Strong Plume Research Articles

Do Seasonality and Latitude Dictate the Formation of Strong or Weak Volcanic Eruption Plumes?

AbstractIn this study, we propose a method to predict the classification of the eruption plume types: “strong plumes” and “weak plumes”. Our method reproduces the general features that the eruption plume types depend on, both the meteorological conditions and eruption conditions, and successfully reproduces the classification of the plume types for historical eruption events. Application of the method to Monte Carlo simulations revealed that eruption plumes at a low latitude tend to form strong plumes due to weak ambient winds, whereas eruption plumes at a mid latitude tend to form weak plumes due to the strong ambient winds associated with the jet stream. The simulation also revealed that mid‐latitude eruption plumes tend to be strong plumes in the summer when ambient winds are lowered by a weakening and poleward movement of the jet stream.

Multimodal interactions in Stomoxys navigation reveal synergy between olfaction and vision

Stomoxys flies exhibit an attraction toward objects that offer no rewards, such as traps and targets devoid of blood or nectar incentives. This behavior provides an opportunity to develop effective tools for vector control and monitoring. However, for these systems to be sustainable and eco-friendly, the visual cues used must be specific to target vector(s). In this study, we modified the existing blue Vavoua trap, which was originally designed to attract biting flies, to create a deceptive host attraction system specifically biased toward attracting Stomoxys. Our research revealed that Stomoxys flies are attracted to various colors, with red proving to be the most attractive and selective color for Stomoxys compared to the other colors tested. Interestingly, our investigation of the cattle–Stomoxys interaction demonstrated that Stomoxys flies do not prefer a specific livestock fur color phenotype, despite variation in the spectrum. To create a realistic sensory impression of the trap in the Stomoxys nervous system, we incorporated olfactory cues from livestock host odors that significantly increased trap catches. The optimized novel polymer bead dispenser is capable of effectively releasing the attractive odor carvone + p-cresol, with strong plume strands and longevity. Overall, red trap baited with polymer bead dispenser is environmentally preferred.

A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on Earth

AbstractHadean zircons provide a potential record of Earth's earliest subduction 4.3 billion years ago. It remains enigmatic how subduction could be initiated so soon after the presumably Moon‐forming giant impact (MGI). Earlier studies found an increase in Earth's core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature due to the accumulation of the impactor's core, and our recent work shows Earth's lower mantle remains largely solid, with some of the impactor's mantle potentially surviving as the large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Here, we show that a hot post‐impact CMB drives the initiation of strong mantle plumes that can induce subduction initiation ∼200 Myr after the MGI. 2D and 3D thermomechanical computations show that a high CMB temperature is the primary factor triggering early subduction, with enrichment of heat‐producing elements in LLSVPs as another potential factor. The models link the earliest subduction to the MGI with implications for understanding the diverse tectonic regimes of rocky planets.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Longitudinal Temperature Attenuation and Smoke Movement in Urban Utility Tunnel Fires

The urban utility tunnel is an indispensable part of modern engineering construction. However, the fire risk cannot be ignored due to the narrow space and limited ventilation of the utility tunnel. A study of smoke filling is performed in a 1/8-scaled utility tunnel (25 m × 0.5 m × 0.45 m). Five heat release rates (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kW) and four positions of fire sources are used for tests. The initial position of the one-dimensional smoke movement of strong plume is determined. Based on the traditional model, the longitudinal temperature attenuation model of tunnel smoke is established with consideration of radiation and convection heat losses. The theoretical value of the longitudinal temperature rise of smoke is in good agreement with the experimental value. A one-dimensional spreading velocity model is established that coincides well with the experimental value, and the relative error is less than 20%. The spreading velocity of smoke is increased by the heat release rate. The velocity of the smoke spreading at the near end is smaller than that at the center, due to the long spreading route. The current conclusions disclosed in this study provide important guidance for the ventilation design of utility tunnels for fire smoke scenarios.

