Strong Negative Consequences Research Articles

Statistical Analysis of Regional Heterogeneity of Marital Dissolution Among Women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016: Application of Multilevel Logistic Regression Model

Divorce is a major life stressor for the individuals involved, with potentially strong negative consequences for the mental and physical health of all members of the family. The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of regional heterogeneity marital dissolution among women in Ethiopia. The study used data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey which was a stratified two stage cluster sampling procedure was used. The researcher has been used (n=11405) of all married women from the selected population of study nested within nine regional states and two administrative cities in Ethiopia at time of interview. The Multilevel model were used to explore the major risk factors and regional variations of marital dissolution in Ethiopia using R statistical software. The descriptive result revealed that among eligible married women the proportion of marital dissolution was 9.91%. Among the three multilevel logistic models the random slope model found to be the best description of the data set and to evaluate the within and between regional heterogeneity of marital dissolution. Using this model variables that significantly affect the marital dissolution in Ethiopia were residence, education level of women, work status of women, duration of marriage, number of children, education level of husband and number of unions. The effects of the determinant variables are the same for each region, but the number of children and education level of husband were the two variables which varies within and between in each region. The other important result from this paper is that missing data analysis using appropriate imputation technique was performed to make better inferences.

Materialism predicts burnout through the basic needs: individual-level and within-person longitudinal evidence

ABSTRACT Workplace burnout has strong negative consequences for both workers and organisations. Following Self-determination theory (SDT), we hypothesised that workplace materialism – the relative importance given to extrinsic (fame, money, image) versus intrinsic (relationships, pro-sociality, self-development) work goals – is a key antecedent of burnout. The relationship between work goals and burnout is expected to be mediated by lower satisfaction and higher frustration of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Extending previous correlational evidence, we tested the prospective relationships among these constructs using a three-wave longitudinal design among a large sample of Chilean workers (N = 1841). Both individual-level (cross-lagged panel model) and within-person (trait-state-occasion model) longitudinal analyses supported that materialism predicted subsequent levels of burnout through higher need frustration. Need satisfaction did not predict subsequent burnout in either analysis. Additionally, we found that burnout predicted subsequent need frustration, suggesting a dangerous reciprocal relationship between both constructs. Our findings support SDT and highlight the potential risks of emphasising materialism in organisational settings. Indeed, contrary to common organisational practices, our findings suggest that burnout can be reduced by lowering the importance of extrinsic goals, fostering intrinsic goals, and building working environments to avoid frustrating basic psychological needs.

Responses of Dairy Buffalo to Heat Stress Conditions and Mitigation Strategies: A Review.

Increases in temperature and the greater incidence of extreme events are the consequences of the climate change that is taking place on planet Earth. High temperatures create severe discomfort to animal farms as they are unable to efficiently dissipate their body heat, and for this, they implement mechanisms to reduce the production of endogenous heat (reducing feed intake and production). In tropical and subtropical countries, where buffalo breeding is more widespread, there are strong negative consequences of heat stress (HS) on the production and quality of milk, reproduction, and health. The increase in ambient temperature is also affecting temperate countries in which buffalo farms are starting to highlight problems due to HS. To counteract HS, it is possible to improve buffalo thermotolerance by using a genetic approach, but even if it is essential, it is a long process. Two other mitigation approaches are nutritional strategies, such as the use of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants and cooling strategies such as shade, fans, sprinklers, and pools. Among the cooling systems that have been evaluated, wallowing or a combination of fans and sprinklers, when wallowing is not available, are good strategies, even if wallowing was the best because it improved the production and reproduction performance and the level of general well-being of the animals.

Investigating the Impact of the Engineering College Admission Test on Test-Takers

This study aims to investigate the washback effects of ECAT on test takers. ECAT (Engineering College Admission) test is a high stakes exam. In Pakistan every year number of candidates with the hope of getting admission appeared in the test. The current study aims to explore the washback effects of ECAT on its test takers (both successful and unsuccessful). To investigate the washback effects of ECAT, the researcher adopted qualitative approach. The data collection tool used for the current study is a semi structured interviews. The total number of the participants (n=30). The participants of the study are divided into two groups: Group A successful candidates, Group B unsuccessful candidates. The current study used the convenient sampling. From the data analysis, the constant comparative Method (CCM) Maykutt and More (1994) guideline are used. The findings of the study revealed that ECAT has strong positive and negative consequences on test takers. The successful test takers were seemed more focused, disciplined and hardworking worried about to get success in the test. The washback effect on the unsuccessful test takers revealed the fact that few participants were never interested in the ECAT. Beside this there were other factors that contribute to their failure. The perceptions of the both groups about ECAT showed, it is a transparent test and the format and content and their system of conducting the entrance exam is good. The implications of this study are for the future test takers and the test developers to ensure the validity, reliability and quality of the test. Secondly, to build a trust relationship between test takers and test developers. Thirdly, in the washback research, it will be a good addition to the washback effect of test on test takers, as they are most neglected stakeholders in washback research at a national and international level. It will be a good addition in literature available for washback research.

