Strong Stereotypes Research Articles

Vietnam, Women, and Science: Mental Barriers and Gender Gap

Considering the cultural context of Vietnamese society, this article explores the influence of mental barriers regarding the traditional role of women and its impact on their possibilities to participate in scientific activities. Vietnam is a country that has promoted scientific and technological activities and the strengthening of a national innovation system as a critical element on its path to development. These actions have made it possible to shore up economic growth that began with opening up and economic reform. In this way, Vietnam has achieved some critical achievements in the economic and social fields. However, reducing the gender gap in scientific activities is still a vital challenge, although the government has taken significant measures to overcome it. The article analyzes the relationship between women in science in Vietnam and the gender stereotype based on data collected through reports of international organizations, news reports, and other relevant data. The principal argument is that this situation results from the mental barriers of Vietnamese society that present strong stereotypes regarding the role of women. Therefore, to advance gender equality, changing the mental stereotypes still present in Vietnamese culture is necessary.

Cluster analysis of medical students’ attitudes regarding people who use drugs: a first step to design a tailored education program

IntroductionPeople with substance use disorder (SUD) deal with stigmatization in various areas of life, including healthcare system. In this study, we investigated the attitudes of final-year medical students towards SUD people and attempted to understand their influence.MethodsWe conducted a two-stage cluster analysis (hierarchical ascending classification followed by K-means clustering) based on the “beSAAS”. We administrated this 23-item questionnaire to 923 final-year medical students in Belgium (response rate = 71,1%). Sociodemographic characteristics were compared between the clusters.ResultsFour clusters of students with specific characteristics were identified in this study. The first, “The Inclusives” (including 27,9% of respondents) had the least negative attitudes; they wanted to specialize mainly in psychiatry and gynecology. The second, “The Centrists" (23,6%) consisted mainly of male students. They had many private and professional experiences with substance use and considered themselves less healthy than others did. Most wanted to specialize in pediatrics and general practice. Their attitudes were slightly negative towards people with SUD. The third, “The Moralists” (27,6%), were mainly older, from non-European countries, had the least experience with substance use (or contact mainly in hospitals), had the less high mother’s level of education and reported excellent health. They were heading toward other specialties. They had the most stereotypes and moralism, and less treatment optimism. The fourth, “The Specialist care-oriented” (20,8%), were the most in favor of specialized treatment. This group had a higher proportion of Belgian, females, and students who had specific contact with this population. They especially intended to specialize in internal medicine.ConclusionThis study revealed 4 profiles of medical students with different attitudes towards SUD people. “The Moralists”, including more than a quarter of the respondents, were characterized by strong stereotypes and moralism and little treatment optimism. These clusters could contribute to the design of a learner-centered program aimed at addressing stigma within the main curriculum.

Domestic violence perception and gender stereotypes

Using a survey of more than 4500 Italian women, we address the link between gender stereotypes and perceptions of domestic violence. We define a new measure of stereotypes at the individual level and show that women with stronger stereotypes are less likely to state that violence is common in their area of residence and are more likely to classify physical violence as less severe than privacy breaches. This ranking is associated with a victim-blaming mindset among respondents with stronger stereotypes, who are also more likely to attribute violent behaviors to event-specific circumstances (e.g., economic distress) than to personal characteristics of abusers (e.g., psychological issues) and to advise a hypothetical victim not to react to violence.

Domestic violence in rural Serbia: Etiological-phenomenological approach

The aim of the paper is to point out the etiological-phenomenological dimension of domestic violence in rural areas of Serbia. Although it reflects all the general characteristics of domestic violence, in the etiological and phenomenological sense, domestic violence in rural areas also has certain specifics that are important for a closer definition of the necessary prevention measures. Based on research conducted in rural areas around the world, the authors indicate in the paper that the causes of domestic violence in rural areas are the same in Serbia, namely traditional patterns of behavior, adopted cultural norms and geographical isolation. All forms of violence (physical, psychological, emotional and sexual) are present, as well as in urban areas of Serbia. However, violence in rural areas is much less often reported, due to the normalization of violence, the fact that everyone in small areas knows each other, shame, the presence of strong stereotypes, etc. The perpetrators of domestic violence coming from rural areas are most often men (in 90% of cases) and are mostly violent. Victims of domestic violence in rural areas are most often women, characterized by economic dependence, lack of personal income or property, the fact that they have nowhere to go. An additional problem is the lack of official statistical data on domestic violence in rural areas.