A Study on the Maximum Temperature of a Ceiling Jet of Asymmetric Dual Strong Plumes in a Naturally Ventilated Tunnel

This paper explores the temperature distribution (TD) and maximum temperature (MT) below the ceiling induced by the ceiling jet of an asymmetric dual fire sources in a naturally ventilated tunnel. Considering strong plumes, this study investigates the effects of fire size and spacing of asymmetric dual fire sources on TD and MT. With the same power of fire source, when the size of one of the fire sources increases, the corresponding maximum temperature beneath ceiling decreases. Additionally, the temperature peak below the ceiling shifts from one to two, and the peak temperature of the larger fire source is lower compared to that of smaller one. When the fire sources distance increases, the maximum temperature initially decreases and then increases. Beyond a certain distance, the maximum temperature no longer changes with increasing distance. In this study, we investigated the effect of fire source size and spacing on the MT of the tunnel ceiling for asymmetric dual fire sources. A new model for predicting the MT underneath the tunnel ceiling was developed, taking into account the factors as fire spacing and fire size. The model is able to make effective predictions of the simulation results.

Numerical investigation of the temperature characteristics beneath the ceiling driven by a strong plume in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel

AbstractPrevious studies have mainly focused on the situation that the tunnel's continuous flame region was lower than the ceiling height. For tunnels with longitudinal ventilation, the temperature characteristics of strong fire plumes are still unclear. In this paper, the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling for strong fire plume conditions in a small‐scale tunnel is studied using fire dynamics simulator. Results show that when the effective height (the distance from the burner surface to the ceiling of the tunnel) is 0.65 m, the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling in this work shows a good correlation with Li's model and Kurioka's model. However, as the effective height decreases to 0.55 and 0.50 m, the maximum temperature rise would be significantly lower than the previous model. Therefore, a dimensionless coefficient is introduced to modify the maximum temperature rise model for a strong fire plume, which involves the effective height coefficient, heat release rate, and longitudinal ventilation. A calculation model for the maximum temperature rise beneath the tunnel ceiling in the condition of strong fire plumes is established. The temperature attenuation data along the tunnel are given by statistics. The relationship between the dimensionless temperature rise and the dimensionless position parameter is established, and a unified model under various heat release rates is obtained.

Numerical investigations on combustion characteristics of full-size cabin fire with typical material pyrolysis and burnout under different fire source positions

This study primarily investigates the combustion characteristics of full-scale cabin fires under different fire source positions based on the pyrolysis and burnout of the typical cabin combustibles. The flame spread, mass loss rate (MLR), heat release rate (HRR), smoke movement characteristics and temperature decay were analyzed. Results showed that the cabin flame spread under different fire source positions could be divided into four stages. The fire source position significantly influenced the growth rate of MLR and HRR, but had little effect on the peak value. Comparison of the theoretical HRR based on fuel and ventilation control with the simulation data verified the dynamic change of cabin fire. The confined space and continuous intense combustion made the smoke movement driven by weak and strong plume in cabin fire. The fire source position had the great influence on TBL in the initial stage of cabin fire. The temperature decay correlation ln(ΔTmax(abs(x−a)/L)ΔTmax)∝C(abs(x−a)/L) considering the flame spread was proposed, which was well consistent with the simulation results. The conclusions would be helpful to understand the cabin fire and provide the theoretical reference for evacuation.

Observations of a rotating pyroconvective plume

Background There is an ongoing need for improved understanding of wildfire plume dynamics. Aims To improve process-level understanding of wildfire plume dynamics including strong (>10 m s−1) fire-generated winds and pyrocumulus (pyroCu) development. Methods Ka-band Doppler radar and two Doppler lidars were used to quantify plume dynamics during a high-intensity prescribed fire and airborne laser scanning (ALS) to quantify the fuel consumption. Key results We document the development of a strongly rotating (>10 m s−1) pyroCu-topped plume reaching 10 km. Plume rotation develops during merging of discrete plume elements and is characterised by inflow and rotational winds an order of magnitude stronger than the ambient flow. Deep pyroCu is initiated after a sequence of plume-deepening events that push the plume top above its condensation level. The pyroCu exhibits a strong central updraft (~35 m s−1) flanked by mechanically and evaporative forced downdrafts. The downdrafts do not reach the surface and have no impact on fire behaviour. ALS data show plume development is linked to large fuel consumption (~20 kg m−2). Conclusions Interactions between discrete plume elements contributed to plume rotation and large fuel consumption led to strong updrafts triggering deep pyroCu. Implications These results identify conditions conducive to strong plume rotation and deep pyroCu initiation.