Evaluating the COVID-19 pandemic changes on hotel organizational culture

The strong negative consequences caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic created the need for a scientific investigation of changes that occurred in the organizational culture of the hospitality industry. This research paper, using the Delphi method, served three purposes. It first assesses the changes that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to selected cultural components (product, external relations, and entrepreneurship strategy) that shape a hotel’s organizational culture, and determines how it interacts with other stakeholders on an inter-organizational level. Secondly, it links these changes to the three directions of change: formal/revolutionary, informal/evolutionary, and hybrid. Thirdly, it suggests specific policies that help hotel managers better cope with the challenges posed by the COVID-19 era for the organizational culture of their hotel. The impact of the pandemic on the selected cultural components of a hotel’s organizational culture is extensive and to address them (by reducing the negative and strengthening the positive effects), hotels must implement policies aligned with the three directions of change. This research is scientifically original as it bridges a knowledge gap and holds practical value by helping hotel executives gain a deeper knowledge of strategies and tactics that will help them deal with the negative impacts of COVID-19 in specific areas of the organizational culture of their hotels.

Labour market consequences of an early-onset disability: the case of cerebral palsy

ABSTRACT The labour market consequences of early-onset or congenital disabilities have received little attention in the literature. In this paper, we study the consequences of cerebral palsy (CP), a lifelong early onset disability, and pathways through which it affects labour outcomes. We use data from multiple linked Swedish National Population Registers between 1990 and 2015 and apply both regression and mediation analysis. Our results show, as expected, strong negative consequences of CP on labour outcomes, and that the consequences have increased over time. The social insurance system, we find, compensates for some of the losses through non-work-related benefits. The results also suggest that the direct effects of CP per se have prominent impact on labour market outcomes. Thus, given the same level of mediators, persons with CP will have lower labour outcomes compared to persons without CP. Our results draw attention to the widening labour market consequences of CP in Sweden.

Urban ecological framework as an optimal mechanism for managing the development of urban areas

The urban ecological framework is the systematisation of several frameworks in the city and beyond, connected with each other by actual bonds. However, they are often torn apart and not joined in urban planning documents and rules. This especially affected the Soviet and post-Soviet school of planning, both in theory and in practice. Having a rich knowledge base in practical and scientific fields, there are systemic inconsistencies in regulatory documents. This seriously impacts on the design and implementation results. Strong negative consequences of not being connected into a single mechanism of urban-ecological frameworks are revealed during the operation of finished objects. All this leads to an increase in costs in the long run. All these factors add up to negative consequences for human health and together result in economic losses and costs. The outcomes summed up by economists and doctors only fix the actual state, but medical and economic theory does not have methods for changing the situation in cities seriously. This requires an alliance with the methods of planning and development of urban and adjacent territories, as well as making changes to the regulatory and legal documents of cities.

Induced dormancy in Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and its impact on the quality improvement for mass rearing in parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say).

A steady supply of hosts at the susceptible stage for parasitism is a major component of mass rearing parasitoids for biological control programs. Here we describe the effects of storing 5th instar Plodia interpunctella larvae in dormancy on subsequent host development in the context of host colony maintenance and effects of the duration of host dormancy on the development of Habrobracon hebetor parasitoids reared from dormant hosts. We induced dormancy with a combination of short daylength (12L:12D) and lower temperature (15°C), conditions known to induce diapause in this species, and held 5th instar larvae of P. interpunctella for a series of dormancy durations ranging from 15 to 105 days. Extended storage of dormant 5th instar larvae had no significant impacts on survival, development, or reproductive potential of P. interpunctella, reinforcing that dormant hosts have a substantial shelf life. This ability to store hosts in dormancy for more than 3 months at a time without strong negative consequences reinforces the promise of using dormancy to maintain host colonies. The proportion of hosts parasitized by H. hebetor did not vary significantly between non-dormant host larvae and dormant host larvae stored for periods as long as 105 days. Concordant with a prior study, H. hebetor adult progeny production from dormant host larvae was higher than the number of progeny produced on non-dormant host larvae. There were no differences in size, sex ratio, or reproductive output of parasitoids reared on dormant hosts compared to non-dormant hosts stored for up to 105 days. Larval development times of H. hebetor were however longer when reared on dormant hosts compared to non-dormant hosts. Our results agree with other studies showing using dormant hosts can improve parasitoid mass rearing, and we show benefits for parasitoid rearing even after 3 months of host dormancy.

