Strong Military Force Research Articles

Izraelska preemptivna upotreba vojne sile u šestodnevnom ratu 1967. godine

The Six-Day War of 1967 was a war conflict almost unanimously defined in the scientific literature as a school example of preemptive war. The conflict was initiated with Israel's attack on Egypt and Syria, after prolonged concentration of strong military forces on their common borders by the two countries. In order to prevent joint and coordinated attack on two fronts, Israel destroyed the Egyptian and Syrian Air Force with a carefully planned airstrike in the matter of hours. Since the founding of the State, the Israeli political and military elite have been guided by a collective narrative in addressing serious security threats. This narrative is based on drawing historical parallels with the experience of collective political violence against Jews as a political community in the past. It dictates proactivity in the protection of national interests and national security, and over time it has manifested itself in various ways. The Israeli army, as well as other security branches, have acted preemptively and preventively many times whenever the need to protect the lives and property of Israeli citizens arose. In the eyes of the Israeli political and military elite each of the mentioned above security threats was placed in the context of the German attempt to exterminate the Jews in WW2. Regardless of our attitudes towards the Middle East conflict, the fact remains that Israel's survival was most threatened in 1948 and 1973, that is, the only two times when Israel was not the first to attack its enemies who grouped against it.

고구려인가 기자조선인가: 몽골제국에서 고려 역사상의 경합

Just as the intellectuals of the Chinese Song(宋) dynasty did, Mongol Imperial officials in the early days of contacting Goryeo believed that Goryeo was the same dynasty with Goguryeo(高句麗) from the Korean peninsula’s ancient past. This misconception also let them to suspect that Goryeo could become a threat at any point, with an image of Goryeo being a ‘country with a strong military force’ embedded in their minds.BR Feeling uneasy and not to mention pressure from such misled preconception, the Goryeo government and intellectuals continuously denied the existence of any sort of relationship between Goryeo and the late Goguryeo. They also tried to promote the ancient sage Gija(箕子) as the Goryeo dynasty’s symbolic originator of its civilization, in an attempt to replace Goryeo’s overall image as a ‘belligerent, aggressive race since the old Goguryeo days’ with the image of “Gija” which in fact signified the Korean peninsula’s long, amicable relationship with China while also symbolizing the peninsula’s advanced civil culture.BR The Goryeo officials’ efforts, including the authoring and spreading of several history books, and exchanging conversations with the Mongol intellectuals, eventually generated a desired effect and resulted in the Mongol Empire’s new official historical perception (mainly prevailing in the Daidu/大都 region), which no longer considered Goryeo as an entity whose origin was rooted in the Goguryeo legacy. Whenever they were to describe the history of Goryeo, they would not only mention Goguryeo but always Gija as well, as can be seen in the “Goryeo” chapter(高麗傳) inside the Songshi(Official Song History, 宋史) -compiled by the intellectuals in the Huáběi(華北) region in 1345-, which serves as a definite example of this sort of change in historical perception.BR But the literary figures in the Jiangnan(江南) region, who had no affiliation with the Mongol Imperial government and did not have the opportunity to actually meet their Goryeo counterparts, still believed that Goryeo was ‘of the late Goguryeo.’ Such belief can be seen from Wénxiàn Tōngkǎo(文獻通考), one of the most renowned encyclopedic texts of the time. And quite ironically, after the Ming(明) dynasty, a newborn one based on factions from the Jiangnan region, was able to drive the Mongol Empire out of China (which had its own basis in the Huáběi region), the “Goryeo” chapter(高麗傳) in Yuanshi(Official Yuan History, 元史) compiled by the Jiangnan region scholars in 1370 displayed the official historical perception reverted back to how it had earlier been, which was to identify Goryeo with the legacy of Goguryeo.

Biblical History in the Thought of R. Ḥaim David Halevy

Abstract R. Ḥaim David Halevy was an exceptional voice in the Religious-Zionist camp in Israel. While espousing faithfulness to the halakhah, he recognized the importance of changing circumstances with respect both to halakhic rulings and philosophical issues arising in Hebrew law. He viewed the study of history as a practical imperative, necessary to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. Frequently adducing biblical texts, he argued that Israel must learn from the patriarchs and maintain a strong military force. In particular, the events leading to the destruction of the Temple and exile prompted him to posit that the State should remain neutral and not take an active part in international affairs. On the basis of the historiographical and prophetic literature, he maintained that fidelity to the divine covenant – i.e., ethical conduct – would safeguard Israel’s existence.

