Strong Trade Research Articles

Genomic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates recovered from human and poultry in Australia and New Zealand, 2017 to 2019.

We used genomic and epidemiological data to assess and compare the population structure and origins of Campylobacter, a major foodborne pathogen, in two neighbouring countries with strong trade and cultural links, similar poultry production systems and frequent movement of people and food products. The most common sequence types (STs) differed between Australia and New Zealand, with many unique to each country. Over half of all STs were represented by a single isolate. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) genotypes were detected in 0.8% of all samples, with no MDR isolates detected in poultry. Quinolone and tetracycline resistant ST6964 was prevalent in New Zealand (10.6% of C. jejuni). Closely related isolates suggested some similar food sources or contacts. We have shown that there is little genetic overlap in human and poultry STs of Campylobacter between the countries, which highlights that this common foodborne pathogen has domestic origins in Australia and New Zealand.

Spatial network characteristics of carbon balance in urban agglomerations– a case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city agglomeration

The cities within city clusters have strong trade connections, resulting in spatial heterogeneity and correlation of carbon balances. Previous studies have not deeply explored the characteristics of the spatial association network (SAN) of carbon balance in urban agglomerations, particularly regarding network structure, node effects, and spatial-temporal inhomogeneities. This study investigated the spatial network characteristics of carbon balance in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from 2000 to 2019, employing a modified gravity model and social network analysis (SNA). The findings revealed the following: 1) Carbon emissions increased by 106.42%, and carbon sinks increased by 31.06%, displaying spatial-temporal heterogeneity and forming a multi-level, multi-nodal SAN of carbon balance centered around Beijing. 2) The carbon balance was mainly influenced by spatial spillovers occurring at different nodes, typically moving from lower-tier to higher-tier nodes. 3) Cities assumed four roles: bidirectional spillover, net spillover, primary beneficiary, and agent, with these roles being dynamic. 4) The spatial correlation of carbon balance was primarily influenced by economic development (max 0.602), spatial distance (max 0.331), and per capita ecological land (max 0.445). This approach would refine carbon management policies and deepen the understanding of the SAN and its influencing factors, providing insights for optimizing carbon emission reduction management.

Trade Network Resilience of the Global Photovoltaic Industry Chain

Based on the trade data of the global photovoltaic (PV) industry chain from 2005 to 2021, this paper constructs a global PV industry chain trade network model and analyzes its static resilience and dynamic resilience characteristics, reaching the following conclusions. The static resilience of the trade network is analyzed through aggregation, transmission, hierarchy and matching. The upstream polysilicon trade network is relatively loose, while the midstream and downstream trade networks appear to aggregate significantly. The average path length is short and the average clustering coefficient is high, indicating that the global PV industry chain trade network has high transmission efficiency and small-world characteristics. The global PV industry chain trade network is hierarchical. The degree distribution slope of the upstream polysilicon trade network is the largest and has a high level of hierarchy. Meanwhile, the global PV industry chain trade network is a heterogeneous network, which strengthens the connection between the core countries and edge countries, making the global PV industry chain trade network more resilient. Regarding the dynamic resilience of the trade network, the deterministic disturbance strategies have a greater impact on network performance than the random disturbance strategies, indicating that targeted impacts exert greater impact on the resilience of the global PV industry chain trade network. For the deterministic disturbance strategy, the interference based on intermediate centrality has a higher impact on the overall resilience of the network than the interference based on degree centrality, thus the influence of the country with strong trade radiating ability on the network elasticity is greater than that of the country with strong transit ability.

Government Tariff Intervention and Exportation Activities of SMEs in South West Nigeria