Severity of deforestation mediates biotic homogenisation in an island archipelago

Anthropogenic‐driven species extinctions are radically changing the biosphere. Biological communities may become increasingly similar to or dissimilar from one another via the processes of biotic homogenisation or heterogenisation. A key question is how the conversion of native forests to agriculture may influence these processes by driving changes in the occurrence patterns of restricted‐range endemic species versus wide‐ranging generalists. We examined biotic homogenisation and heterogenisation in bird communities on the Southeast Asian islands of Borneo, Sulawesi, Seram, Buru, Talaud and Sangihe. Each island is characterised by high levels of avian endemism and unique spatial configuration of forest conversion to agriculture. Forest conversion to agriculture influenced the patterns of biotic homogenisation on five islands. Bird communities became increasingly dissimilar to forest reference communities relative to localised patterns of deforestation. Turnover led to species with larger global range‐sizes dominating communities at the expense of island endemics and ecological specialists. Within islands, forest conversion did not result in clear changes to β‐diversity, whereas between‐island communities became increasingly similar with greater deforestation, implying that patterns of forest conversion profoundly affect biotic homogenisation. Our findings elucidate how continued conversion of forests is causing the replacement of endemic species by a small cohort of shared ubiquitous species with potentially strong negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and resilience. Halting reorganisation of the biosphere via the loss of range‐restricted species and spread of wide‐ranged generalists will require improved efforts to reduce the impacts of deforestation, particularly in regions with high endemism.

Balancing the Freedom–Security Trade-Off During Crises and Disasters

During crises and disasters, such as hurricanes, terrorist threats, or pandemics, policymakers must often increase security at the cost of freedom. Psychological science, however, has shown that the restriction of freedom may have strong negative consequences for behavior and health. We suggest that psychology can inform policy both by elucidating some negative consequences of lost freedom (e.g., depression or behavioral reactance) and by revealing strategies to address them. We propose four interlocking principles that can help policymakers restore the freedom–security balance. Careful consideration of the psychology of freedom can help policymakers develop policies that most effectively promote public health, safety, and well-being when crises and disasters strike.

Leopard tortoise Stigmochelys pardalis (Bell, 1928) mortality caused by electrified fences in central South Africa and its impact on tortoise demography

ABSTRACT The leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) is among the most ubiquitously distributed chelonian species in Africa. As with other chelonians, however, the species’ slow growth rate, coupled with low survivorship of juveniles, make it susceptible to declines under regimes of environmental perturbation. Here we studied the impact of electrified fences, a key source of mortality for many South African terrestrial vertebrate taxa, on leopard tortoise mortality in the Free State Province (Jacobsdal district) and Northern Cape Province (Strydenburg district), and its implications for survivorship of this population. Our results show a strong selection bias towards larger (breeding age) individuals that, given the life history of the species, should have strong (negative) consequences for populations. Using data for tortoise populations from other regions as a baseline for survivorship rates in populations unaffected by fencing, we derived a size-structure matrix model to evaluate the impact on population growth rates. Population projections, taking into account variation in survivorship and reproductive rates across and within size classes, indicated substantially higher risk of negative population growth (and eventual extinction) in populations affected by electrified fences. These results confirm that fencing is a conservation problem for the leopard tortoise population in this, and probably other regions, and highlights an urgent need for more intensive regulation of electrified fencing practices among landowners.

Soil pollution by heavy metals correlates with levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites of a fossorial amphisbaenian reptile.

Soil degradation may have strong negative consequences for soil biodiversity, but these potential effects are understudied and poorly understood. Concentration of nesting seabirds may be a source of soil pollution by heavy metals, which are incorporated into the food chain and may have toxicological effects in vertebrates, especially in fossorial animals with low dispersal ability. We examined whether contamination by heavy metals, derived from seagull depositions, and other soil characteristics, may affect the levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (as a potential indicator of physiological stress) of the fossorial amphisbaenian reptile Trogonophis wiegmanni. We found a relationship between soil pollution by heavy metals and increased levels of faecal corticosterone metabolite of the amphisbaenians that live buried in those soils. This can be due to the strong endocrine disruption effect of heavy metals. In addition, there was an independent effect of the soil texture, with amphisbaenians showing higher levels of faecal corticosterone metabolite in soils with less sand and more silt and clay, which are more energetically costly to dig. Long-term exposure to high glucocorticoid levels might have serious effects on health state and fitness of fossorial animals that may be unnoticed. Our study emphasizes that, to prevent future conservation problems, we need to perform periodic surveys on the physiological health state of the little-known subterranean biodiversity.