AIOT based Real Time Environment Monitoring and Tracking System for Soldiers using SN-MQTT Protocol

In the crisis filled world, it is necessary to protect our Country and its resources. Where a strong military force will enable in safeguarding the nation security, wealth and our valuable lives too. Soldiers are not only involved in providing protection against the military attacks but also plays a crucial role in resolving problems thereby maintaining prevalence of peace in the country. Therefore, it is necessary to safeguard and protect soldiers from dangers as they are the guardians to enrich the prosperity of one’s country. The proposed project focuses on monitoring the soldier’s environmental attacks like detection of gun firing attacks, toxic gas detection, and emergency alert in case of threats. Followed by creating a virtual fence using Global Positioning System (GPS) to track and guard them within the safer zone and with inclusion of two-way wireless communication between the soldier & the surveillance unit using Wi-Fi Module in case of emergency return from the battle field thereby protecting them from the possibilities of danger. The technologies in particular Artificial Intelligence of Things i.e. the collaboration of Internet of Things (IoT) with deep learning (RNN-LSTM Model) helps in achieving information transfer between soldier and administrator followed by prediction of toxic gas presence in the atmosphere. The Administrator at the surveillance unit will monitor the real time status of the soldier in the webpage created using Node Red Programming Tool where the data are carried out by means of Sensor Networks - Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT). Thus this system ensures the security of the soldier.

SLOVENSKA VOJSKA DO LETA 2025 IN NAPREJ

The paper provides an analysis of the current situation in the Slovenian Armed Forces, identifies weaknesses and advantages, and offers recommendations for the organization and functioning of the Slovenian Armed Forces. We have also examined whether its transformation follows the transformational processes in the Alliance. NATO's DOTMLPF-I methodology and an analysis have been used to determine the weaker areas. We have particularly highlighted the field of personnel and finances that need to be improved in order to ensure a more effective implementation. By analyzing the development of military organizations in the future and by reviewing NATO's strategic concepts, we have established that in order to successfully function in the future, the Slovenian Armed Forces must follow the transformational imperatives of the Alliance today. Furthermore, we have analyzed the requirements lying ahead the Slovenian Armed Forces in the future and described some of the combined unconventional threats. At the end, we have also presented the recommendations for the operation of the Slovenian Armed Forces in the future, namely system consolidation, preparation of a vision, integration, modernization and flexible structure of units as well as financial stability and sustainability. As a fundamental finding of the article, we emphasize the fact that, by 2025 and beyond, the Slovenian Armed Forces should be shaped as a small but still sufficiently strong military force, which by using sustainable resources can provide highly qualified and trained joint forces that are interoperable with the armed forces of other NATO Allies.

Three Great Reformers of the Roman Army

Rome was famous because of its strong military force and it dominate the Mediterranean Sea. However, it was facing severe shortage of soldiers for a long time during 150 BCE. This problem had enormously effect on the Roman society and political life such as the appearance of slavery in Rome and the use of violence in Rome. The reasons why Rome had shortage f soldiers were related to its own military system and political system. The three great reformers, Tiberius Gracchus, Caius Gracchus and Caius Marius tried their best to solve the problem. Gracchus brothers failed but Marius succeed. Experiences we can learn from these reforms will also be mentioned.

It's All Downhill from Here: How the Nation's Dispute with Clean Water Act Jurisdiction Is Solved

What makes the United States one of the most prosperous and safest nations in the modern world? Perhaps it is the durable economy, the strong military force, or the Constitutional protections. What most Americans take for granted, however, is something people in many nations base their entire lives around: safe, clean water. Promulgated in 1972, the original Clean Water Act has been opposed and amended over the course of forty years. No provision, however, has been as hotly contested as the § 404 program for “dredge and fill” permits. Specifically, this section led to divisions on what constitutes “water” that is subject to Clean Water Act jurisdiction and what does not. Hoping to solve the confusion once and for all, the EPA’s “Clean Water Rule” was published in 2015. The Rule, however, was immediately met with litigation and was hit with a nationwide stay by the Sixth Circuit. This article is the first to collectively address the pending arguments against the Rule while arguing that the adoption of Justice Kennedy’s significant nexus test was the best option. When the Sixth Circuit makes its decision on the merits, the decision will likely make it to the Supreme Court. The Court should find that contrary to many allegations, the Rule does not violate the Administrative Procedure Act, the Commerce Clause, or the Clear Statement Canon. Further, by applying the 2016 Hawkes Co. ruling, the Court should be able to ease the minds of the Rule’s opponents while confirming the Rule on the merits.