Experimental study on the fire control and smoke transportation using sealing strategy in tunnel

Sealing tunnel portals is a favorable approach to controlling tunnel fires. This paper experimentally studied the influence of portals-sealing on fire behavior in a small-scale tunnel. A series of characteristic parameters, including fuel burning rate, O2 and CO2 volume fraction, and ceiling smoke temperature in the tunnel were measured. Besides, the flame self-extinguishment time, smoke transportation characteristics and gas temperature field at different fire source locations and sealing conditions were systematically investigated. Results indicated that the critical equivalence ratio for methanol fuel converted to ventilation-controlled tunnel fires is within 0.783–0.923. The combustion state is influenced by fire location. Fires occurring near the tunnel entrance are more prone to self-extinguishment than those away from the tunnel entrance. The critical volume fraction of O2 for flame self-extinguishment ranges from 13.5% to 15.3% and decreases with increasing gas temperature. Moreover, tunnel sealing significantly impacts peak gas temperature values, but hardly changes the longitudinal distribution pattern of temperature. The longitudinal distribution model of gas temperature under the action of the strong plume in a confined space is developed. This study provides guidance for fire risk assessment during the tunnel sealing process and contributes to the scientific development of sealing strategies.

Terrigenous humic substances regulate the concentrations of dissolved Fe and Cu (but not Al, Mn, Ni or Zn) in the Gaoping River plume

The small mountainous rivers of Oceania discharge a large fraction of their dissolved and particulate load of materials within a very small percentage of the time. As a result, the yearly inputs and physicochemical forms of dissolved metals exported to the ocean by these rivers are poorly quantified. We investigated the wet-season distribution patterns of metals and fluorescent organic substances in the surface waters of the Gaoping River plume, SW Taiwan, under both moderate (Sep 2020) and strong flow conditions (Aug 2021). The mixing behaviour of both soluble (<5 kDa) and colloidal (>5 kDa) metals and fluorescent components was examined over the salinity range 3.0–32.2 in 2020 and 5.8–31.1 in 2021. We detected two humic-like and one protein-like fluorescent components, the same on both surveys. The humic-like components, C1 and C3, originated from the Gaoping River and correlated strongly with Cu and Fe, respectively. Component C3 showed a greater enrichment relative to C1 in the colloidal (C3/C1 > 0.8) than in the soluble phase (C3/C1 = 0.4). The protein-like component, C2, came from both terrestrial and marine sources and displayed a more complex mixing behaviour than the other two. One striking result was that the effective zero-salinity concentrations of Fe (∼300 nM) and Cu (∼23 nM) did not change significantly in response to a 10-fold increase in river discharge between Sep 2020 and Aug 2021. Similarly to Fe and Cu, the distribution patterns of Components C1 and C3 did not change significantly between the moderate and the strong plume, and C3 and C1 correlated strongly with Fe and Cu, respectively. We conclude that subtropical mountainous rivers can provide soil-derived humic substances which facilitate and regulate the delivery of Fe and Cu to the ocean, provided mountain forests are preserved.

The influence of regional wind patterns on air quality during forest fires near Sydney, Australia

Particulate pollution from forest fire smoke threatens the health of communities by increasing the occurrence of respiratory illnesses. Wind drives both fire behaviour and smoke dispersal. Understanding regional wind patterns would assist in effectively managing smoke risk. Sydney, Australia is prone to smoke pollution because it has a large population close to fire-prone eucalypt forests. Here we use the self-organising maps (SOM) technique to identify sixteen unique wind classes for the Sydney region from days with active fires, including identifying sea breeze occurrence. We explored differences in PM2.5 levels between classes and between hazard reduction burning (HRB) and wildfire days. For HRB days, classes with the highest PM2.5 mostly had a sea breeze, whereas better air quality days usually had winds aligned across the region (e.g. all westerly). The wind class with the most HRB days had low wind speeds and a sea breeze and was among the worst wind classes for air quality. For wildfire days, days with a sea breeze were also generally of poor air quality but many classes had at least some poor air quality days, most of which were during the 2019–2020 east coast wildfires in New South Wales. Some poor air quality days occurred in wind classes that sent strong plumes directly over air quality stations, spread smoke over a wide area or transported smoke from outside the region. The classes identified may be useful in scheduling HRBs, for example, identifying days with low pollution risk to conduct an HRB, or for assisting in understanding pollution risk and sending health warnings during HRBs and wildfires. Further development of the approach may allow the creation of multi-day classifications for fire managers to plan HRB ignitions over several days to ensure better smoke dispersal. Further research could incorporate other weather predictors or focus on other regions.