The advancement of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) plays a crucial role in the industrialization of developing nations. Yet, the success and longevity of these SMEs heavily rely on a strong trade policy and an effective tariff system. Unfortunately, the trade policy of the Nigerian Government, particularly concerning SMEs, has not yet supported substantial growth and development due to inadequate tariffs and a lack of openness in import and export duties. This situation has resulted in low output and productivity for SMEs. This research focused on exploring how government tariff interventions impact the export activities of SMEs in Nigeria's South-west geopolitical zone. The study used a cross-sectional research design and targeted the 20,801 registered SMEs in the manufacturing sector of the South-west region. A sample of 393 respondents was selected using the Guilford and Fruchter (1973) formula, employing a multi-stage sampling technique. Primary data was collected through a survey questionnaire, utilizing a 5-point Likert scale adapted from Saragih (2011) to measure responses. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis, supplemented by inferential analysis using R-Studio version 11. The findings indicated that reducing tariffs from 10 percent to zero percent resulted in an increase in the participation of medium-sized firms (those with 100–249 employees) from 11.5 percent to 14.2 percent, but this change did not significantly affect smaller firms. The study concluded that government tariff interventions promote the export activities of SMEs and facilitate their entry into the export market. As a recommendation, the study suggested that the government should lower custom tariffs for SMEs to enable them to achieve larger-scale production and thrive in the global market.

Foreign Trade of Nepal: Evidence from Gravity Model

This study employs the gravity model to assess Nepal's trade potential and its relationships with neighboring and significant trading partners. The model, which links trade volume to country size and proximity, forecasts Nepal's trade for 2023 using coefficients derived from the model. By comparing expected trade volume with actual trade, the study determines Nepal's trade potential with 10 key partners. Results showed that while some nations trade above their potential, others trade below it. Notably, Nepal surpasses its trade potential with all 10 partners, including neighboring giants India and China, indicating the strong trading performance of the country.

The global production pattern of the semiconductor industry: an empirical research based on trade network

Semiconductors are an important electronic component and play a central role in many industrial fields, whose production system is spread all over the world, involving trade in many raw materials, mechanical equipment, and finished products. Comprehending a broad global production picture of the semiconductor industry can be an arduous task. To tackle this complexity, the social network analysis method was used to capture the flows of products between economies in the semiconductor industrial chain. This study analyzed the evolution of the trade pattern of four key commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain, with a focus on identifying the status of major economies in the global semiconductor trade system. Additionally, the influencing factors of the formation of the trade networks were explored by using the Exponential Random Graph Model. The results showed that: (1) From 2001 to 2019, the import and export trade pattern of four key commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain has shown the characteristics of “rising in the east and decreasing in the west”, but the change range shows strong commodity heterogeneity, the change of the spatial pattern of integrated circuits trade is the most significant, and the integrated circuits trade proportion of Asian economies has increased hugely with more than 80%. (2) The trade connectivity of various commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain has increased, upstream support products with high technical requirements such as wafers and equipment have the lowest average degree and weak trade liquidity, and the average degree of trade network of packaging materials and integrated circuits is relatively high, with strong trade liquidity and closer and more prosperous trade connections. (3) From 2001 to 2019, the “core-periphery” system of global semiconductor industry trade has changed significantly, with the core circle undergoing obvious iterative reorganization. for example, China and Singapore have achieved status improvement to the core circle in the base materials trade network, while Malaysia has been squeezed into the semi-peripheral circle. (4) The formation of trade networks of various commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain was driven by three aspects: network self-organization, exogenous endowment attribute, and exogenous network embeddedness. Among them, the influence of the technological innovation level of economies on different commodity trade networks showed heterogeneous.

Communities beyond geographical limitation: The network characteristics of international wildlife trade under the pandemic

