance to compression after the completion of static loading tests. However, these tests on the specimens' ability to withstand loading and unloading cycles reveal a very significant improvement.

Robot for thermal monitoring of buildings

Until the last decade, robots for thermal monitoring of buildings were limited to measuring ambient temperature. Recent research has focused on obtaining detailed thermal information about the structural components of buildings since the mid-2010s. This paper presents the methodology and results of the MoPAD2 (Mobile Platform for Autonomous Digitization) robot, an autonomous, low-cost, small-sized mobile robot equipped with a thermal scanning platform. The platform generates 3D thermal models of building interiors over time and conducts repeated data acquisition sessions, saving energy during waiting intervals. The paper explains how a dense thermal point cloud is obtained from different locations in the scene and processed to create a single 3D thermal model, and two case studies are presented. This robotics system has the potential to revolutionize thermal monitoring of buildings and enable energy characterization through thermal models.

Stiffness and Deformation Analysis of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Made of Nordic Spruce Based on Experimental Testing, Analytical Calculation and Numerical Modeling

Timber structures are currently more important for solving tasks in construction practice. For this reason, there is an opportunity for research in the area of physical tests and numerical models. This paper deals with the determination and comparison of the deformation properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels based on laboratory tests, analytical calculation and numerical modeling. CLT panels are structural building components consisting of cross-oriented solid timber layers. Three types of panels with different geometry and number of layers (three, five and seven) were experimentally tested using a four-point bending test, where load–deformation curves were recorded. The results of the experimental testing of the three-layer panels were subsequently compared with a numerical model in SCIA Engineer, a numerical model in ANSYS Workbench and an analytical calculation. The research shows a good agreement in bending behavior between the laboratory tests, the analytical calculation according to the standard and two different approaches in numerical analysis.

Geometry-informed deep learning-based structural component segmentation of post-earthquake buildings

Traditional manual visual inspections have demonstrated certain shortcomings in post-earthquake assessment of urban buildings, such as being time-consuming and laborious. In contrast, computer vision (CV) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) approaches have revealed competitive potentials in the fields of automatic data acquisition, data processing, and autonomous decision-making. In UAV images, structural components of post-earthquake buildings often present different scales, which are affected by different local damage. Therefore, acquiring the feature information of structural components has precisely been significant for refined damage assessment of post-earthquake buildings. This study proposes a geometry-informed deep learning-based structural component segmentation of post-earthquake buildings. An Enhanced UNet model is established with a new synthetical loss function containing the geometric consistency (GC) term. Given an edge closure of a connected domain for homogeneous structural components, the GC term comprises split line loss and area loss to adapt to the circumference and area constraints of each component region. The Enhanced UNet network is designed to improve the extraction capability of high-level features, and it includes six encoder stages (superior to five in the original version), of which the bottom four stages have many convolution layers, and five corresponding decoders. The investigated synthetic QuakeCity dataset includes 4,809 images with a resolution of 1,920 × 1,080 pixels. Training and test results reveal that compared to the original UNet, the proposed method achieves a more stable training process and higher test accuracy for structural component segmentation. The proposed method can achieve a mIoU of 97.97 %, which is 1.29 % higher than that of the original UNet. In addition, misrecognition of inner voids inside structural components is addressed, which further validates the optimization efficiency of the proposed geometric constraints. Ablation experiments are conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed GC loss and Enhanced UNet network. The proposed method shows good generalization ability in robustness tests in complex real-world scenarios under various disturbances, including abnormal exposure and rain lines in various intensities.