The impact of COVID-19 restriction measures on loneliness among older adults in Austria.

BackgroundTo halt the spread of COVID-19, Austria implemented a 7-week ’lockdown’ in March/April 2020. We assess whether the ensuing reduction in social contacts led to increased loneliness among older adults (60+).MethodsThree analyses were conducted: (1) A comparison between pre-pandemic (SHARE: 2013-2017) and pandemic (May 2020) levels of loneliness (UCLA-3 scale), (2) an assessment of the cross-sectional correlation between being affected by COVID-19 restriction measures and loneliness (May 2020), and (3) a longitudinal analysis of weekly changes (March-June 2020) in loneliness (Corona panel).ResultsWe found (1) increased loneliness in 2020 compared with previous years, (2) a moderate positive association between the number of restriction measures older adults were affected from and their loneliness, and (3) that loneliness was higher during ’lockdown’ compared to the subsequent re-opening phase, particularly among those who live alone.ConclusionWe provide evidence that COVID-19 restriction measures in Austria have indeed resulted in increased levels of loneliness among older adults. However, these effects seem to be short-lived, and thus no strong negative consequences for older adults’ mental health are expected. Nonetheless, the effects on loneliness, and subsequent mental health issues, might be both more long-lasting and severe if future restriction measures are enacted repeatedly and/or over longer time periods.

Explaining Factors Leading to Community Acceptance of Wind Energy. Results of an Expert Assessment

The present article deals with two key drivers of social acceptance of wind energy: procedural justice and distributional justice. It is based on a comparative expert assessment carried out in the frame of the Horizon 2020 project WinWind covering six European countries. The focus of the paper is on procedural and financial participation of citizens and local stakeholders in wind energy projects. The first part covers institutional arrangements for public engagement in two areas of the decision-making process—wind turbine zoning/siting in spatial plans and authorization procedures. Here, three levels of public involvement—information, consultation and participation—were analyzed. The second part examines active and financial participation of citizens and local stakeholders. Here, we distinguish between two different modes of governance: institutionalized forms of public governance and voluntary forms of corporate governance. The outcomes suggest that concrete paths to the social acceptance of wind energy are fostered via appropriate institutional spaces for public engagement. Furthermore, missing opportunities for active and passive financial participation can have strong negative consequences for community acceptance

Os impactos do preconceito social e familiar na saúde mental das lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e transsexuais

O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar os impactos do preconceito social e familiar na saúde mental dos indivíduos LGBTs no contexto da contemporaneidade. Especificamente os objetivos foram: compreender os aspectos que estão atrelados ao preconceito vivenciado cotidianamente pelos LGBTs, que na maioria das vezes sofrem também com a falta de amparo familiar. Ademais, frequentemente, convivem com diversas questões relacionadas às discriminações e não aceitação de si mesmo, pois em alguns casos a orientação sexual do indivíduo pode gerar muitas frustrações e constrangimentos. Desta forma, a ausência de compreensão e afeto acaba gerando consequências negativas muito fortes, as quais podem ser tanto psíquicas quanto físicas. Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica no período de setembro à novembro de 2019 nas bases de dados eletrônicas: PePsic, Scielo, repositórios de teses e dissertações das universidades brasileiras, anais de eventos, cartilhas e livros. Constatou-se que grande parte da sociedade contemporânea ainda possui uma grande intolerância aos LGBTs, o que gera preconceito e consequentemente violência. Os LGBTs estão conquistando mais respeito perante a sociedade, porém ainda enfrentam muitos conflitos em relação aos seus direitos e liberdade de expressão. Também procuram sempre um espaço na coletividade, ou seja, estão em uma constante luta por igualitarização e menos pré-julgamentos, assim, possivelmente haverá um pensamento não tão fragmentado quanto se dá sobre o tema abordado neste artigo.

Latent Profiles of Parenting among Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) continues to be a widely prevalent problem and has strong negative consequences for women and children. Parenting effectively (for example, practicing warm and supportive parenting and refraining from the use of physical discipline) may be very difficult for women who have experienced IPV and who have children. At the same time, parenting behaviors such as the use of warm and supportive parenting or the use of physical discipline, have consequences for children’s mental and emotional well-being and also for their development. Latent profile analysis was used to examine parenting behavior using data from 184 participants in a study of women and children exposed to IPV. The results of this analysis suggested two closely similar underlying latent profiles of parenting behavior. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications, including possible new directions for reducing stigma and decreasing rates of child maltreatment.