The international wildlife trade, contributing billions of dollars to global economies and encompassing thousands of species, has increased due to rising demands for wildlife products. Revealing the key participants and trade characteristics across taxa is imperative for sustaining wildlife resources and conservation efforts. To provide a basis for informed wildlife management and trade supervision, we investigated the global wildlife trade's fundamental characteristics and spatial patterns by analyzing transaction records reported to The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) from 2020 to 2022. During this period, the essential demands for wildlife were highlighted due to stricter trade regulations and higher trade costs in response to the suspected wildlife origin of the pandemic. Our analysis highlights the formation of trade communities that are tightly interconnected by strong trade relations in wildlife trade networks, transcending geographical limitations. Unlike the division of the continents, geographical proximity alone does not necessarily contribute to the formation of these trade communities. Germany emerges as the leading importer based on trade frequency, while the Netherlands leads in exports. The main driving forces behind wildlife trades include commercial use (74.98 %), personal use (3.80 %), and hunting trophies (3.19 %). Apart from 44.90 % of flora trades, Reptilia was the primary traded taxa (21.08 %), involving 196 engaged countries/territories with the most mutual connections (27.21 %) and an average of 12.51 shipments to 11.33 nodes. Aves (9.70 %), Mammalia (9.44 %), and Anthozoa (7.62 %) followed. Notably, certain European and Asian countries/territories dominate the import or export of most trades, exhibiting distinct variations across taxa. The United Arab Emirates led the Aves trade, accounting for 15.96 % of global Aves transactions during this period. Similarly, Italy led the Reptilia trades (21.28 %), South Africa led the Mammalia trades (18.72 %), and Indonesia led the trades in Insecta (56.84 %), Hydrozoa (66.96 %), and Anthozoa (56.12 %). Our findings underscore the traded species facing overexploited and the countries most involved, thereby informing proactive monitoring and policy-making for sustainable wildlife conservation and management.

The Role of Climate Change, Employment, Government Expenditure, and Imports on the Value of Agricultural Production in Romania

Abstract Agricultural production is important for ensuring food security, supporting many activities of society and building strong trade economy of a country, but can be slightly influenced by numerous factors. Even if exists a lot of studies that analyze the influencing factors of agricultural production in terms of value, investments, climate change, credits, costs of energy and more, in the literature can be observed a research gap regarding the relation between emissions or mean weekly hours actually worked per employed person and value of agricultural production. The identified gap in the specialty literature was covered in this paper. The present paper aims to analyze a series of factors that influence the value of agricultural production, like: climate change, employment, government expenditure and imports, after discussing the theoretical framework about the subject. The methodological approach is based on using several linear regressions, tested with the EViews software. One of the main findings indicates the existence of relationships between both the change of imports and the change of emissions with the value of agricultural production in Romania during 1995-2021. Also, another result indicates a negative influence of temperature change on the value of agricultural production, showing once again that climate change does negatively impact agricultural output and, thus, the sustainable development of Romania. This study could be used further by policy makers to understand on which drivers should act on in developing sustainable policies for Romanian agriculture.

Diurnal and seasonal variations of orographic clouds in the Tharsis region with EMM/EXI observations and the Mars Planetary Climate Model

The diurnal and seasonal variations of orographic water ice clouds in the Tharsis region have been investigated with EXI observations for MY 36 and 37. In order to provide context, meteorological fields from the Mars PCM (Mars Planetary Climate Model led by Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Paris, France) have been incorporated. These fields include water ice column, atmospheric temperature, meteorological winds, water vapor, and dust mixing ratio. The diurnal cycle has been studied for sunlit hours (6 am–6 pm) by sampling data into 5 local time bins. Both the EXI observations and the Mars PCM underscore the significant role plays by diurnal thermal tides in controlling the thickness and existence of water ice clouds in the Tharsis region. During Spring and Summer, water ice clouds form in the morning and late-afternoon hours and exhibit greater thickness compared to those that form during the afternoon, primarily due to the influence of thermal tides. During Fall and Winter, water ice clouds are typically observed in the Arsia Mons region, occasionally extending to the Pavonis Mons region. During the Fall and Winter seasons, the clouds that form are mostly thin and have a tendency to develop in the afternoon hours, while the morning hours typically remain cloud-free or exhibit extremely thin clouds. This phenomenon can be attributed to a combination of factors, including the existence of cold temperature zones at higher altitudes formed by the influence of strong trade winds and the impact of diurnal thermal tides. According to the Mars PCM, water ice clouds typically form at altitudes below 25 km during Spring and Summer, whereas during Fall and Winter, cloud formation occurs at altitudes above 25 km.

Identifying East Java Trade Interest Through Paradiplomacy Initiatives - Analysis on Actors, Processes and Goals of Diplomacy

This research explores the paradiplomacy activities of the East Java Government's Department of Industry and Trade in improving international trade relations. Through initiatives such as business matching, trade fairs, and foreign trade missions, the government collaborates with trade attachés, ITPCs, and foreign trade representatives to promote Indonesian exports and attract foreign investment. By achieving strong trade performance, East Java has succeeded in attracting investment, increasing export value, and actively contributing to Indonesia's international trade. This study emphasizes the important role of local governments in advancing international trade for regional development and national interests. Through programs such as business matching, foreign trade missions, international exhibitions and market brief webinars. The East Java government uses paradiplomacy to strengthen international trade relations. This research underlines the role of subnational actors in increasing economic growth and Indonesia's foreign trade balance.