Fragility assessment for new and deteriorated portal framed industrial buildings subjected to tropical cyclone winds

Low-rise portal framed industrial buildings are widely used as warehouses, workshops and storage facilities. Damage surveys following severe tropical cyclones have shown that both structural and non-structural damage can occur to these buildings. While non-structural damage to the building envelope of portal framed industrial buildings are considered by several existing fragility models, almost none exist that include structural failures in the wind fragility assessment. This study develops a fragility assessment method for portal framed industrial buildings that accounts for wind-induced damage to both structural (steel portal frame and end wall frame) and non-structural (metal cladding system and fenestration) building components. Fragility curves are developed for a prototype industrial building located on the cyclone-prone east coast of Australia considering four damage states with increasing damage severity. A Monte Carlo simulation incorporating probabilistic models of the spatio-temporal variable wind pressures, wind-induced demands and component capacities is employed to conduct the fragility assessment for both individual building components and the building system under critical failure modes. It was found that the fragility of structural framing is non-negligible when wind speed exceeds 80% of the design level. Structural framing failure is a major contributor to the most severe damage state and is a necessary inclusion in the fragility assessment for this type of building. A sensitivity analysis also showed that fastener corrosion can significantly increase the fragility of deteriorated buildings near to coastlines, particularly for low levels of damage.

Improvement of current codes in design of concrete frame buildings: Incorporating train-induced structure borne noise

This study investigates influences of various structural parameters of concrete-frame-building on level of metro-induced structure borne noise (SBN). For this purpose, a hybrid FEM-SEA model was developed to predict SBN, using the VA-One software. The model included all the structural components of buildings and the rooms’ interior space (air cavities). The model was validated using the results of a field measurement of SBN in a concrete frame building adjacent to a metro line. Influences of various structural parameters on the level of SBN were investigated by analyses of the model. The results were used to develop correction factors for the current building codes in order to take into consideration the allowable level of SBN in the design of concrete structures.

Development of densified wood with high strength and excellent dimensional stability by impregnating delignified poplar by sodium silicate

In terms of outdoor building materials, during the service, drawbacks of fast-growing poplar (Populus tomentosa Carrière) are susceptible to mildew, and cracking or great loss of strength due to its inherent hydrophilic and porous structure. Here we propose an effective method to prepare dimensionally stable wood with high mechanical strength and flame retardancy. This simple method consists of three main steps, i.e., chemical pretreatment to remove lignin and hemicellulose, vacuum impregnation with inorganic sodium silicate solution, and high temperature densification. The flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the modified wood were increased to 322.5 MPa, 24.6 GPa and 228.5 MPa, which were counted to be the increases of 5.0, 2.4 and 27.2 times, respectively, compared with the unmodified wood. High mechanical strength of wood probably is caused by the densification and Si-O-Si bonding between cellulose nanofibers. The thickness swelling of moisture absorption at 30 days and water absorption at 72 h were measured to be 0% and 1.1%, respectively. It was shown excellent mechanical strength and dimensional stability compared to the natural wood. Moreover, the chemically pretreated wood exhibited superior fire-resistant performance after the impregnation with sodium silicate and densification. This simple, extensible, and effective approach provides huge potentials for the development of materials with high mechanical properties, excellent dimensional stability, and flame retardancy to be used as outdoor structural building components.

Determination of in-situ concrete compressive strength under consideration of rearrangement effects

For the design of existing structures the concrete compressive strength and the derived mechanical parameters are of central importance. Due to safety reasons the compressive strength of existing concrete is usually set comparatively low and thus underestimated. The reasons for this are the limited numbers and the large scatter of material properties of the drill cores, which are the basis for the experimental determination of the compressive strength. In contrast to experimental tests the load in structural components of buildings usually is transferred over the area with higher stiffness and consequently with higher compressive strength. Therefore, existing strength variations within a component only play a subordinate role due to rearrangement effects. This paper deals with the experimental and numerical analysis of such rearrangement effects in order to determine the concrete compressive strength of existing structures more realistic and lay a basis for a economical design. By considering these rearrangement effects more realistic during the design of existing concrete structures, a higher number of existing buildings can be maintained without structural measures. The preservation of existing structures is not only decisive from an economic, sustainable and resource-saving point of view, but also represents an added value for cultural and social aspects.

