Strong Interaction Strength Research Articles

Dynamics of spin oscillation in double barrier synthetic antiferromagnet based magnetic tunnel junction in presence of spin-transfer torque

In this work, we have studied the spin dynamics of a synthetic antiferromagnet (AFM)/heavy metal/ferromagnet double barrier magnetic tunnel junction in the presence of Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction, interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (iDM) interaction, Néel field, and Spin–Orbit Coupling (SOC) with different Spin-Transfer Torque (STT). We employ the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Slonczewski equation to investigate the AFM dynamics of the proposed system. We found that the system exhibits a transition from regular to damped oscillations with the increase in strength of STT for systems with a weaker strength of iDM interaction than RKKY interaction while displaying sustained oscillations for systems having the same order of RKKY and iDM interactions. On the other hand, the systems with sufficiently strong iDM interaction strength exhibit self-similar but aperiodic patterns in the absence of the Néel field. In the presence of the Néel field, the RKKY interaction dominating systems exhibit chaotic oscillations for low STT but display sustained oscillations under moderate STT. Our results suggest that the decay time of oscillations can be controlled via SOC. The system can work as an oscillator for low SOC but displays non-linear characteristics with the rise in SOC for systems having weaker iDM interaction than RKKY interactions. In contrast, opposite characteristics are noticed for iDM interaction dominating systems. We found periodic oscillations under low external magnetic fields in RKKY interaction dominating systems. However, moderate fields are necessary for sustained oscillation in iDM interaction dominating systems. Moreover, the system exhibits saddle-node bifurcations and chaos under moderate Néel field and SOC with suitable RKKY and iDM interactions. In addition, our results indicate that the magnon lifetime can be enhanced by increasing the strength of iDM interaction for both optical and acoustic modes.

Mechanistic investigation of nucleation kinetics in heterogeneous ice crystallization: the role of cooling rate, surface energy, surface nanostructure, and wetting state

The mechanism of nucleation in heterogeneous ice crystallization is important but remains unclear in spite of decades-long research. This study aims at investigating the nucleation kinetics in heterogeneous ice crystallization through molecular dynamics simulations, and comprehensively elucidating the effect of cooling rate, surface energy, surface nanostructure, and wetting state on the nucleation behaviours. More than 300 cases were simulated using monatomic water (mW) model based on a modified Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential. The dynamic nucleation and crystallization behaviours, along with the evolution of the largest ice nucleus, total ice clusters, kinetic energy, and interaction energy between nanodroplet and substrate, were investigated. Increasing the cooling rate and higher surface energy could promote the ice nucleation, but may lead to a tendency to transform into metastable interfacial ice and 4-coordinated molecule types, and create ice-free layer near the substrate due to the strong interaction strength. What's more, the effect of size match between the accessible width and ice lattice constant depends on the wetting states. In Cassie-Baxter state, the size match effect could promote the ice nucleation, while in Wenzel state it is not pronounced and decreasing the contact area by increasing the nanogroove width would inhibit the nucleation process. This work will be valuable in understanding the mechanism of nucleation kinetics in heterogeneous ice crystallization and provide guidance in promoting or inhibiting ice formation.

The effect of skin diffusion kinetics of isopropyl ester permeation enhancers on drug permeation: Role of lateral spread and penetration characteristics

The purpose of present work was to study the effects of permeation enhancers’ two kinetic behaviors of simultaneous lateral diffusion and vertical penetration in the skin on its enhancing effect. The skin diffusion kinetics of isopropyl ester permeation enhancers were characterized by the innovative concentric tape peeling study and Raman imaging, which were quantitatively assessed through innovative parameters, namely, lateral-to-vertical penetration amount (CL-V) and lateral-to-vertical penetration distance (DL-V). The enhancement effect of permeation enhancers on drug flurbiprofen (FLU) was assessed by in vitro skin permeation tests, which were confirmed by transdermal water loss and skin resistance study. The relationship between kinetic parameters of permeation enhancers and permeation parameters of FLU was carried out by correlation analysis. The molecular mechanisms of effect of skin diffusion kinetics of permeation enhancers on drug permeation were characterized by molecular docking, modulated-temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC), Raman spectra, solid-state NMR and molecular dynamic simulation. The results indicated skin diffusion kinetics of short-chain (C8–C12) isopropyl ester permeation enhancers were governed by vertical penetration, while long-chain (C14–C18) ones were characterized by lateral spread. Quadratic correlation between CL-V and enhancement ratio of permeation-retention ratio of FLU (ERQ/R) (R2 = 0.95), DL-V and enhancement ratio of permeation area (ERA) of FLU (R2 = 0.98) indicating that varied skin diffusion kinetics of permeation enhancers directly influenced the barrier function of stratum corneum (SC) and further enhancing drug permeation. In terms of molecular mechanism, long-chain isopropyl ester enhancers had good miscibility with SC, leading to their high CL-V and DL-V, and causing strong interaction strength with SC and resulting in weaker skin barrier function for drug permeation. In summary, in comparison to short-chain isopropyl ester enhancers that relied on penetration, long-chain ones that depended on lateral spread exhibited greater enhancement efficacy, which guided the application of enhancers in transdermal formulations.