Foreign shareholder, overseas sale and corporate profit margin.

China is actively promoting the development of a robust trading nation. In this context, utilizing data from China's A-share listed companies spanning from 2003 to 2021, this study investigates the impact of foreign shareholders on enterprises in a scenario where overseas sales reduce the profit margin of Chinese firms. The findings reveal that overseas sales do indeed decrease the profit margin of Chinese enterprises; however, foreign shareholders mitigate this negative effect and various robustness tests support this conclusion. Mechanism analysis confirms that foreign shareholders primarily enhance enterprise productivity through improved production technology spillover effects, thereby alleviating the adverse impact of overseas sales on Chinese firms' profit margins. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that both longer holding periods for foreign shareholders and multiple foreign shareholders significantly alleviate the negative influence of overseas sales on Chinese firms' profit margins. Moreover, there is significant heterogeneity in how foreign shareholders alleviate these detrimental consequences based on property rights nature, institutional environment, overseas related party transactions and subsidiaries, as well as industry attributes. These findings have important reference value for China's efforts towards becoming a strong trading nation and can contribute to enhancing trade capacity in other countries.

Nepal and China Trade Relations

Because landlocked countries can only access sea ports through neighbors, their economies are heavily influenced by them. A nation’s economy will grow slowly without strong trade. A country must have solid diplomatic relations with its neighbors in a globalizing globe. Many studies have examined commerce with India, but few with China. The Nepal-China commercial relationship is the topic of this study. From the 5th century to present, Nepal and China have cooperated. This relationship has grown. This report examines Nepal-China trade opportunities and difficulties. Trade connections and import-export trade between these countries are the focus of this study. The analysis covers 2007/08 to 2016/17 trade volumes between these countries. The trade imbalance expanded from 228 million to 1 billion between 2007/08 to 2016/17, highlighting the significant difference between countries. The findings show Nepal has significant trade potential in agriculture, hydroelectricity, and banking sectors, but its economy, infrastructure, and political instability provide hurdles. Nepal is paving the path to prosperity with new trade agreements and existing and proposed activities with China.

The Significance of Modern Agreements Between Greece and Egypt as Secondary Readings: the echoes of Herodotus and Thucydides

Greece and Egypt, developed individually in two continents Europe and Africa, respectively, have maintained long beneficial relations since pre-historic times. The earliest evidence of Greek-Egyptian relations was uncovered from Minoan excavations that date back to 3000 BCE. Considering the literary sources available to examine the nature of contacts between Greece and Egypt, the Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides from the 5th century BCE reveal evidently reliable information on the bilateral agreements that prevailed between the two nations. Historians relate stories on how these two nations significantly relied on times of need during the 5th century BCE war periods. While Egypt was the grain supplier for Greek city-states, specifically Athens, Athenians repaid Egypt by extending their military power to Egypt. Further, as history reveals, both nations maintained strong trade links. Fast-forwarding to modern diplomatic relations, Greece and Egypt have continued their relations with each other up to the 21st century, irrespective of the fact that the cultures of both nations have evolved with many developments and advances. This research paper explores the contemporary importance of the bilateral agreements between Greece and Egypt, drawing parallels with the historical narratives of Herodotus and Thucydides. The paper follows a historical method in analysing the narrative of history and an analytical approach in reading the modern agreements taken under discussion. The paper intends to analyse how modern agreements between these two nations reflect and reminiscence the historical interactions, emphasizing the political, economic, and cultural significance between these powerful nations in the Mediterranean basin. By examining the historical context, the paper aims to shed light on the enduring diplomatic and cultural ties between Greece and Egypt, offering valuable knowledge for international relations in the present and future.