White Americans' blame attributions and empathy towards Black victims of police violence: How pejorative stereotypes 'engulf the field'.

We examined the dynamics of minority-directed police violence by considering how our White participants' empathy for Black victims may be influenced by critical intragroup differences related to racial stereotyping. Although the role of stereotyping in reactions to Black Americans accused of crime is well-established, we explore the influence of pejorative Black stereotypes on reactions to Black victims of police violence. Specifically, we investigated the roles of individual differences in the endorsement of the Black criminal stereotype among White observers and manipulated the crime-unrelated stereotypicality (i.e. stereotypical, counterstereotypical) of Black victims of police violence. White US MTurk participants read about a White policeman shooting a Black man (Study 1, n = 140) or sexually assaulting a Black woman (Study 2, n = 166). Across both studies, strong stereotype endorsers reported relatively low empathy for stereotypical victims, mediated by greater blame towards those victims. This finding demonstrates the relevance of heretofore untested motivated reasoning processes in the outgroup empathy deficits literature. Weak stereotype endorsers showed relatively high empathy and low victim blame regardless of Black victim stereotypicality, indicating limited sensitivity to outgroup member suffering is not inevitable. We consider the practical implications of the findings for policing and for citizenship education.

GANDER, CHANGE, AND EDUCATION : CASE STUDY: NON-FORMAL EDUCATION PERSPECTIVE IN PEPI Al-BAYQUNIE’S BOOK "CALABAI PEREMPUAN DALAM TUBUH LELAKI"

The historical aspect of the story contributes to the unhealed trauma and strong stereotypes in traditional society about the position of men and the demands placed on them. Puang Matoa Saidi, later called Calabai (in Bugis), is a man with the character of a woman. He was born into a different situation, and grew up under the harsh upbringing of his father (Puang Baso), who considered Saidi's physical condition a disgrace to the family. However, the female character in Saidi's male physique, rejects all treatment from Puang Baso (Saidi's father), that the activities of hoeing, gardening, lifting heavy things, being the head of the family are symbols that should be pinned to a man. By using the Content Analysis Approach-descriptive method. It leads us to understand that there are several main factors that build gender labeling itself, including the development of globalization which focuses on the argument that, labeling of men in the era of globalization has shifted meaning due to technological advances and behavioral changes. Differences in geographical conditions make people's choices very much determined by the conditions in which they live and patriarchal culture contributes more or less to the debate about the position of women before men. And the presence of religious normative interference looks more at aspects of behavior that are based on whether it is prohibited or not.

When stereotypes disadvantage boys: Strength of stereotypes in mathematics and language arts and their relations with grades

AbstractThere is growing concern about boys' lagging performance in school, not only in language arts, where the gap is particularly pronounced, but also in mathematics. Stereotypes associating one gender with language arts or with mathematics are likely to contribute to these gaps. Such stereotypes can translate into explicit beliefs such as the extent to which students are aware of societal stereotypes or the extent to which they personally believe stereotypes to be true, but also indirectly into performance following a stereotype threat manipulation. However, few studies have considered these multiple stereotype expressions in both mathematics and language arts to examine their importance in predicting boys' and girls' actual grades in school. To fill this gap, two complementary studies examined high school boys' and girls' awareness and endorsement of stereotypes about both language arts (n = 299) and mathematics (n = 243), as well as whether stereotype threat impaired boys' performance on a spelling test. Although the effect of stereotype threat was not significant overall, our results showed that students were aware of and endorsed strong stereotypes advantaging girls in language arts. In mathematics, students endorsed counter‐traditional stereotypes slightly advantaging girls. Our results also showed that these multiple expressions of stereotypes related to students' grades. In doing so, our work provides insights regarding possible targets for interventions to reduce gender gaps disadvantaging boys in school.