The Kosova Liberation Army: underground war to Balkan insurgency, 1948-2001

The Kosova Liberation Army (KLA) was the first successful insurgent movement in Europe since the Second World War. In the struggle against Milosevic's Serbia it developed from a tiny group in the Swiss political underground in the 1980s to an 18,000 strong military force that was allied with NATO between 1997 and 1999. The KLA drew on deep historical traditions of resistance to Serbian rule in Kosova, but in other respects was highly innovative and was the first postmodern insurgency for which the image it carried in the media was almost as important as its achievements in the campaign. In this ground-breaking and innovative history, James Pettifer traces the development of the force using previously unknown documents from Russian, American, Serbian and Swiss archives, numerous interviews with participants and observers, and eye-witness material. The book focuses in particular depth on the work of the KLA leaders in secret organisations prior to the war, and how Milosevic misunderstood the nature of the opponent he was facing. This also applied to many NATO nations, who often saw the unique Kosova struggle as an extension of the earlier Bosnian and Croatian conflicts. James Pettifer draws on years of study of the region and personal knowledge of many of the KLA and other leaders involved to write what will become the standard account of the origins of the conflict.

The Big Question: Which Country Will Emerge as the Leading Power?

The Big Question: Which Country Will Emerge as the Leading Power?

Politics, Democracy, and the Military: A Proposal for an Integrated Curriculum for Universities and Colleges

The past thirty years have seen a steady decline in the availability of coursework in university and college curricula that address questions and issues related to the military, its relationship to politics, and its role in society. This development is troubling for a number of reasons. First, because we live in an uncertain world, the existence of armed forces is a necessary aspect of virtually all societies. Few autonomous states have the luxury of doing without a military force of some type. Second, because of the political situation of the United States as the world’s premier power, or the only genuine super power on some accounts, the armed forces have a particularly important role to play in the formulation of U. S. foreign policy. This is not to say that U. S. foreign policy is particularly militarized. It is simply to recognize that given the global realities of the world, U. S. foreign policy and security depend upon a strong military force. Third, in terms of government expenditures of the federal budget, military spending occupies the single largest expenditure of any single department in the federal budget. As such, it has significant impact on the domestic economy as well as on foreign policy. Fourth, because of the multiplicity of opportunities that if offers, the armed forces are among the most important educational institutions in the United States. These opportunities span various types of educational programs, from vocational and skilled labor, to language proficiency, to financial support for college and post-graduate education. Fifth, at least some range of technological spin off is experienced from the development of weapons and military technologies. These often have significant economic and humane impact, as in the case of the development of radar during World War II, to give one example. Finally, citizens in a democracy need to understand the limits and the possibilities of the use of military force. Even advocates of a strong military argue that the reliance on force at inappropriate times can be self defeating and undermine the use of force in the future. Conversely, the failure to use appropriate force when required can have serious adverse and even disastrous consequences.

Local Officials and the Meiji Conscription Campaign

The creation of an effective military system was an imperative for the new Meiji government. Fearing threats from both the Western powers and dis contented elements at home, the Meiji leaders set out to establish a strong military force under the direct control of the central government. As with other aspects of state-building, they took as a model the military systems of continental Europe, particularly France and Prussia, both of which depended on commoner soldiers for most of their armed force. On 1872.11.28, the government issued a proclamation in the name of the emperor declaring that military service was a national duty (Ch?hei no Mikotonori ?8ft gB). The proclamation was followed shortly thereafter, in January 1873, by promulgation of the Conscription Act (Ch?heirei ifcft 73 ), which designated all men between the ages of seventeen and forty as theoretically liable for military service and specified the grounds under which a certain number of them were to be called up for active duty. These mea sures evoked hostile responses throughout the country, including armed upris ings and widespread draft evasion.1 Yet, ultimately the conscription system survived these challenges and took firm root in Japanese society. Modified in various regards over the course of the following decades, it remained a central feature of the life of the nation until its abolition in 1945 as a consequence of defeat in World War II. How was the initial resistance to conscription overcome and the system institu tionalized? Most research up to now has emphasized the legal measures taken by the central government to tighten the loopholes in the system that in the early years facilitated evasion.2 Relatively little attention has been given to the potential