Climate and land-use change homogenise terrestrial biodiversity, with consequences for ecosystem functioning and human well-being.

Biodiversity continues to decline under the effect of multiple human pressures. We give a brief overview of the main pressures on biodiversity, before focusing on the two that have a predominant effect: land-use and climate change. We discuss how interactions between land-use and climate change in terrestrial systems are likely to have greater impacts than expected when only considering these pressures in isolation. Understanding biodiversity changes is complicated by the fact that such changes are likely to be uneven among different geographic regions and species. We review the evidence for variation in terrestrial biodiversity changes, relating differences among species to key ecological characteristics, and explaining how disproportionate impacts on certain species are leading to a spatial homogenisation of ecological communities. Finally, we explain how the overall losses and homogenisation of biodiversity, and the larger impacts upon certain types of species, are likely to lead to strong negative consequences for the functioning of ecosystems, and consequently for human well-being.

Insufficient sleep reduces voting and other prosocial behaviours.

Insufficient sleep is a growing public health concern in industrial societies. Although a lack of sleep is known to negatively affect private behaviours-such as working or going to school-comparatively little is known about its consequences for the social behaviours that hold society and democracy together. Using three complementary methods, we show how insufficient sleep affects various measures of civic participation. With survey data from two countries, we show that insufficient sleep predicts lower voter turnout. Next, with a geographical regression discontinuity design, we demonstrate that individuals from the United States who tend to sleep less due to circadian impacts of time-zone boundaries are also less likely to vote. Finally, we experimentally manipulate short-term sleep over a two-stage study. We observe that the treatment decreases the levels of civic engagement, as shown by their willingness to vote, sign petitions and donate to charities. These results highlight the strong negative consequences that current levels of insufficient sleep have on vitally important measures of social capital.

The Effect of Divorce on Families’ Life

Marriage and divorce are social issues as well as private concerns. Divorce is a major life stressor for the individuals involved, with potentially strong negative consequences for the mental and physical health of all members of the family. The basic purpose of this review is to provide detail information about the effect of divorce on families’ life. Children dropout schools, engage in addiction, commit sex before marriage and develop delinquent behavior in the community they live in. Crimes, theft and immoral acts of conduct stem from divorced families. Divorce leads custodial parents to experience major changes in the their lives including a change in residential arrangements, economic disadvantage, loneliness associated with social network changes, and role strain associated with the task overload that results from having to care for children and work outside the home. In divorced couple’s residential arrangements, economic status, social networks and role demands lead to deterioration in physical and mental health for the majority of individuals immediately following separation. Despite most societies of the world have negative attitude towards divorce, there are individuals who advocate marital dissolution for the reason that it results in various positive effects on their overall well-beings. the most causes for divorce are communication problem, lack of conflict management skills, falling out of love and lack of commitment to marriage financial problems, alcohol addiction, lack of maturity and physical abuse on the other hand, least causes are women education, having differences or rearing children, leaving home for a long time and lack of cooperation for household tasks were the least causes of divorce compared to others respectively. A lot has to be done before couples are going to divorce. Keywords: Divorce, Marriage, life, parents, children DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/46-02 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Noise as an informational cue for decision-making: the sound of rain delays bat emergence.

Background noise can have strong negative consequences for animals, reducing individual fitness by masking communication signals, impeding prey detection and increasing predation risk. While the negative impacts of noise across taxa have been well documented, the use of noise as an informational cue, providing animals with reliable information on environmental conditions, has been less well studied. In the tropical rainforest, downpours can be intense and frequent. Strong rainfall may impede efficient orientation and foraging for bats that need echolocation to both navigate and detect prey, and can result in higher flight costs due to increased metabolic rates. Using playback experiments at natural roosts, we tested whether two bat species, differing in their hunting strategies and foraging habitats, use rain noise as a cue to delay emergence from their roosts. We found that both species significantly delayed their emergence time during rain noise playbacks versus silence and ambient noise controls. We conclude that bats can use background noise, here the acoustic component of rainfall, as a reliable informational cue to make informed decisions, in this case about whether to initiate foraging trips or remain in the shelter of their roosts. Our findings suggest that environmental background noise can sometimes be beneficial to animals, in particular in situations where other sensory cues may be absent.