Gender stereotypes in AI-generated images

This study explores workplace gender bias in images generated by DALL-E 2, an application for synthesising images based on artificial intelligence (AI). To do this, we used a stratified probability sampling method, dividing the sample into segments on the basis of 37 different professions or prompts, replicating the study by Farago, Eggum-Wilkens and Zhang (2020) on gender stereotypes in the workplace. The study involves two coders who manually input different professions into the image generator. DALL-E 2 generated 9 images for each query, and a sample of 666 images was collected, with a confidence level of 99% and a margin of error of 5%. Each image was subsequently evaluated using a 3-point Likert scale: 1, not stereotypical; 2, moderately stereotypical; and 3, strongly stereotypical. Our study found that the images generated replicate gender stereotypes in the workplace. The findings presented indicate that 21.6% of AI-generated images depicting professionals exhibit full stereotypes of women, while 37.8% depict full stereotypes of men. While previous studies conducted with humans found that gender stereotypes in the workplace exist, our research shows that AI not only replicates this stereotyping, but reinforces and increases it. Consequently, while human research on gender bias indicates strong stereotyping in 35% of instances, AI exhibits strong stereotyping in 59.4% of cases. The results of this study emphasise the need for a diverse and inclusive AI development community to serve as the basis for a fairer and less biased AI.

Mentality and Mindset as Categories of Sociocultural and Civilizational Anthropology

The article examines the content and mechanism of the interaction of mentality and mentality as phenomena of the spiritual and mental life of an ethnic group, a people. The relevance of intelligence is determined by the fact that the tradition of understanding them as synonymous is preserved in scientific research, but at this stage these concepts are becoming more and more controversial. Mentality is a scientific category that reflects a certain phenomenon that is rooted in the depths of people’s life and captures stable, established characteristics of spirituality. Anthropology records the constancy of mentality, its staticity, but at the same time its relative changeability, because it is a mechanism that determines the reaction to the surrounding world. In the terminology of anthropologists, mentality is expressed through the concept of «general instructions» associated with behavioral characte-ristics, which at the same time does not depend on conscious reflection. In other words, mentality can be understood as a system of relatively strong stereotypes, as it necessarily reflects certain static properties of a social type that have developed in the process of life experience. As for mentality, it is a qualitative, identifying characteristic of a social subject that focuses natural-historical and cultural features in itself. The definition of mentality and mentality, their differences, is substantiated on the basis of historiographical research of foreign and domestic scientists, scientific schools of sociology, cultural studies and psychology.

Opposition to Women Political Leaders: Gender Bias and Stereotypes of Politicians Among Japanese Voters

ABSTRACT Women are extremely underrepresented in Japanese political life. One possible reason for this is that voters are biased against women. Compared to American voters, to what extent are Japanese voters opposed to women political leaders? What kinds of stereotypes do they have about women politicians? To answer these questions and probe the external validity of American studies on this topic, we conducted a survey that elicits respondents’ attitudes toward women political leaders. First, our list experiment outcomes revealed that approximately 10% of Japanese, and 20% of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) supporters, oppose a woman becoming prime minister. Second, we also identified respondents’ gender stereotypes by asking them directly about their impressions of politicians, which revealed that Japanese voters have strong stereotypes for men and women politicians regarding their policy areas of expertise and personal characteristics. These stereotypes are strongest among men and older voters as well as voters who support the LDP. Our findings have broad implications for the literature on gender and politics beyond the study of Japanese politics.

