Strong Homogeneous Magnetic Field Research Articles

Lattice QED in an external magnetic field: Evidence for dynamical chiral symmetry breaking

We simulate quantum electrodynamics (QED) in a strong constant homogeneous external magnetic field on a Euclidean space-time lattice using the rational hybrid Monte Carlo method, developed for simulating lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Our primary goal is to measure the chiral condensate in the limit when the input electron mass m is zero. We observe a nonzero value, indicating that the external magnetic field catalyzes chiral symmetry breaking as predicted by approximate truncated Schwinger-Dyson methods. Such behavior is associated with dominance by the lowest Landau level which causes the effective dimensional reduction from 3+1 dimensions to 1+1 dimensions for charged particles (electrons and positrons) where the attractive forces of QED can produce chiral symmetry breaking with a dynamical electron mass and associated chiral condensate. Since our lattice simulations use bare (lattice) parameters, while the Schwinger-Dyson analyses work with renormalized quantities, direct numerical comparison will require renormalization of our lattice results. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Cubic magnetic response of diamagnetic molecules via third-order electronic current density.

An approach to nonlinear magnetic properties of a diamagnetic molecule in the presence of a strong homogeneous magnetic field B is proposed, introducing the notion of third-order electronic current density and associated fourth-rank current density tensors via a perturbation expansion. It is shown that cubic magnetic response properties, e.g., fourth-rank magnetizability and fourth-rank nuclear magnetic shielding, can be expressed by relationships alternative to those arrived through perturbation theory by means of third-order current density. A sum rule, providing a condition in integral form for electron charge conservation to the third order in B, has been obtained.

Magnetic Field (MF) Applications in Plants: An Overview.

Crop yield can be raised by establishment of adequate plant stand using seeds with high germination ratio and vigor. Various pre-sowing treatments are adopted to achieve this objective. One of these approaches is the exposure of seeds to a low-to-medium level magnetic field (MF), in pulsed and continuous modes, as they have shown positive results in a number of crop seeds. On the basis of the sensitivity of plants to MF, different types of MF have been used for magnetopriming studies, such as weak static homogeneous magnetic fields (0–100 μT, including GMF), strong homogeneous magnetic fields (milliTesla to Tesla), and extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields of low-to-moderate (several hundred μT) magnetic flux densities. The agronomic application of MFs in plants has shown potential in altering conventional plant production systems; increasing mean germination rates, and root and shoot growth; having high productivity; increasing photosynthetic pigment content; and intensifying cell division, as well as water and nutrient uptake. Furthermore, different studies suggest that MFs prevent the large injuries produced/inflicted by diseases and pests on agricultural crops and other economically important plants and assist in reducing the oxidative damage in plants caused by stress situations. An improved understanding of the interactions between the MF and the plant responses could revolutionize crop production through increased resistance to disease and stress conditions, as well as the superiority of nutrient and water utilization, resulting in the improvement of crop yield. In this review, we summarize the potential applications of MF and the key processes involved in agronomic applications. Furthermore, in order to ensure both the safe usage and acceptance of this new opportunity, the adverse effects are also discussed.

Structure of theH3molecule in a strong homogeneous magnetic field as computed by the Hartree-Fock method using multiresolution analysis

Structure of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>molecule in a strong homogeneous magnetic field as computed by the Hartree-Fock method using multiresolution analysis

Operational Experience With the Combined Solenoid/Dipole Magnet System of the COMPASS Experiment at CERN

Polarized Drell–Yan measurements require a strong homogeneous magnetic field. A 2.5 T longitudinal field is generated with a superconducting solenoid carrying a nominal current of 650 A, while high homogeneity is obtained by using additional shim—and compensation coils. Since the target needs to be transversely polarized, a second main coil is required. A superconducting dipole coil encloses the solenoid and together they are integrated in a common cryostat. Field rotation, from longitudinal to transverse and vice versa, is possible by simultaneously powering both coils. During the complete procedure, the absolute field strength is never allowed to drop below 0.48 T to guarantee a high polarization percentage. In the meantime, the forces between the coils need to be controlled, and therefore the coils cannot both be carrying the nominal operational current, since this will destroy the system. The magnetic field rotation procedure is therefore uniquely developed for this system. In this paper, the magnet system is described and a summary of the operational experience gained during data taking is provided.

One-loop QCD thermodynamics in a strong homogeneous and static magnetic field

We have studied how the equation of state of thermal QCD with two light flavors is modified in a strong magnetic field. We calculate the thermodynamic observables of hot QCD matter up to one-loop, where the magnetic field affects mainly the quark contribution and the gluon part is largely unaffected except for the softening of the screening mass. We have first calculated the pressure of a thermal QCD medium in a strong magnetic field, where the pressure at fixed temperature increases with the magnetic field faster than the increase with the temperature at constant magnetic field. This can be understood from the dominant scale of thermal medium in the strong magnetic field, being the magnetic field, in the same way that the temperature dominates in a thermal medium in the absence of magnetic field. Thus although the presence of a strong magnetic field makes the pressure of hot QCD medium larger, the dependence of pressure on the temperature becomes less steep. Consistent with the above observations, the entropy density is found to decrease with the temperature in the presence of a strong magnetic field which is again consistent with the fact that the strong magnetic field restricts the dynamics of quarks to two dimensions, hence the phase space becomes squeezed resulting in the reduction of number of microstates. Moreover the energy density is seen to decrease and the speed of sound of thermal QCD medium increases in the presence of a strong magnetic field. These findings could have phenomenological implications in heavy ion collisions because the expansion dynamics of the medium produced in non-central ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions is effectively controlled by both the energy density and the speed of sound.