Parameterizing Subglacial Discharge in Modeling Buoyancy Driven Flow in Tidewater Glacier Fjords

AbstractIn tidewater glacier fjords, subglacial discharge drives a significant mixing mechanism near glacier fronts and drives a strong exchange flow. Numerous studies (Cowton et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010324; Slater et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl072374) have utilized a parameterization for buoyant plume theory to force fjord scales systems, but neglect to parameterize the outflowing of the plume away from the glacial wall after it has reached its neutral density. In this study, a new model framework, ROMS‐ICEPLUME, is developed to parameterize the rising and initial outflowing stage of subglacial discharge plumes in the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The coupled model applies a novel parameterization algorithm to prescribe the velocity and vertical extent of the outflowing plume, which reduces numerical instability and improves model performance. The model framework is tested with a quasi‐realistic forcing using observations of a subglacial discharge plume hydrographic surveys collected from a Greenland fjord. We find that the new model framework is able to reproduce the strong outflowing plume and the compensating inflow at depth, with a spatial structure that correlates well with in‐situ observations. On the other hand, the model framework without the new parameterization algorithm fails to capture the outflowing plume structure. Thus, our new framework for parameterizing subglacial discharge plumes is an improvement from previous coupled model frameworks, and is a promising tool toward advancing our understanding of circulation in tidewater glacier fjords.

Research on ceiling gas temperature rise and floor heat flux driven by strong fire plume in a sealing tunnel

Sealing is one of the important means to extinguish fire in tunnel. It is necessary to investigate the strong fire plume in tunnel under sealed conditions. In this paper, the fire experiments were carried out in a 1:10 tunnel platform, and the influence of different sealing forms, heat release rates of fire source and heights of fire source on the ceiling gas temperature rise and floor heat flux driven by strong fire plume were analyzed. As expected the tests show that the ceiling gas temperature rise under sealing effect will be lower than that without sealing. The larger the total sealing ratio, the greater the temperature rise and floor heat flux. When the total sealing ratio is the same, the higher the proportion of the upper part sealing structure, the larger the ceiling gas temperature rise and the floor heat flux, meanwhile, these two parameters are also positively correlated with the height of fire source. In the region close to the fire source, the longitudinal temperature rise along the ceiling attenuates rapidly, but the decays trend becomes slower as the distance away from the fire source increases. In this paper, the sealing opening coefficient is introduced, and the prediction models of the longitudinal temperature rise decay along the tunnel ceiling and the floor heat flux under sealing effect are proposed respectively.

Ice Shelf Basal Melt Sensitivity to Tide‐Induced Mixing Based on the Theory of Subglacial Plumes

AbstractTidal currents are known to influence basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves through two types of mechanisms: local processes taking place within the boundary current adjacent to the ice shelf‐ocean interface and far‐field processes influencing the properties of water masses within the cavity. The separate effects of these processes are poorly understood, limiting our ability to parameterize tide‐driven ice shelf‐ocean interactions. Here we focus on the small‐scale processes within the boundary current. We apply a one‐dimensional plume model to a range of ice base geometries characteristic of Antarctic ice shelves to study the sensitivity of basal melt rates to different representations of tide‐driven turbulent mixing processes. Our simulations demonstrate that tides can either increase or decrease melt rates depending on the approach chosen to parameterize entrainment of ambient water into the turbulent plume layer, a process not yet well constrained by observations. A theoretical assessment based on an analogy with tidal bottom boundary layers suggests that tide‐driven shear at the ice shelf‐ocean interface enhances mixing through the pycnocline. Under this assumption our simulations predict a tide‐induced increase in melt and freeze rates along the base of the ice shelf, with the strongest plume path‐integrated effects for cold cavities (up to +400% in the realistic set up). An approximation is provided to account for this response in basal melt rate parameterizations that neglect the effect of tide‐induced turbulent mixing.

The tectonics and volcanism of Venus: New modes facilitated by realistic crustal rheology and intrusive magmatism

