Structural Changes In Thyroid Gland Research Articles

Histological Studies on Foetal Thyroid Gland of Developing Human Foetuses

Introduction: Thyroid gland is the first endocrine gland to develop. It is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed study about adult thyroid is there in the literature but histological study of thyroid gland at different stages in the foetal period is far and few. The present study aims to assess the histogenesis of thyroid gland and also to correlate the functional activity with structural changes in thyroid gland.
 Methods: The study was carried out on 30 foetal thyroid gland of known gestational age ranging from 10 to 38 weeks foetuses. The midline dissection of neck was done to expose the thyroid gland. After tissue processing, paraffin blocks were prepared. All sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin stain.
 Results: In the foetuses, below 12th gestational week no colloid was detected in thyroid gland. First appearance of colloid was observed at 14th gestational week. Parafollicular cells were found after 17th gestational week. Capsule thickness and gland vascularity increased with advancement of gestational age. The size of the peripheral follicles is larger than the central follicles.
 Conclusions: The study concluded the developmental stage of foetal thyroid as Precolloidal stage, Colloid formation stage, Follicular stage and Maturation stage in different gestational weeks. The knowledge on the growth and differentiation of foetal thyroid will be helpful to the clinicians to judge the thyroid structure in preterm babies.

Study of correlation of various metabolic abnormalities in patients of metabolic syndrome with abnormal thyroid functions and ultrasonography from Central India

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of various clinical and biochemical abnormalities. The thyroid hormone has influence on almost each and every cell of various organs in the body. Its deficiency or excess is likely to have various metabolic abnormalities and structural changes in thyroid gland may correlate with abnormal thyroid function test.Methods: This cross sectional observational study was conducted in 100 consecutive patients of metabolic syndrome from October 2013 to October 2014 at MGM medical college and MY hospital Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India from one year of study duration and both outdoor and in patients were included in this study.Results: In this study, 24 (24%) patients were pre-hypertensive. A 42 (42%) and 13 (13%) patients had stage I and stage II hypertension respectively. 78 (78%) patients had FBS more than 100 mg/dl and out of these patients, 61 patients had DM type 2 with FBS more than 125 mg/dl. TG was more than 150 mg/dl in 65 (65%) patients. Serum HDL level was low in 30 males and 52 females. USG thyroid findings in patients with thyroid dysfunction (24), were within normal limit, thyroiditis, thyroid adenoma, benign thyroid nodule, multinodular goiter, colloid cyst, and neoplastic lesion in 62.5%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 4.2%, 8.3%, 4.2%, and 4.2% respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions is more common in metabolic syndrome patients. All metabolic syndrome patients can be evaluated by thyroid function tests and ultrasonography to diagnose thyroid dysfunctions in early stages.

Effect of high-fat diet-induced obesity on thyroid gland structure in female rats and the possible ameliorating effect of metformin therapy.

Obesity is known to induce a state of lipotoxicity that affects the different organs of the body. Metformin is an antidiabetic drug commonly used in obesity treatment. It was known to improve thyroid function and its regulating hormones. Structural changes in the thyroid gland associated with obesity have not been well investigated. So, the aim of the present study is to detect structural changes in thyroid gland induced by obesity and to investigate the possible protective role of metformin therapy. Thirty adult female albino rats were divided into three groups (10 rats each). Group I (control group), group II (rats fed with a high-fat diet), and group III (rats fed with a high-fat diet and treated with metformin therapy). After 12 weeks, rats from all groups were sacrificed. Blood samples were taken for measurement of lipid profile, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3 and free T4. Thyroid glands were extracted and processed for histological and ultrastructural study. Morphometric measurements for the colloid area of thyroid follicles and height of the follicular cells were done. Group I displayed normal biochemical parameters and architecture of the thyroid gland. Group II revealed disordered lipid profile, high TSH, free T3 and T4. Microscopically, large thyroid follicles with excessive colloid accumulation and decreased follicular cells height were seen. Some follicular cells showed pyknotic nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm and disrupted basement membrane with mast cell infiltration of the thyroid tissue. Ultrastructurally, group II follicular cells showed loss of apical microvilli, dense shrunken nuclei, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, swollen damaged mitochondria with large intracellular vacuoles and colloid droplets. In group III, the biochemical parameters and structure of thyroid follicles were improved, and they had a near-normal appearance. Obesity induced by high-fat diet in female rats structurally and functionally changed the thyroid gland in a way that may explain hypothyroidism associated with obesity. These changes were improved by metformin therapy.