Natural disaster mitigation using advanced ferrocement – Future research directions for improved building resilience

Natural disaster mitigation encompasses a wide range of activities which are required to avert the occurrence of natural disasters and is a major goal of the Sendai Framework applicable to all exposed territories worldwide. With respect to earthquakes and hurricanes, the structural retrofitting of buildings which were designed before the availability of seismic codes of practice, or the enforcement of existing codes, can be an effective form of mitigation. Advanced Ferrocement (AF), which is ferrocement based on Lamination Theory (LT), encompasses the use of mesh angle, layer-by-layer mesh layup, possibly with non-metallic mesh, and/or non-standard mortars, for the design and construction of structural components. As a pilot study, a set of core research questions and nine research directions or study areas are presented for investigating the use of AF for retrofitting existing buildings, in the context of earthquake and hurricane resilience. This is also useful for deriving new structural components for new buildings,. The experimental results of the pilot study are that when ferrocement overlays were applied to the faces of concrete masonry-infilled walls of steel frames, the lateral yield strength and displacement at yield increased by factors of 1.50 and 2.30, respectively. For the tested ferrocement shear panels of channel-shaped cross-section, the lateral maximum strength-to-weight ratio was 3.37 times higher than that for an alternative reinforced concrete masonry minimum cost solution. For the tested AF one-way spanning roof panel, the wind load capacity had a strength-to-weight ratio 10.78 times higher compared with the present minimum cost metal sheet-and-purlins solution. LT suggests that the performance of the infilled-frame retrofit, and the ferrocement wall panel, can be increased by aligning the mesh in the principal stress directions, etc. The research directions and preliminary findings presented can serve as the basis for an extensive research effort regarding AF as the application of LT to mesh-reinforced cementitious composite structural building components.

Seismic retrofitting of buildings using Building Information Modeling

Building Information Modeling (BIM), in the last couple of decades, has emerged as a technology that can be used in combination with different methodologies in the fields of architecture, engineering, and construction industry as a digital model to facilitate the planning and design process, construction and maintenance. Using the tools of BIM, the stakeholders generate the digital models that can help them to identify the problems. A total of 24 conference papers, referenced journal articles, and other academic sources were analyzed based on their relevance and research focus areas. This article provides a review on the integration of building information modeling with different methodologies for seismic retrofitting of both structural and non-structural components of buildings. Pre-seismic and post-seismic applications of Building Information Modeling with the integration of different methodologies have been reviewed overbuilding life cycles with a view of addressing the challenges and recommending the future research perspectives. In the end, by stating the possibilities of integration of BIM tools with different methodologies mainly using Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering as a paradigm which is fully probabilistic, this paper concludes that the implication of the Building Information Modeling with the integration of different methodologies isnt merely the inclusion of the certain conditions, but also of the numerical integration of all the possible uncertainties.

Extracting structural components of concrete buildings from laser scanning point clouds from construction sites

In construction projects, inspection of structural components mostly relies on classical measurements obtained by measuring tapes, levelling, or total stations. With those methods, only a few points on the structure can be measured, and the resulting inspection may not fully reflect the actual, detailed condition of the complete object. Laser scanning is an emerging remote sensing technology to accurately and quickly capture surfaces of structures in high details. However, because of the complex, massive point cloud data acquired at a construction project, in practice, data processing is still manual work with computer aided programs. To improve upon current workflows, this paper proposes a method to automatically extract point clouds of individual surfaces of structural components of a concrete building, which subsequently can be used to inspect construction quality based on geometric information of the surfaces. The proposed method explores both spatial point cloud information and contextual knowledge of structures (e.g., orientation or shape) derived from building design specifications and practice. For extracting point clouds of surfaces of each structural component, the proposed method consists of 4 consecutive steps for extracting: (1) floors, ceiling slabs, and walls, (2) columns, and (3) primary and (4) secondary beams. Each step consists of two ingredients: (i) rough extracting the candidate points of the component and (ii) fine filtering of the surface points of the components via cell-based and voxel-based region growing segmentation (CRG and VRG) incorporating contextual knowledge of the structural members. Experimental tests on two different types of concrete buildings showed that the proposed method successfully extracts the structural elements, in which the completeness, correctness, and quality from the point-based evaluation are larger than 96.0%, 96.9%, and 92.0%, respectively. Moreover, the evaluation based on a shape similarity showed that the extracted floor, ceiling slab and wall overlap to the ground truth more than 92.5%.