Cooperative bound states in quantum walks of interacting particles

Although multiparticle quantum walks have been claimed to be universal for quantum computing, fundamental issues still need further understanding, such as the formation of bound states and their role in particle dynamics. By considering the framework of two-particle quantum walks, we study particles with short- or long-range interactions between them and observe the emergence of local and non-local bound states associated with these interactions. We show that such bound states can perform competitive and cooperative influence with existing states, sometimes resulting in unusual dynamics. In addition to revealing the optimal scenarios for particles to perform coherent dynamics, we also show that cooperative scenarios between bound states are responsible for robustly correlated quantum walks. Thus, coherent dynamics of particles can be maintained even for strong interaction strengths, avoiding the nonmonotonic behavior exhibited by systems with only on-site interaction.

Natural variation of GmFNSII-2 contributes to drought resistance by modulating enzyme activity in soybean

As an essential crop that provides vegetable oil and protein, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is widely planted all over the world. However, the scarcity of water resources worldwide has seriously impacted on the quality and yield of soybean. To address this, exploring excellent genes for improving drought resistance in soybean is crucial. In this study, we identified natural variations of GmFNSII-2 (flavone synthase II) significantly affect the drought resistance of soybeans. Through sequence analysis of GmFNSII-2 in 632 cultivated and 44 wild soybeans nine haplotypes were identified. The full-length allele GmFNSII-2C, but not the truncated allele GmFNSII-2A possessing a nonsense nucleotide variation, increased enzyme activity. Further research found that GmDREB3, known to increase soybean drought resistance, bound to the promoter region of GmFNSII-2C. GmDREB3 positively regulated the expression of GmFNSII-2C, increased flavone synthase abundance and improved the drought resistance. Furthermore, a single-base mutation in the GmFNSII-2C promoter generated an additional drought response element (CCCCT), which had stronger interaction strength with GmDREB3 and increased its transcriptional activity under drought conditions. The frequency of drought-resistant soybean varieties with Hap 1 (Pro:GmFNSII-2C) has increased, suggesting that this haplotype may be selected during soybean breeding. In summary, GmFNSII-2C could be used for molecular breeding of drought-tolerant soybean.

Flat band effects on the ground-state BCS-BEC crossover in atomic Fermi gases in a quasi-two-dimensional Lieb lattice

The ground-state superfluid behavior of ultracold atomic Fermi gases with a short-range attractive interaction in a quasi-two-dimensional Lieb lattice is studied using BCS mean-field theory, within the context of BCS-BEC crossover. We find that the flat band leads to nontrivial exotic effects. As the Fermi level enters the flat band, both the pairing gap and the in-plane superfluid density exhibit an unusual power law as a function of interaction, with strongly enhanced quantum geometric effects, in addition to a dramatic increase of compressibility as the interaction approaches the BCS limit. As the Fermi level crosses the van Hove singularities, the character of pairing changes from particle-like to hole-like or vice versa. We present the computed phase diagram, in which a pair density wave state emerges at high densities with relatively strong interaction strength.