To explain Venus’ young surface age and lack of plate tectonics, Venus’ tectonic regime has often been proposed to be either an episodic-lid regime with global lithospheric overturns, or an equilibrium resurfacing regime with numerous volcanic and tectonic activities. Stratigraphic analysis suggests that Venus’ surface tectonics could be a combination of these two end-member models with a global resurfacing event that created most of the crust followed by tectonic and volcanic activities until now. Recent analyses of Venus’ satellite images also suggest widespread lithospheric mobility in the lowland basins that does not fit the episodic-lid tectonic regime. Here, we use global 2-D thermochemical convection models with realistic parameters, including rheology (dislocation creep, diffusion creep, and plastic yielding), an experiment-based plagioclase (An75) crustal rheology, and intrusive magmatism, to investigate the tectonics and mantle evolution of Venus. We find that surface tectonics is strongly affected by crustal rheology. With a “weak” plagioclase-rheology crust, models exhibit episodic overturns but with continuously high surface mobility and high distributed surface strain rates between overturns, leading to a new tectonic regime that we name “deformable episodic lid”. On the other hand, olivine-crustal-rheology models exhibit either standard episodic-lid tectonics, i.e. with mobility that is high during overturns and near zero between overturns, or stagnant-lid tectonics, i.e. with near-zero mobility over the entire model time. In models with plagioclase-rheology crust, magmatic resurfacings are short-lived and randomly located, leading to a rather uniform resurfacing rate. Also, a combination of plagioclase crustal rheology and dislocation creep can weaken the lithosphere sufficiently to facilitate lithospheric overturns without applying plastic yielding. Internally, the composition-dependent density profile results in a “basalt barrier” at the mantle transition zone, which strongly affects Venus’ mantle evolution. Only strong plumes can penetrate this basalt barrier and cause global lithospheric overturns. This basalt barrier also causes global internal episodic overturns that generate global volcanic resurfacing in stagnant-lid models, which suggests a new resurfacing mechanism that does not involve lithospheric overturns. We name this regime “stagnant episodic-volcanic-resurfacing”. Results in models with plagioclase crustal rheology and low eruption efficiencies best fit current estimates of crustal thickness, surface age, and tectonic structures based on observations of Venus. The crustal thickness in models with an olivine-rheology crust is limited by the basalt–eclogite phase transition and is higher than observation-based estimates. Higher intrusion rates better fit these estimates, as models with high eruption efficiency predict very low surface age (< 100 Myr).

Plume–ridge interactions: ridgeward versus plate-drag plume flow

Abstract. The analysis of mid-ocean ridges and hotspots that are sourced by deep-rooted mantle plumes allows us to get a glimpse of mantle structure and dynamics. Dynamical interaction between ridge and plume processes have been widely proposed and studied, particularly in terms of ridgeward plume flow. However, the effects of plate drag on plume–lithosphere and plume–ridge interaction remain poorly understood. In particular, the mechanisms that control plume flow towards vs. away from the ridge have not yet been systematically studied. Here, we use 2D thermomechanical numerical models of plume–ridge interaction to systematically explore the effects of (i) ridge-spreading rate, (ii) initial plume head radius and (iii) plume–ridge distance. Our numerical experiments suggest two different geodynamic regimes: (1) plume flow towards the ridge is favored by strong buoyant mantle plumes, slow spreading rates and small plume–ridge distances; (2) plume drag away from the ridge is in turn promoted by fast ridge spreading for small-to-intermediate plumes and large plume–ridge distances. We find that the pressure gradient between the buoyant plume and spreading ridge at first drives ridgeward flow, but eventually the competition between plate drag and the gravitational force of plume flow along the base of the sloping lithosphere controls the fate of plume (spreading towards vs. away from the ridge). Our results highlight that fast-spreading ridges exert strong plate-dragging force, which sheds new light on natural observations of largely absent plume–lithosphere interaction along fast-spreading ridges, such as the East Pacific Rise.

Quantifying the Effect of Wind on Volcanic Plumes: Implications for Plume Modeling

AbstractThe considerable effects that wind can have on estimates of mass eruption rates (MERs) in explosive eruptions based on volcanic plume height are well known but difficult to quantify rigorously. Many explicitly wind‐affected plume models have the additional difficulty that they require the use of centerline heights of bent‐over plumes, a parameter not easily obtained directly from observational data. We tested two such models by using the time series of varying plume heights and windspeeds of the 2010 eruption. The mapped fallout and photos taken during this eruption allow us to estimate the plume geometry and to empirically constrain input parameters for the two models tested. Two strategies are presented to correct the difference in maximum plume height and centerline height: (a) based on plume radius, and (b) by using the plume type parameter Π, which quantifies the relative influence of buoyancy and cross‐wind on the plume dynamics, to discriminate weak, intermediate and strong plumes. The results indicate that it may be more appropriate to classify plumes as either wind‐dominated, intermediate or buoyancy‐dominated, where the relative effects of both wind and MER define the type. The analysis of the Eyjafjallajökull data shows that the MER estimates from both models are considerably improved when a plume‐type dependent centerline‐correction is applied. For one model, we varied the wind entrainment coefficient β. For this particular eruption, we find that the best value for β lies between 0.28 and 0.36, unlike previous suggestions that set this parameter to 0.50.