Trade competitiveness and sustainable energy practices: The moderating role of ecological footprint

The existing literature regarding the deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between trade competitiveness, sustainable energy practices, and environmental sustainability is scare in emerging economies. In this regard, this study aims to examine the relationship between trade competitiveness, sustainable energy practices, and the moderating role of ecological footprints in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Using the panel data from 1990 to 2021 by applying Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (CS-ARDL). The findings of our study reveal that trade competitiveness plays a pivotal role in advancing sustainable energy practices, with countries demonstrating high trade competitiveness exhibiting more robust and favourable approaches to sustainability. Furthermore, the ecological footprint was identified as a critical moderator in this relationship, indicating that countries with strong trade competitiveness can have an even more significant impact on sustainable energy practices when they operate within sustainable ecological boundaries. The study emphasizes the need for policymakers to integrate ecological considerations into trade policies, enforce environmental regulations, and promote eco-friendly technologies to balance economic growth and environmental sustainability.

ГЛОБАЛЬНА БАГАТОПОЛЯРНІСТЬ: НОВІ МОЖЛИВОСТІ Й ЗАГРОЗИ ДЛЯ РОЗВИТКУ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЕКСПОРТУ

Одним з актуальних напрямів сучасної економічної науки є передбачення наслідків глобальної багатополярності. Їх аналіз у сферах міжнародної політики і міжнародного торговельного права дав підстави для висунення припущення, що глобальна багатополярність створює як нові можливості, так і додаткові загрози для розвитку менших економік, що розвиваються (smaller developing economies). Для перевірки припущення на основі даних, зібраних у сфері економіки, запропоновано ці можливості й загрози проаналізувати як сильні й слабкі торговельні стимули, що формують країни – нові реальні й потенційні полюси глобального зростання при закупівлі в менших економіках, що розвиваються, сировини і продукції підвищеної технологічної складності. Для реалізації цього наукового методу розроблено набір методологічних і методичних підходів для уточнення переліку й рейтингування реальних і потенційних полюсів глобального зростання, оцінювання їх часток у закупівлі продукції підвищеної технологічної складності.Апробація запропонованих наукових підходів на прикладі України виявила, що на міжнародних ринках додатковий попит Китаю і потенційних полюсів глобального зростання з-поміж країн з ринками, що прискорено розвиваються, створює сильні торговельні стимули для пожвавлення економічної активності у вітчизняних експортних галузях з виробництва сировини і продукції її неглибокої переробки, а також слабкі – у галузях з виробництва продукції підвищеної технологічної складності. Тому подальше стрімке інерційне розширення торгівлі України з даними країнами неодмінно посилюватиме ризики уповільнення якісних (структурних) змін у вітчизняній зовнішній торгівлі на користь продукції підвищеної технологічної складності. Отримані емпіричні дані підтверджують припущення західних учених, що глобальна багатополярність створює додаткові загрози для розвитку менших економік, що розвиваються, оскільки стимулює збереження за ними ролі постачальника сировинних ресурсів на світові ринки в майбутньому.

The Impact of Deglobalization Processes on International Trade in the Context of Fragmentation of the World Economy

The world economy has been facing a number of factors in recent years, the impact of which cannot be characterized from a positive point of view. The reduction in trade between countries, the decline in foreign direct investment flows, differences in political views, trade wars that lead to the fact that the slow process of globalization, characteristic of the period of the global financial crisis and continuing until recently, is transformed into deglobalization processes, while their trend has a dynamic of strengthening. Deglobalization, which has outlined the course of development of international trade today, is considered from the point of view of permanence for the medium term, which requires states and international communities to implement policies that reduce the consequences of deglobalization and return to the existing course of globalization, creating strong trade relations, which is the key to the prosperous existence of all countries of the world, regardless of their level development. In connection with the above aspects, in order for the countries of the world to maintain trade relations and reduce the impact of economic de-globalization on international trade, first of all, it is necessary to create a solid and rational system of cooperation for market participants, which will create fair conditions for conducting trade between states.