Utilizing Ni(II) complex for metal drug-gel particles in cervical cancer treatment and designing novel drugs through machine learning methods

In the present study, a novel coordination polymer (CP) based on Ni(II), namely, [Ni(L)(D-CAM)(H2O)]n (1) (H2D-CAM = (1R,3S)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid and L = 3,6-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridazine), has been produced successfully through applying a mixed ligand synthesis method via reacting Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with 3,6-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)pyridazine ligand in the presence of a carboxylic acid co-ligand. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) are representatives of natural polysaccharides and have good biocompatibility. Based on the chemical synthesis method, HA/CMCS hydrogel was successfully prepared. SEM showed that the lyophilized gel presented a typical macroporous structure with three-dimensional connected pores, which had unique advantages as a drug carrier. Using paclitaxel as a drug model, we further synthesized a novel paclitaxel-loaded metal gel and evaluated its therapeutic effect on cervical cancer. Finally, novel drugs from the reinforcement learning simulation are suggested to have better biological activity against ovarian cancer due to low affinity energy and stronger interaction strength towards the protein receptor.

From the DeGroot Model to the DeGroot-Non-Consensus Model: The Jump States and the Frozen Fragment States

Non-consensus phenomena are widely observed in human society, but more attention is paid to consensus phenomena. One famous consensus model is the DeGroot model, and there are a series of outstanding works derived from it. By introducing the cognition bias, resulting in over-confidence and under-confidence in the DeGroot model, we propose a non-consensus model, namely the DeGroot-Non-Consensus model. It bridges consensus phenomena and non-consensus phenomena. While different in meaning, the new opinion model can reproduce the DeGroot model’s behaviors and supply a series of interesting non-consensus states. We find frozen fragment states for the over-confident population and time-dependent states for strong interaction strength. In frozen fragment states, the population is polarized into opinion clusters formed by extremists. In time-dependent states, agents jump between two opinions that only differ in the sign, which provides a possible explanation for the swing in opinions in elections and the fluctuations in open questions in the absence of external information. All of these states are summarized in the phase diagrams of the self-confidence and the interaction strength plane. Moreover, the transition scenarios along different parameter paths are studied. Meanwhile, the influence of the nodes’ degree is illustrated in the phase diagrams and the relationship is given. The finite size effect is found in the not quite over-confident population. An interesting phenomenon for small population sizes is that neutral populations with large opinion variance are robust to the fluctuations induced by a finite population size.

Molecular dynamics investigation of the effects of thin periodic defective graphene on the interfacial thermal resistance at liquid–solid interfaces

By coating a heat transfer surface with a thin film, we can improve the heat and mass transfer as in the case of micro heat pipes. This study investigates the effects of periodic defective graphene on the density depletion length and the interfacial thermal resistance at the liquid–solid interface through a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of a water–graphene–Cu system. The results show that the defect concentration of thin graphene plays an essential role in the interfacial thermal resistance. Specifically, it determines the relationship between the density depletion length and the interfacial thermal resistance between water and solid surfaces. In contrast to a pristine graphene coating, a periodic defective graphene coating affects the density depletion length, while the interfacial thermal resistance at the copper–liquid interface decreases clearly with the defect concentration at the strong interaction strength between thin graphene and water.

Surpassing the Performance of Phenolate-derived Ionic Liquids in CO2 Chemisorption by Harnessing the Robust Nature of Pyrazolonates.

Superbase-derived ionic liquids (SILs) are promising sorbents to tackle the carbon challenge featured by tunable interaction strength with CO2 via structural engineering, particularly the oxygenate-derived counterparts (e. g., phenolate). However, for the widely deployed phenolate-derived SILs, unsolved stability issues severely limited their applications leading to unfavorable and diminished CO2 chemisorption performance caused by ylide formation-involved side reactions and the phenolate-quinone transformation via auto-oxidation. In this work, robust pyrazolonate-derived SILs possessing anti-oxidation nature were developed by introducing aza-fused rings in the oxygenate-derived anions, which delivered promising and tunable CO2 uptake capacity surpassing the phenolate-based SIL via a carbonate formation pathway (O-C bond formation), as illustrated by detailed spectroscopy studies. Further theoretical calculations and experimental comparisons demonstrated the more favorable reaction enthalpy and improved anti-oxidation properties of the pyrazolonate-derived SILs compared with phenolate anions. The achievements being made in this work provides a promising approach to achieve efficient carbon capture by combining the benefits of strong interaction strength of oxygenate species with CO2 and the stability improvement enabled by aza-fused rings introduction.