The well-protected domains: ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909

The Ottoman Empire was the only great European Muslim power and was at one time the most serious threat to European Christendom. Yet, by the turn of the nineteenth century, it was a crumbling power that, paradoxically, retained a strong military force. The Well-Protected Domains examines this anomaly, showing how the late Ottoman state grappled with the challenges of the modernity then changing the world. Selim Deringil traces the Ottoman state's pursuit of egitimation in many spheres of public life: state ceremonial, the iconography of buildings, the honours system, the language of the chancery, the proto- nationalist reformulation of Islamic legal practices, the efforts to inculcate the idea of 'Ottoman citizenry' through an expanded education system and the efforts of the Ottoman elite to present a 'civilized' image abroad. Based on unexplored sources in the Ottoman archives, The Well-Protected Domains brings to life the Hamidian period and provides readers with a unique view of the workings of the late Ottoman Empire.

The United States, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1950: A Reappraisal

The United States government's perception of the relations between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Soviet Union greatly influenced Washington's policies toward China in the years following the Second World War. Secretary of State George C. Marshall worried that a pro-Soviet CCP with strong military forces might upset the stability of East Asia and damage U.S. security in the Pacific region. To offset the threat, he tried to disarm the CCP and incorporate it into a reformist government of China which would be influenced by the U.S. and dominated by the Guomindang (GMD). The CCP, however, refused to lay down its arms, and the GMD was unwilling to reform itself along American lines. Between 1948 and 1950, Marshall's successor as Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, saw no chance of rescuing Jiang Jieshi's GMD regime from collapse and preventing the CCP from taking over short of massive U.S. intervention. Among the other reasons for his hands-off policy was a belief that China under the CCP would likely become another Titoist Yugoslavia in conflict with the Kremlin. But rather than establish a Titoist China, Mao Zedong instead entered into a Chinese-Soviet military alliance in 1950, the year the Chinese Communist invasion of Korea took place. What went wrong? Encouraged by the Sino-Soviet border clash in 1969 and the Sino-American rapprochement in the early 1970s, some scholars

The Japanese Economy: The Capacity to Transform and Restructure

It is frequently said that the Japanese economy has strong capacity to transform itself. The capacity to transform is the ability to convert rapidly. Convertibility is the ability to adapt quickly to rapidly changing environment. The history of Japanese modernization is history of adaptation. From the policy of a prosperous country and strong military force, adopted at the time of the decision to open up the country to foreign commerce, made at the end of the Tokugawa period, to the policies of economic democratization under the Peace Constitution that followed World War II, the country itself was at stake in each period of adaptation. These were changes that involved the whole of society and that contained many factors not limited to just the economic sphere. However, I will limit the following discussion to those factors having direct connection to the capacity of the Japanese economy to transform itself.

The Thirty Years' War, the “General Crisis,” and the Origins of a Standing Professional Army in the Habsburg Monarchy

One of the most striking features of seventeenth-century state building was the formation of standing armies. Kings and princes throughout Europe, responding to conditions of almost constant strife, were compelled to transform ineffective feudal levies and unruly bands of mercenaries into regularized bodies of professional troops, making ever larger and more costly military establishments instruments of rational foreign policy rather than the preserves of the old nobility or freebootingcondottieri. In building armies of the new type, European monarchs had to surmount determined opposition from two sources: the local representative bodies (estates) which were reluctant to grant rulers the powers of taxation necessary for the maintenance of permanent troops, and the mercenary colonels who were expected to relinquish their rights as independent recruiting masters and subordinate themselves to the state. By the middle decades of the seventeenth century, various territorial sovereigns were successfully mastering this opposition to their political authority and were able to take an essential step in the direction of true standing armies by routinely keeping strong military forces under their command at the conclusion of a campaign, thereby diminishing their reliance on contingents approved by the provincial estates or soldiers hastily raised by private entrepreneurs to meet specific emergencies.