Артельное начало в организации рыболовного и охотничьего промыслов у русского населения Дона и Нижней Волги

Introduction. The article reveals the peculiarities of the organization of fishing and hunting among the Russian population of the Lower Volga region and the Don in the 18th – 19th centuries, which were associated with the artel (collectivist) beginning. The author shows that the general principles of the organization of male fishing artels of fishermen and hunters find direct analogies with the organizational principles characteristic of archaic male, including military, traditions, for example, for the Cossack communities of the Don and Volga in the early period of their history. Methods and materials. The study was carried out on the basis of data from the periodical press of the 19th century, archival and field materials, reflecting both the fishing activities of the Russian population of the region and the forms of self-organization of the Don Cossacks in the early period of their history. This made it possible to conduct a historical and cultural comparison and identify common or similar norms and principles associated with archaic social institutions. Analysis. Conducting a comparative analysis, the author discovers that these similarities manifest themselves in the traditions of the free seizure of territories and ideas about their land and the common share, in the electability of the leaders of the artels, other officials and the presence of general meetings of its members, in the ways of dividing the loot, in the presence of unwritten law, rituals, prohibitions and regulations. Results. Many of these principles and norms are opposed to those that were typical, for example, for agricultural communities, demonstrating a connection with such categories as “strength”, “luck”, “competitiveness” on the one hand, and the denial of equality in work and the division of production, on the other. Contrasted with those that were typical, for example, for agricultural communities, demonstrating a connection with such categories as “strength”, “luck”, “competitiveness” on the one hand, and the denial of equality in work and the division of prey, on the other. Russian colonization of the Don and the Lower Volga area, starting from the 16th century, was carried out mainly by free Cossacks (also engaged in hunting and fishing), and later – by the Russian commercial population. The formation of neighboring land communities in the region began much later (from the beginning of the 18th century). There is reason to assert that the people’s “Cossacks” and artel principles were subsequently periodically revived at a later time in the fishing activities of the male part of the population, consolidating in the public consciousness strong stereotypes of survival in extreme living conditions based on deep social and cultural archaism. The actual folk forms of self-organization existed along with official structures, representing a deep layer of social life, some elements of which survived until the end of the 20th century.

Employers’ stereotypes and taste-based discrimination

Studies founded on Becker's theory of employers’ taste-based discrimination show that discrimination arises not from “taste” but from “prejudice,” “belief,” and “stereotype.” However whether the “employer” is the source of discrimination remains unanswered. Thus, survey research using employers as a sample is indispensable to address this issue. In this study, we use a unique data set that employers can identify to analyze whether their gender stereotypes are the source of gender discrimination. The analysis showed that employers' strong stereotypes reduced women's proportion in companies. Furthermore, when the employer is a woman, her stereotype strongly influences women's proportion.

Closing the Solidarity Gap? How Ethnic Diversity Alters Who We Are Willing to Support

Citizens tend to be more solidary with ethnic ingroup members than ethnic outgroup members. As a result, increasing ethnic diversity is often found to impede solidarity. Although this perspective is well established, I present an alternative argument: Under circumstances that foster intergroup contact, increasing diversity promotes, rather than impedes, intergroup solidarity. To test this argument, I combine a survey experiment fielded among Danish students with quasi‐random observational data on students' classroom ethnic composition. I find that ethnic‐majority adolescents are on average more willing to support ethnic‐majority recipients than immigrant and ethnic‐minority recipients. Yet, although increasing diversity does not moderate the majority‐minority solidarity gap, increasing diversity diminishes and erases the majority‐immigrant solidarity gap. As further shown, one explanation is that immigrants in particular face strong stereotypes of being lazy and that ethnic diversity reduces this specific stereotype. These findings suggest that immigration and solidarity need not be incompatible. Under certain circumstances, ethnic diversity at worst leaves intergroup solidarity unaltered and at best improves such solidarity.