Exploring the promotion behavior of manganese in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis by changing the interaction patterns between manganese and iron

Mn promoter is widely investigated and employed in Fe-based catalysts. However, it remains a substantial challenge to elucidate how the Mn promoter tunes the product selectivity because the Mn promoter can change crystal structure, particle size, phase composition, etc. simultaneously. Hence, three kinds of newly designed catalysts with different interaction patterns between Mn and Fe were developed in this work to explore the promotion mechanism, including Mn-Fe spinel, core–shell Fe3O4@MnO2 and physical mixing of Fe3O4 and MnO2. Texture structure, reduction behavior and phase transformation of the catalysts were carefully investigated. The Mn content and Mn-Fe interaction pattern determine the strength of the Mn-Fe interaction, which affects the Fe species and FTS performance. Strong Mn-Fe interaction in spinel promotes the generation of ε-Fe2C, reducing C5+ selectivity while enhancing C2-C4 selectivity. C2-C4 O/P ratio of Mn-Fe spinel is dramatically elevated while simultaneously rapidly decreasing over time. Although the Mn-Fe interaction patterns are different, the medium content MnO2-coated Fe3O4 catalyst with strong interaction strength exhibits the similar Fe species and FTS performance feature as Mn-Fe spinel. The decrease in the Mn-Fe interaction strength at high MnO2 coating content contributes to the formation of χ-Fe5C2 and displays the alkaline effect of Mn promotion, i.e., a considerable drop in methane selectivity and an increase in C5+ selectivity. The effect on the FTS performance is relatively moderate for physical mixing of Fe3O4 and MnO2 due to the weak Mn-Fe interaction strength. Combining Fe species and product distribution, χ-Fe5C2 is favorable to produce long-chain hydrocarbons while ε-Fe2C is favorable to produce C2=-C4=. Most importantly, our work is expected to open up a new avenue for guiding the design of efficient catalysts.

Study of Hierarchy and Service Facility Centers of South Labuhanbatu Regency

The regional hierarchy, which includes the functions targeted at each region, is an important consideration in regional planning. The implementation of this function is related to existing service facilities in each sub-district in terms of the growth dynamics of South Labuhanbatu Regency. The distribution of the population in the sub-districts of South Labuhantu Regency has resulted in an increase in the quantity of infrastructure, facilities and service facilities. This research was conducted to determine the availability of service facilities in Labuhanbatu District and to examine the hierarchy and distribution of service centers. This research uses a quantitative descriptive research method using the centrality index analysis method, gravity analysis, and nearest neighbor analysis. Based on the study findings, it is known that the availability of service facilities in Labuhanbatu Regency is quite adequate, especially considering that Kota Pinang and Torgamba Subdistricts which have first order status already have quite complete and adequate facilities. In addition to the findings of the regional hierarchy analysis based on analysis of the centrality and gravity indices, the findings of the nearest neighbor analysis also show Kota Pinang and Torgamba Districts in the hierarchy. Service centers in Labuhanbatu Selatan Regency are located in Kota Pinang Subdistrict, which is the capital of the subdistrict, and Torgamba Subdistrict, which has the most availability of facilities and is supported by a large population and strong interaction strength.

Residual hydrogen reduction and refining effect during two-step hydrogen-argon plasma arc melting of cerium

Herein, the two-step hydrogen-argon plasma arc melting technology (HPAM-APAM) namely hydrogen plasma arc melting (HPAM) followed by argon plasma arc melting (APAM), was put forward to successfully realize the application of HPAM on cerium refining. The residual hydrogen content was significantly decreased to 79 ppm with the increase of APAM time to 40 min. The contents of volatile impurities Li and Mg were greatly reduced to less than 0.1 ppm. Paradoxically, the contents of Ti and W with low vapor pressures could be reduced to 2 ppm, whereas the impurities Fe and Si with high vapor pressures were hardly removed. The analysis indicated that the reduction of W and Ti was ascribed to the formation of volatile WO3 and TiO, while the negligible reduction of Fe and Si was attributed to the strong interaction strength with cerium based on “alloy phase formation theory”. A new kinetic refining mechanism by the activated H during HPAM process was proposed. This work helps to extend HPAM to refine hydrogen absorbing metals and provides new insights into the removal mechanism of metallic impurities.