Numerical Simulation of the Dispersion of Exhaled Aerosols from a Manikin with a Realistic Upper Airway

Basic analysis of the flow field and aerosol deposition under different conditions when a spreader contains an upper airway tract is important to accurately predict the transmission of virus-laden aerosols. An upper airway was included to simulate aerosol transport and deposition. A flow field was simulated by the Transition SST model for validation. The simulation results show that, in the absence of the upper airway structure, an over-predicted aerosol deposition rate will occur. Higher upper-stream air velocity enhanced the intensity but added complexity to the recirculating flow between two manikins and increased the deposition rate of aerosol in the disseminator. A low-temperature environment can reduce the deposition rate of aerosol particles on the body of the disseminator due to a strong thermal plume. Therefore, the structure of the upper airway should be considered when predicting respiratory aerosol in order to increase the accuracy of aerosol propagation prediction.

Experimental study on the smoke movement and flame extension length characteristics of strong fire plumes in a sealed tunnel

Sealing strategy is one of the methods available to extinguish tunnel fires. In this study, based on a 1/10 reduced-scale model tunnel, the fire source heat release rate and source-ceiling height were changed, and the sealing walls with various sealing ratios and opening positions were set to study the smoke movement and flame extension length characteristics of strong fire plumes. The results show that for the total sealing ratio of 75%, the competition between smoke overflow and air supplement when the opening position is in the middle area is stronger than that when the opening position is in the upper area or lower area. For the total sealing ratio of 50%, the competition between smoke overflow and air supplement is not obvious due to the large opening area. The flame extension length beneath tunnel ceiling increases with fire source heat release rate and decreases as source-ceiling height increases. When the total sealing ratio is 50%, the flame extension length beneath tunnel ceiling is close to that without sealing, and the flame extension length beneath tunnel ceiling becomes longer when the total sealing ratio is 75%. As the total sealing ratio increases, the stability of the flame extension beneath tunnel ceiling decreases. Based on dimensional analysis, empirical models are developed to predict the flame extension length beneath ceiling in the sealed tunnel.

Analysis of source distribution of high carbon monoxide events using airborne and surface observations in Korea

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key tracer of anthropogenic pollution, and it indirectly affects climate change. Anmyeon-do (AMY, 36.54° N, 126.33° E), a World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch Program (WMO/GAW) regional background station in Korea, provides continuous observations of CO mole fractions at the surface and vertical profiles within 0.5–9 km that are also collected by aircraft campaigns. The vertical profiles collected in 2019 were analyzed using meteorological parameters such as vertical velocity and boundary layer height (BLH), and a strong relationship was observed among them; however, the vertical distribution, which was influenced by unexpected strong pollution plumes, did not exhibit a strong relationship with vertical velocity and BLH. On November 16, we captured a strong CO signal within the boundary layer and at approximately 2 km above the BLH, where vertical profiles of the aerosol scattering coefficient at 550 nm were simultaneously observed with the same vertical structure. To identify the origins and source types of the stratification of the pollution plume for CO and aerosol, we also analyzed surface in situ observations of particle size distributions and reactive gases (NOx, O3, and SO2) as well as the column averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon monoxide (XCO) and measurements of aerosol optical depth obtained from the tropospheric monitoring instrument (TROPOMI) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite, respectively. The high CO event within the BLH, including observations at the surface site, was attributed to domestic burning sources. Convective uplifting of industrial fossil fuel emissions from eastern China was responsible for the high CO dry mole fraction in the low free troposphere (FT) and the elevated aerosol scattering coefficient. Statistical analyses of one-year surface in situ observations of CO reveal that CO-emission sources from eastern China contributed to extremely high CO spikes (≥80th percentile of CO or ≥ 350 ppb, approximately) in 2019. Therefore, we concluded that emissions from eastern China have a potentially leading role in the observed high pollution events at the surface and the lower FT over the AMY station in 2019. The increase in ground temperature, with the acceleration of the global warming process, can intensify the convective uplifting of pollution plumes from emission source regions to FT over East Asian regions. In addition, such an occurrence of the stratification of the atmospheric pollution plume in the troposphere should be considered in future studies on radiative forcing to improve air-quality forecasting in this region.