Narrative Medicine and Service Learning for Medical Students Working with Persons Living with Cancer in Qatar

Objective: The study reports on medical student learning outcomes from a cancer survivorship narrative medicine service-learning project in Doha, State of Qatar. Methodology: From 2014-2017 students at Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar in collaboration with persons living with cancer wrote stories of the patients’ cancer journeys published in a dual language Arabic / English book entitled قصة الامل (Story of Hope). The stories examined the socioeconomic, psychosocial, and familial impact of acute and chronic disease from the patients’ perspective. The Story of Hope is used throughout Qatar in peer-peer patient education groups. The research was approved for human subjects research by the Internal Review Boards of Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar and Hamad Medical Corporation in 2014 and 2016. A convenience sample of 9 medical and premedical students participated in semi-structured taped audio interviews and filled out a questionnaire with free response and 5-point Likert Scale items (mixed methods research). Grounded Theory methods (Glaser & Strauss) were used to establish nine themes in the transcribed interview data, and themes were correlated with the questionnaire data. Results: On average, the student participants in the study only had previous encounters with cancer patients of less than 1 hour. The project represented the first one-on-one meeting with a cancer patient for 80.0% of the students. Most students agreed (20.0%=strongly agreed, with 60.0%=agreed) that their encounters with patients changed their perspective on all aspects of cancer. The students unanimously agreed (80.0%=strongly agreed, and 20.0% =agreed) that service learning should be formally integrated into medical education. Some of the key themes from the interviews included: 1. Cancer Stigma: “M9: “as long as there is a strong stereotype against cancer, there is a big fear from the society about cancer. So, I don’t see how people would be willing to actually volunteer to go out of their daily routine and do a checkup for cancer.” 2. Delivering Diagnosis: “M3: I will spend a lot of time, I mean maybe an equivalent amount of time thinking about how to find a way to break this news down to people, as opposed to spending a lot of time discovering what treatment plans, I mean obviously that is very important…. on how to actually introduce this new change.” 3. Family Dynamics in Cancer: “M8: ...and family support is important and even when we deal with a patient as a physician, we should not deal with the patient himself, we should deal with the whole group, like the patient, the sister, the mother, brother….I have to orchestrate how everyone can help.” Conclusions: The study provides proof of concept for the teaching of narrative medicine in a service-learning format in medical education in a high-income but developing Middle Eastern country. Positive effects in student learning were observed, as well as improvements in the psychosocial functioning of persons living with cancer. The research additionally provides evidence for the value of incorporating the patient perspective on disease into health training to teach human factors in disease and social determinants of health.

Stereotypical Images of STEM Professionals and STEM Career Interests in Chinese Elementary School Students

This study investigated stereotypical images of STEM professions and STEM career interest in Chinese elementary school students. The relationships between stereotypical images of STEM professionals and STEM career interests were also determined. Data for this study was gathered from two elementary schools in China, forming a convenience sample of 318 students enrolled from 3rd to 6th grade. Quantitative data of stereotypes about STEM professionals’ social skills, positive images of STEM professionals, views on STEM implications for society, and STEM career interests were gathered by a questionnaire with Likert scale. Follow-up structured interviews were performed with 12 participants. Elementary school students had strong stereotypes about STEM professionals’ social skills, slightly deep positive image of STEM professionals, and very positive views on STEM implications for society. However, their STEM career interests were not very high. Besides, elementary school students’ stereotypes about STEM professionals’ social skills have minor negative effects on their STEM career interests. Their positive image of STEM professionals and views on STEM implications for society have significant correlation with their STEM career interests.

Trait Stereotypes of Scientists as Analytical and Cold Align With Perceptions of Men More Than Women on Both Implicit and Explicit Measures

Previous work using implicit tasks has demonstrated associations at a categorical level between men and science-related words (e.g., chemistry, physics, engineering). The current research explores trait attributes, examining the overlap in trait stereotypes of scientists with trait stereotypes of men and women, using both implicit and explicit stereotyping measures. Study 1 identified traits stereotypically associated with scientists along the analytic and cold dimensions, and counterstereotypic traits on unquestioning and warm dimensions. Study 2 demonstrated strong gender-scientist stereotypes on both explicit and implicit measures such that men were seen as more analytic and cold and less unquestioning and warm than women. Although robust effects were observed on both types of measures, their correlation was weak and nonsignificant. The misfit between trait perceptions of scientists and women, whether measured implicitly or explicitly, suggests trait stereotypes help maintain the gender imbalance in physical science fields.

CINEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS OF INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE THROUGH THE LENS OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

The Birth of a Nation (1915) was the first feature-length film to focus on the topic of interracial marriage. Its strong anti-miscegenation message and racial stereotypes set the stage for Hollywood depictions of race relations for decades. This anti-miscegenation theme was challenged in 1967 with the release of Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner. The purpose of this research is to analyze these two landmark films through the lens of sociological theory using the comparative case study method. Drawing primarily from the theoretical insights of paternalistic and competitive race relations theory allows us to interpret the films in their socio-historical contexts. The findings of this sociological reading alert us to the difficulties of the film industry in transcending its problematic lens on race relations.

Gender and educational decisions in basic vocational training: discussions and experiences in Spain

ABSTRACT Basic vocational training (BVT) represents a new opportunity within the Spanish education system to reduce the school drop-out rate and ease the transition into the workplace. However, this educational route is highly male-dominated and presents a high degree of segregation by gender and pathways. It was therefore necessary to carry out a gender-based analysis and investigate the processes, options and reasons behind students’ decisions to opt for a particular professional category. To achieve this, we carried out 35 in-depth interviews at educational centres that teach BVT in the Valencian Community, Spain. Our main findings were that BVT is not only highly male-dominated, but that the female-dominated branches are few and far between, are still subject to strong stereotypes, enjoy less prestige and have fewer job prospects. Therefore, BVT and its impacts are far from gender neutral. In addition, this negatively influences future training and employment options and choices, especially for females, which obviously has a direct impact on their professional careers and life courses.

Brokers of multiperspectivity in history education in post-conflict societies

ABSTRACT In post-conflict societies marked by strong negative stereotypes or delicate and sometimes unstable political contexts, teaching both knowledge and understanding of conflicting historical narratives has become a matter of educational urgency. Conversely, a framework for effective teacher training that prepares teachers to activate and facilitate the exchange of multiple perspectives has yet to be identified. This qualitative and exploratory research aims to answer the questions, what boundaries do expert teacher trainers believe that teachers in post-conflict societies encounter when brokering multiple perspectives in the classroom? Which teaching or training methods can teacher trainers use to help teachers reduce the impact of these boundaries? To advance the use of multiperspectivity in post-conflict history education and enhance history-teacher training design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve experts in history-teacher training to answer these questions. The expert’s statements were openly and axially coded using Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) Ecological Systems Theory as an analytical lens. Identifying ten personal or environmental boundaries to brokering multiperspectivity in the classroom, and two training approaches to help teachers establish continuity between their multiperspectivity training and day-to-day teaching practices. Further providing actionable recommendations for educators, non-governmental organizations, and educational scientists.

Exploring the identities and experiences of young queer people in Mongolia using visual research methods

There is limited evidence about the lives of queer Mongolian youth. This is despite mental health problems being a pressing concern among young Mongolians, and international evidence suggesting queer youth may experience more mental health challenges than their non-queer peers. We explored the experiences of queer youth in their immediate environments and navigation of their identities in Mongolian society. In this study, twelve young queer-identifying people aged 18-25 from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia participated in photo-elicitation interviews. Visual research methods allowed participants to generate rich (visual, textual, and oral) data about their lived experiences. We analysed data using a thematic approach and identified three main themes, each with three sub-themes. Participants reported that peer bullying and gendered expectations at school, heteronormativity and gender role expectation in family settings, along with strong stereotypes about queerness in broader society, substantially impacted participants’ mental and physical wellbeing. Mongolian queer youth need strong support from their immediate environments, such as school and family. Stigma and misconception around queerness remain persistent among the public but young people are continuously resisting the prejudice expressed towards them. Understanding these challenges is crucial to increasing inclusivity in policies and programmes to enhance the wellbeing of young queer Mongolians.