Chaos in coupled atom–molecular Bose–Einstein condensates

We investigate the chaotic dynamics of a coupled three-level atom–molecular Bose–Einstein condensate system composed by one molecular mode and two atomic modes. With the increase of atom–molecular coupling strength, we reveal the emergence of chaotic oscillations of the relative population difference between two atomic modes, which can be proven by the broad windows with a huge number of frequencies in spectral density and the chaotic trajectories in phase space diagrams. The different effects of initial states on atomic population oscillations are revealed, where for more particles in the initial state of the molecular model, chaos appears in the larger parameter region of system dynamics. Furthermore, we find that strong intermolecular interaction strength can suppress chaos resulting from strong atom–molecule coupling. This is due to the difficult transformation between atomic and molecular modes, as well as the relatively independent dynamic evolution of atoms and molecules.

Quantum mechanical analysis of adsorption for CH4 and CO2 onto graphene oxides

Graphene oxide (GO) surfaces with rich and diverse oxygen-containing functional groups might endow GOs with unique chemical adsorption activity. Exploring the adsorption behavior of gas molecules on GOs with different degrees of oxidation can help design highly efficient adsorbents and catalysts. Herein, the interaction energies between two kinds of gas molecules, CH4 and CO2, and the GO surfaces with varied oxidization degrees were simulated by density functional theory. It is numerically demonstrated that CO2 has a stronger interaction strength than CH4. More specifically, the interaction energies for the gases on GO surfaces do not show monotonous variation with the degree of oxidization. The results suggest that there exists an appropriate range of oxidized degrees on GOs, which can impose higher adsorption interaction. The AIM (atom in molecule) and NOCV (natural orbital for chemical valence) analyses were applied to reveal the interaction mechanisms between the gas molecules and GO surfaces. The adsorption free energy and adsorption coverage of CH4 and CO2 on GO surfaces were calculated. Generally, the gas adsorption on GO is thermodynamically unfavorable under standard conditions. The computational results provide an improved understanding of the adsorption mechanism, which might be valuable for the application of high-performance GO-based adsorbents and catalysts.

Dynamic mode decomposition for extrapolating nonequilibrium Green's-function dynamics

The HF-GKBA offers an approximate numerical procedure for propagating the two-time non-equilibrium Green's function(NEGF). Here we compare the HF-GKBA to exact results for a variety of systems with long and short-range interactions, different two-body interaction strengths and various non-equilibrium preparations. We find excellent agreement between the HF-GKBA and exact time evolution in models when more realistic long-range exponentially decaying interactions are considered. This agreement persists for long times and for intermediate to strong interaction strengths. In large systems, HF-GKBA becomes prohibitively expensive for long-time evolutions. For this reason, look at the use of dynamical mode decomposition(DMD) to reconstruct long-time NEGF trajectories from a sample of the initial trajectory. Using no more than 16\% of the total time evolution we reconstruct the total trajectory with high fidelity. Our results show the potential for DMD to be used in conjunction with HF-GKBA to calculate long time trajectories in large-scale systems.

A skin pharmacokinetics study of permeation enhancers: The root cause of dynamic enhancement effect on in vivo drug permeation

Skin pharmacokinetics (SPK) of permeation enhancers can answer the question of why enhancement effects different at the kinetic level. Herein, SPK of permeation enhancers were classified into two categories, namely, lateral elimination (elimination to surrounding stratum corneum (SC)) and longitudinal elimination (elimination to deep epidermal (EP)). They were evaluated with a specific parameter for permeation enhancers, diffusion ratio (DRSC-EP), according to results of tissue-distribution test, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The linear relationship between ke-enahcer and Δ Cmax-drug (R2 = 0.92), MRTenhancer and Δ Tmax-drug (R2 = 0.97), AUCt-enhancer and Δ AUCt-drug (R2 = 0.90) suggesting that SPK of permeation enhancers precisely controlled dynamic process of drug permeation in vivo. The molecular mechanisms of the dynamic effect of SPK process on drug transdermal behaviors were characterized by modulated-temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC), dielectric spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), solid-state NMR. Permeation enhancers with high molecular weight (M.W.) and high polar surface area (P.S.A.) had good compatibility and strong interaction strength with SC, leading their lateral-elimination behavior, causing their low DRSC-EP and resulting in low ke-enhancer, long MRTenhancer, and large AUCt-enhancer. Consequently, skin barrier can be rapidly opened fast and to a great extent. In summary, compared with SPK of permeation enhancers with longitudinal elimination, SPK of permeation enhancers with lateral elimination can enable more sustainable and greater drug permeation. The information about SPK of permeation enhancers offered a criterion to estimate its permeation-enhancement effect on the drug and its subsequent application in transdermal formulations.