The impact of mutual recognition of geographical indications on the quality upgrading of China’s agricultural exports

Improving the quality of agricultural exports and increasing value–added trade is crucial for shaping new competitive advantages of agricultural exports, building a strong trading nation and achieving high–quality agricultural development. This study constructed a multi–time point difference–in–differences model to empirically test the effect and mechanism of the mutual recognition of geographical indications (GIs) between China and the European Union (EU) on the quality upgrading of China’s exported agricultural products from 2000 to 2016 based on theoretical analysis of the effect mechanism of GIs on agricultural product exports. The study determined that mutual GI recognition between China and the EU has effectively improved the quality of agricultural exports, with a greater effect on upgrading the quality of products from countries with high GIs endowment, quality frontier and large and medium–sized enterprises and labour–intensive products. The mechanism analysis revealed that mutual GI recognition between China and the EU can improve the quality of agricultural exports through specialisation agglomeration and cost-saving effects on the supply side and domestic demand upgrading and product recognition effects on the demand side. This study has important implications for further enriching quality improvement theory regarding agricultural products and presents a new approach for enhancing the quality improvement path of exported agricultural products that lack supply–side resources.

Trade unions of Russia in the system of social partnership: legal regulation, problems and prospects of development

The subject. Proclaiming the ideas of partnership and solidarity, the state designates a completely new development focused on socio-economic relations in Russia, involving new principles of interaction between society, business and the state. The revision of the status of subjects of social partnership will be aimed at further development of the system of guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms. Purpose of the study. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the trade union as a subject of social partnership based on the study, analysis and generalization of the scientific base, current legislation and practice of its application. Effective protection of the rights and legitimate interests of employees is possible only if there is an effective mechanism of implementation of trade union control over their compliance. Therefore, it seems that in the near future the share of public control over compliance with labor legislation and labor protection should increase. Methodology. In the process of achieving the goal and solving the tasks set, the general scientific dialectical methods of cognition, as well as logical, historical, comparative legal and formal legal methods were used. Structural and systemic methods are also the basis of the study. The conclusions of the work are based on dialectical unity and the struggle of opposites. The main results. In the process of scientific research, it can be concluded that a society should be able to exercise public control over the observance of human rights in this society. During the reforms, trade unions lost the right to legislative initiative at the federal level, the rights to state supervision of compliance with labor legislation and the state of labor protection, and consideration of individual labor disputes. At the same time, trade unions have re-ceived a number of new rights, for example, to participate in the resolution of collective labor disputes, in collective bargaining, to conclude social partnership agreements, etc.Despite the declared principle of independence of trade unions from the state, as a result, it is impossible to create and legalize the legal status of the trade union movement without a state regulator. Therefore, the independence of any legal entity is, in principle, relative. Nevertheless, associations of employees are provided with a sufficient amount of corporate independence, which actually ensures their national and individual characteristics. Conclusions. Trade unions are an important element of civil society. Without increasing their role, it is impossible to achieve harmony in social and labor relations. In this regard, the question of the new status of trade unions in Russia should be raised. This conclusion is justified by the fact that free and independent trade unions are the guarantors of social justice and security. Consequently, the use of the market mechanism by the population depends on whether it is possible to regulate the labor market within the framework of law and policy. Moreover, the labor market improves the status of employees in relation to employers only with strong trade unions.

The decomposition of tourism demand and tourism receipts

We examine the effect of the decomposition of tourist demand on tourism receipts. We find that tourists from OECD economies or from countries that have strong trade connections with the host economy tend to spend more money in emerging economies. However, tourists from countries that have sociocultural or geographic linkages, such as sharing the same border, having the same religion or language, or have the same ethnicity as those in the host country, tend to spend less money.

THE UK INTERNAL MARKET: A GLOBAL OUTLIER?

AbstractThe new UK internal market, as embodied in the UK Internal Market Act 2020 and the common frameworks, is the latest example of market integration, but it is far from being the only one. A myriad of composite market structures exists across the world, including in Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, the US and the EU. This article investigates how the UK internal market compares to other internal markets: to what extent does it follow pre-existing paths, to what extent does it depart from them? It is argued that the UK has diverged from international blueprints in several important aspects. Despite drawing on methods that are frequently employed for achieving economic integration, it reinterprets and combines these in a unique way. The result is an internal market which is defined by an unusual degree of centralisation, strong trade rights and a high potential for deregulation.