Energy‐efficient and sustainable composite facade constructions

Society currently undergoes a transformation process in understanding the environmental impact of its resource exploitation. The growing importance of resource‐efficiency and the reduction of the environmental impacts are being widely discussed and investigated. Therefore, the European Union (EU) countries have implemented energy efficiency regulations in all sectors, including the building sector, which is accountable for 40 % of energy consumption and 36 % of CO2 emissions within the EU. In modern facade constructions, the use of large‐scaled glass elements is inevitable, which has led to the investigation of potential optimization of structural performance, energy efficiency and ecological characteristics of the structural building components. The Department of Structural Design and Timber Engineering (ITI) at the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) developed several timber‐based composite systems, combining timber and wood concrete on the one hand, as well as timber and structural glass components on the other hand. Through various combination of the individual composite systems, certain advantages as well as the synergies resulting from the different combinations could be shown. Different types of combined timber, wood concrete and glass composite structures for facades are developed, assessed and compared to conventional facade structures. The comparison is carried out regarding the materialization on component level, as well as the overall construction level, whereby a scale‐independent assessment of the examined construction types could be reached. This assessment shall further be enabled by a broad‐spectrum computation, ranging from static and dynamic thermal simulations for annual heating and overheating periods up to various thereof resulting ecological impact calculations. In terms of ecological building design, the conceptual implementation of the building envelope plays an important role in the thermal comfort of the inner rooms, as well as the glare and reflection by the use of daylight. One advantage of large‐scale glass facades is the possibility to implement a high portion of solar entries into the total energy concept. The extremely versatile application possibilities allow different sectors of power generation, such as photovoltaic cells in the facade, thermal collectors for heat generation or algae panels, which generate biogas by photosynthesis process. The gained energy can further operate heating and cooling systems but also hot water supply.

Decision-making model for sustainable management of Australian community buildings: combined approach using analytical hierarchy process and neuro-fuzzy system

Community buildings such as childcare/ aged care centres, sports pavilions possesses a massive investment in Australian economy built up over generations. From one viewpoint, they are providing essential services to the community and another viewpoint, the delivery of those services is limited by the ongoing degradation of the structural and service components of buildings, the scarcity of resources and the lack of funding by state and federal governments. This poses a huge challenge to Australian local governments to sustainably manage community buildings accountable to them. Reaching the goal takes further away by the absence of a holistic decision-making model for sustainable management of Australian community buildings. This study approaches the problem holistically identifying the sustainable decisions to be made through triple bottom line (environment, economic and social) and functional aspects. Incorporation of the influencing factors of each aspect led to a comprehensive decision-making structure which was the base for developing an effective decision-making model. The design of the model is based on the combination of two analytical methods namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Neuro Fuzzy System (NFS). The final output of the model computes the sustainability index which interprets the total sustainability impact of a given building component. This enables building asset managers to utilise the index to prioritise the maintenance tasks of all building components. The paper encapsulates the results of a case study to explain the outputs of the model and their practical significance. The study previously conducted two industry-wide questionnaire surveys to finalise the attributes of the decision-making structure and the importance of the attributes (weightings).

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of an Existing Buildings-State of the Art

In this study, previous researches were reviewed in relation to the seismic evaluation and retrofitting of an existing building. In recent years, a considerable number of researches has been undertaken to determine the performance of buildings during the seismic events. Performance based seismic design is a modern approach to earthquake resistant design of reinforcement concrete buildings. Performance based design of building structures requires rigorous non-linear static analysis. In general, nonlinear static analysis or pushover analysis was conducted as an efficient instrument for performance-based design. Pushover analysis came into practice after 1970 year. During the seismic event, a nonlinear static analysis or pushover analysis is used to analyze building under gravity loads and monotonically increasing lateral forces. These building were evaluated until a target displacement reached. Pushover analysis provides a better understanding of buildings seismic performance, also it traces the progression of damage and failure of structural components of buildings.