The behavior and heat generation effect of a magnetic rod-like particle suspension in an alternating and a rotating magnetic field

We have investigated the behavior of magnetic rod-like particles and their relationship with the heat generation effect for both alternating and rotating magnetic fields, by means of Brownian dynamics simulations. As a common feature for both type of magnetic field variations, in the case of significantly strong particle-particle interaction strengths, densely-packed clusters are formed, which do not contribute to the heat generation. For the case of the alternating magnetic field, in the intermediate frequency range, linear thick chain-like clusters are formed and the constituent rod-like particles themselves tend to rotate to follow the change in the field. In contrast, for the case of the rotating field, linear clusters rotate as a whole body to respond to the magnetic field rotation. In both type of magnetic field variations, the magnetic interactions between the constituent particles in a cluster tend to function to suppress the relaxational motion of the rod-like particles, which, as a result, leads to increase in the heat generation effect in certain situations. In a relatively large frequency region, the rotating applied magnetic field gives rise to a larger heat generation effect, whereas in contrast, in the lower frequency region the alternating magnetic field yields the larger heating effect. Highlights The behavior of magnetic rod-like magnetic particles has been elucidated in the case of an alternating and a rotating magnetic field. The magnetic interactions between the constituent particles in a cluster tend to suppress the relaxation motion of the rod-like particles. The frequency and strength of a time-dependent magnetic field have complex influences on the heating effect. In a relatively large frequency region, the rotating applied magnetic field gives rise to a larger heat generation effect. In a relatively lower frequency region, the alternating magnetic field is superior to the rotating field.

M2CS2 (M = Sc, Y) with brand-new MXene phase: The promising candidate as the N/O-containing gases sensor and/or capturer

S-terminated MXenes have been recently successfully synthesized in experiment (Science, 2020, 369, 979). In particular, the atomic arrangement of M2CS2 (M = Sc or Y) is different from all the already known MXenes. Motivated by this, we have theoretically studied the adsorption of 17 kinds of gases (including atmospheric and organic molecules) on M2CS2. Our results revealed that the adsorption of N/O-containing gases on M2CS2 are preferable, and the Y2CS2 exhibits the high chemical activity as compared with Sc2CS2. In detail, the Sc2CS2 could only effectively capture the NH3 and nicotine, while other gases (including NOx, ethanol, acetone and methanol) could also be captured by Y2CS2 because of their strong interaction strengths (Eads < −0.50 eV). In addition, by considering the adsorption energies, charge transfers, density of states and current/voltage relationships of M2CS2-gas systems, we found that Sc2CS2 could be the potential candidate as NH3/NO/nicotine/ethanol gas sensor, and the Y2CS2 exhibits the extremely high sensitivity and selectivity towards NO. Importantly, the M2CS2 is reusable after gas sensing process because of the short recovery times (<0.04 s) at room temperature. Our results will be helpful in understanding the chemical properties and the potential applications of such unique MXene phase (M2CS2).

Integrated optical-readout of a high-Q mechanical out-of-plane mode

The rapid development of high-QM macroscopic mechanical resonators has enabled great advances in optomechanics. Further improvements could allow for quantum-limited or quantum-enhanced applications at ambient temperature. Some of the remaining challenges include the integration of high-QM structures on a chip, while simultaneously achieving large coupling strengths through an optical read-out. Here, we present a versatile fabrication method, which allows us to build fully integrated optomechanical structures. We place a photonic crystal cavity directly above a mechanical resonator with high-QM fundamental out-of-plane mode, separated by a small gap. The highly confined optical field has a large overlap with the mechanical mode, enabling strong optomechanical interaction strengths. Furthermore, we implement a novel photonic crystal design, which allows for a very large cavity photon number, a highly important feature for optomechanical experiments and sensor applications. Our versatile approach is not limited to our particular design but allows for integrating an out-of-plane optical read-out into almost any device layout. Additionally, it can be scaled to large arrays and paves the way to realizing quantum experiments and applications with mechanical resonators based on high-QM out-of-plane modes alike.