Structural Analysis Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Extraction Optimization, Structure Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharide from Sanghuangporus baumii

Introduction: In this study, we optimized the extraction process, analyzed the structure and assessed the antioxidant activity of Sanghuangporus baumii polysaccharide (SBP). The present results provide important information for the Sanghuangporus baumii polysaccharides in potential natural antioxidant effects. Background: The extraction and structural analysis of polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus has gained significant attention in the fields of chemistry, medicine, and life sciences. There is great significance in maximizing the extraction of polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus and developing their potential products in a scientific and rational manner. Objective: The study was designed to establish an efficient and practical extraction process for SBP, and then investigated the structure and the antioxidant activity. Methods: The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design was used to explore the ultrasound-assisted extraction of SBP, and the structure of SBP was studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and other instrumental analysis methods. The total antioxidant capacity of SBP was studied by the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) method, and the scavenging capacity of ABTS+·, DPPH· and OH· was carried out as the index to investigate its antioxidant activity in vitro. Results: The statistical analysis results showed that the optimal conditions for extracting SBP were an ultrasound time of 20.74 min, ultrasound power of 268.40 W and material-liquid ratio of 1:25.71. Under optimal conditions, the experimental yield of SBP was 3.36 ± 0.01%. The RSM optimization process was applied to the experiment of complex enzyme extraction of SBP, and the yield increased to 4.72 ± 0.03%. Structural analysis showed that SBP mainly consisted of glucose, a small amount of mannose and galactose, and the molecular weight distribution was uneven, mainly concentrating in the three parts of 24.5,6.4,2.5 kDa. Moreover, SBP exhibited dose-dependent and strong reducing power and radical scavenging activity. For DPPH·, ABTS+· and OH· radical scavenging assays, IC50 values were 1.505 ± 0.050 mg/ml, 0.065 ± 0.036 mg/ml and 0.442 ± 0.007 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: In the present study, a β-linked heteroglucan (SBP) was extracted using the optimized process combining enzymes from the fruiting bodies of Sanghuangporus baumii. SBP exhibited effective and dose-dependent antioxidant activities. Our findings were of great value in terms of developing polysaccharides with potential natural antioxidants.

Research Progress on Extraction, Isolation, Structural Analysis and Biological Activity of Polysaccharides from Panax Genus.

The panax genus is a widely used medicinal plant with good biological activity. As one of the main active components of the Panax genus, polysaccharides have various pharmacological effects. This review summarizes the latest research reports on ginseng, American ginseng, and Panax notoginseng polysaccharides and compares the differences in extraction, isolation and purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities. The current research mainly focuses on ginseng polysaccharides, and the process of extraction, isolation, and structure analysis of each polysaccharide is roughly the same. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that these polysaccharides have antioxidants, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, intestinal protection, skin repair, and other biological activities. This review provides new insights into the differences between the three kinds of ginseng polysaccharides which will help to further study the medicinal value of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine.

Structural characterization of oligosaccharides from free radical depolymerized fucosylated glycosaminoglycan and suggested mechanism of depolymerization

Free radical depolymerization is a common method in structural analysis of polysaccharides, the major challenge is the analysis of the cleavage site and characterization of newly formed ends in this reaction. Here, a fucosylated glycosaminoglycan from H. fuscopunctata (HfFG) was depolymerized by H2O2 and a series of oligosaccharides were purified and their structures were elucidated. For non-reducing ends of the trisaccharides were intact GalNAc4S6S, the cleavage site should mainly be the β(1,3) linkages between GlcA and GalNAc in the backbone of FG. Meanwhile, the reducing ends of the disaccharides and trisaccharides were almost dicarboxylic acid derivatives of GlcA, possibly arising from oxidative breaking of the CC bond of GlcA at the reducing ends. In addition, glycosidic linkages in D-GalNAc-β(1,4)-D-GlcA and L-FucS-α(1,3)-D-GlcA located at the reducing end could be cleaved, and the released GalNAc4S6S were oxidized to N-acetylgalactosaminic acid.

Determination of the fine structure of polysaccharides by degradation with specific recombinant enzymes

Structural analysis of polysaccharides is a difficult task. The common method for determination of linkage type is methylation analysis, leading to partial methylated alditol acetates which are analysed by GLC-MS. To gain further information polysaccharides are often partially degraded, e.g. through treatment with mild acid or periodate, result in the disadvantage of relatively weak specificity. We used recombinant enzymes to degrade a complex polysaccharide. In contrast to enzymes isolated from microorganisms, which often include accompanying enzymatic activities, recombinant enzymes demonstrate a high level of purity. As a model we analysed the complex polysaccharide part of an arabinogalactan-protein from oat which consists mainly of galactose and arabinose residues. After degradation with the highly specific recombinant enzymes endo-β-1,6-galactanase [1], exo-β-1,3-galactanase [2] and exo-α-1,5-arabinofuranosidase [3], the remaining polysaccharide was subjected to linkage analysis. The released mono- and oligosaccharides were analysed by high performance anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) [2]. The results allow postulation of the arabinogalactan fine structure and give further information concerning the overall structure of the molecule.