ВПЛИВ ЧЕРВОНОГО ШЛАМУ НА ПОРУШЕННЯ СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ЩИТОПОДІБНОЇ ЗАЛОЗИ

Introduction. By means of modern techniques, new data, regarding the character and dynamics of structural changes in thyroid gland under condition of prolonged organism exposure of the red mud, has been obtained. Purpose. To evaluate the dynamics of the structural changes and the direction of reparative processes in thyroid gland of animals of all ages under organism exposure of the red mud. Methods. In the thyroid glands of control and experimental animals was measured the percent ratio of the number of small, medium and large follicles. In the generally accepted methodology calculated the average volume of the cells, their nuclei and nucleoli of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Using the reagent kits “Thyroid IFA-ST4” determined the concentration of thyroxin in the peripheral blood of the animal. Results. The article investigates the structural changes of thyroid under the prolonged exposure of the red mud. It was established that the red mud exposure on the rats for 14 days causes dicreased thyroid functional, which was accompanied by corresponding changes in the structure of these cells and the morphometric data. The red mud exposure on 45-day-old rats reduces thyriod function and causes significant dystrophic and degenerative rearrangement in these cells. On the 180th day of the experiment decrease in function thyroid is accompanied by structural changes that are characteristic of the depletion stage of general adaptation syndrome. Originality. Using modern biomedical research methods, new data regarding the character and dynamics of structural changes in thyroid under the prolonged exposure of the red mud, has been obtained. The dependence of changes of the structure and the function of thyroid on the duration of the red mud exposure in animals’ organisms of all ages has been established. Conclusion. The prolonged exposure of the red mud on animals’ organisms leads to significant changes in the structural organization in thyroid, the character of which depends on both the duration of the red mud exposure as well as on the animals’ age.

IODINE DEFICIENCY AND PATHOLOGY OF THYROID GLAND AS A BACKGROUND STATE OF CANDIDIASIS OF MUCOSA OF THE UPPER PART OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

There were examined 119 patients of gastroenterological profile, who, according to the results of microbiological examination of scraping from tongue and biopsy material of digestive tract and stomach, were divided into three groups: 1 group – patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis and surface candidiasis of mucous tunic, 2 group – patients with invasion of Candida fungi in mucous tunic, 3 group – patients without oropharyngeal candidiasis and without growth of fungi in biopsy material. The status of iodine provision was studied in 78 persons. The results of research revealed that at structural changes of thyroid gland the dominating position in patients with candidiasis of mucous tunic occupies the nodular goiter– 29,31% and 36,36% for 1 and 2 group respectively, whereas in 3 group the frequency of nodular goiter was 11,76%, at that hyperplasia and nodular goiter in patients with fungi invasion in mucous tunic was revealed 2,6 times more often comparing with patients without candidiasis (χ2=4,01; р<0,05). In patients with oropharyngeal and surface candidiasis and invasive candidiasis of mucous tunic of the upper part of digestive tract the hard degree of iodine nutrition deficiency with thyroglobulin level higher than 40 ng/ml was revealed in more than half of cases. At that the frequency of hard iodine deficiency at fungi invasion in mucous tunic 4,2 times higher comparing with patients without candidiasis of mucous tunic (F=0,024; р<0,05). So, the concomitant comorbid state with pathology of thyroid gland and iodine deficiency is an aggravating factor in the course of candida infection that is necessary to be taken into account at clinical monitoring of patients with candidiasis of mucous tunic of the upper part of gastrointestinal tract.