ChemInform Abstract: Applications of the CASPER Program: Comparison Between Experimental and Simulated Spectra and an Enhancement Procedure for the Database.

CASPER, a computer program by which structural analysis of polysaccharides can be performed, has been tested for accuracy. This was done by simulation of the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of the Shigella flexneri type Y O-polysaccharide using data from the constituent disaccharides and then comparing these with experimental data. A close fit between experimental and calculated 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra was observed. Conformational and NMR studies on the disaccharides, as methyl glycosides, were also performed. Furthermore, an extraction procedure, aimed at improving the database in CASPER is demonstrated

ChemInform Abstract: Application of Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride for the Structural Analysis of Polysaccharides

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of data regarding the application of hydrogen fluoride for the structural analysis of polysaccharides, primarily those of bacterial origin. The reactions of amylose, cellulose, inulin, starch, and xylans, and their constituent monosaccharides have been well studied. Before conducting the reaction, the hydrogen fluoride is often dried by distilling it from cobalt(III) trifluoride or filtering it through a layer of this salt. The use of hydrogen fluoride in establishing the monosaccharide composition of carbohydrates was studied for the first time in 1977. This reagent was shown to be applicable for the quantitative determination of monosaccharides in neutral and acidic plant polysaccharides (arabinogalactan from larch and whole cell-walls from tomato). A comparison of the recoveries of sugars from tomato suspension–culture cell walls after hydrolysis with 2 M trifluoroacetic acid, with and without previous solvolysis with hydrogen fluoride, showed a great increase in the recovery of D -glucose (from cellulose) after the solvolysis, but some decrease in the recovery of pentoses.

Structural Analysis of Polysaccharides in Chinese Lacquer by NMR Spectroscopy.

Structural characterization of the Chinese lacquer polysaccharide of Rhus vernicifera was performed by means of high resolution NMR spectroscopy involving two dimensional NMR measurements such as field gradient DQF-COSY, TOCSY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments. Most of complicated proton and carbon absorptions were assigned. It was identified that the lacquer polysaccharide had a 1, 3-linked D-galactopyranosidic main chain with complex side chains consisting of D-galactose, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-arabinose, and L-rhamnose. The coupling constants (J1, 2) of anomeric protons in the DQF-COSY spectrum suggested that the galactopyranose residue in the main chain, and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and D-glucuronic acid in the terminal of the side-chains (J1, 2=7.2, 9.0 Hz and 8.1 Hz) had a β-linkage, and the terminal D-galactopyranose, L-arabinose and L-rhamnose (J1, 2 ≤ 3.6 Hz) in the side-chains had an α-linkage. The proportions of the component sugar units were calculated by the intensity of the anomeric carbon signals and were in good agreement with those by the methylation analysis reported previously. These results indicate that the NMR characterization can be widely used to investigate the relationship between the structure of lacquer polysaccharides and specific biological activities.

Structural analysis of polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives

AbstractThe general strategies and methods applied in the analysis of the primary structure of polysaccharides and derivatives are shortly lined out. Methods involving complete degradation of the polysaccharide are discussed in more detail. Advantages of the reductive‐cleavage method compared to classical methylation analysis are illustrated by giving some examples of application.

Applications of the CASPER Program: Comparison between Experimental and Simulated Spectra and an Enhancement Procedure for the Database.

CASPER, a computer program by which structural analysis of polysaccharides can be performed, has been tested for accuracy. This was done by simulation of the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of the Shigella flexneri type Y O-polysaccharide using data from the constituent disaccharides and then comparing these with experimental data. A close fit between experimental and calculated 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra was observed. Conformational and NMR studies on the disaccharides, as methyl glycosides, were also performed. Furthermore, an extraction procedure, aimed at improving the database in CASPER is demonstrated

The Interaction of Homogeneous, Murine Myeloma Immunoglobulins with Polysaccharide Antigens

A new potential in polysaccharide immunochemistry is provided by homogeneous immunoglobulin that bind carbohydrate polymers.In the chapter, the specific immunoglobulin-hapten interaction is discussed and characterized. The discipline of carbohydrate chemistry can make a real contribution to the elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulin. In return, carbohydrate chemistry may find a tool that can be increasingly applied to the unraveling of its own unsolved problems in the structural analysis of polysaccharides. The chapter discusses the structure of immunoglobulins. The cellular component of the immune system that synthesizes and secretes immunoglobulin differentiates in a highly specialized way. The largest groups of anticarbohydrate, myeloma immunoglobulins are that of antifructans having specificity for β-D-(2 →1)-linkages. It is convenient to combine the discussion of this group with that of the anti-(2 →6)-β–D-fructan immunoglobulins.