Heavy quark potential in a static and strong homogeneous magnetic field

We have investigated the properties of quarkonia in a thermal QCD medium in the background of strong magnetic field. For that purpose, we employ the Schwinger proper-time quark propagator in the lowest Landau level to calculate the one-loop gluon self-energy, which in the sequel gives the effective gluon propagator. As an artifact of strong magnetic field approximation (eB>>T^2 and eB>>m^2), the Debye mass for massless flavors is found to depend only on the magnetic field which is the dominant scale in comparison to the scales prevalent in the thermal medium. However, for physical quark masses, it depends on both magnetic field and temperature in a low temperature and high magnetic field but the temperature dependence is very meager and becomes independent of the temperature beyond a certain temperature and magnetic field. With the above mentioned ingredients, the potential between heavy quark (Q) and anti-quark (bar{Q}) is obtained in a hot QCD medium in the presence of a strong magnetic field by correcting both short- and long-range components of the potential in the real-time formalism. It is found that the long-range part of the quarkonium potential is affected much more by magnetic field as compared to the short-range part. This observation facilitates us to estimate the magnetic field beyond which the potential will be too weak to bind Qbar{Q} together. For example, the J/psi is dissociated at eB sim 10 m_pi ^2 and Upsilon is dissociated at eB sim 100 m_pi ^2 whereas its excited states, psi ^prime and Upsilon ^prime are dissociated at smaller magnetic field eB= m_pi ^2, 13 m_pi ^2, respectively.

Sustainable numerical scheme for molecular dynamics simulation of the dusty plasmas in an external magnetic field

The method, which allows one to carry out computer simulation of a system of charged particles in a strong external homogeneous magnetic field with a time step that is independent on the Larmor oscillation time, was generalized for the case of the presence of the surrounding background for the moving particles. Correctly taking into account a strong magnetic field and friction force, which both depend on the particles velocities, we obtained solution resistant to a change in the time step within the second-order Velocity Verlet propagation scheme.

Strong magnetic field effect on the nucleation of a highly undercooled Co-Sn melt

High magnetic field is a powerful tool to tune the microstructure and improve the properties of materials. In this report, the nucleation behavior of undercooled Co76Sn24 near eutectic alloy under strong homogeneous and gradient magnetic fields have been investigated using glass slag fluxing method in a 12 T superconducting magnet. The mean undercooling of the undercooled melt is not altered by homogeneous magnetic field but depressed by gradient magnetic field. The highest temperature during recalescence is strongly altered by magnetic field, where an enhancement effect is observed under gradient magnetic field and an opposite effect in homogeneous magnetic field. The reason is interpreted by discussion about the magnetic field on the thermodynamics of nucleation and also the purifying effect of the glass slag, the magnetic properties and the magnetic force exerted on the undercooled melt.

Assembly of magnetic spheres in strong homogeneous magnetic field

The self-assembly in two dimensions of spherical magnets in strong magnetic field is addressed theoretically. %% It is shown that the attraction and assembly of parallel magnetic chains is the result of a delicate interplay of dipole-dipole interactions and short ranged excluded volume correlations. %% Minimal energy structures are obtained by numerical optimization procedure as well as analytical considerations. For a small number of constitutive magnets $N_{\rm tot}\leq26$, a straight chain is found to be stable. In the regime of larger $N_{\rm tot}\geq27$, the magnets form \textit{two touching} chains with equally long tails at both ends. We succeed to identify the transition from \textit{two} to \textit{three} touching chains at $N_{\rm tot}=129$.

Spaced Bitter Solenoid Design for a Continuous Wave 95-GHz Gyrotron

A strong homogeneous magnetic field is required for a gyrotron as well as other applications. For many applications, the natural solution is a superconducting magnet, but for some applications, this solution is not suitable. In this paper, a copper-based design of a continuous, strong magnetic field source is presented. The design is based on a spaced Bitter solenoid with various radii, and with a transversely flowing cooling system. The results of the design are ±0.19% homogeneity over a length of 25 mm, and a power consumption of 12.2 kW for continuous operation. These results show that such a concept is applicable for a 95-GHz gyrotron operating in a long pulse or even continuous mode.

Impact of a high magnetic field on the orientation of gravitactic unicellular organisms--a critical consideration about the application of magnetic fields to mimic functional weightlessness.

The gravity-dependent behavior of Paramecium biaurelia and Euglena gracilis have previously been studied on ground and in real microgravity. To validate whether high magnetic field exposure indeed provides a ground-based facility to mimic functional weightlessness, as has been suggested earlier, both cell types were observed during exposure in a strong homogeneous magnetic field (up to 30 T) and a strong magnetic field gradient. While swimming, Paramecium cells were aligned along the magnetic field lines; orientation of Euglena was perpendicular, demonstrating that the magnetic field determines the orientation and thus prevents the organisms from the random swimming known to occur in real microgravity. Exposing Astasia longa, a flagellate that is closely related to Euglena but lacks chloroplasts and the photoreceptor, as well as the chloroplast-free mutant E. gracilis 1F, to a high magnetic field revealed no reorientation to the perpendicular direction as in the case of wild-type E. gracilis, indicating the existence of an anisotropic structure (chloroplasts) that determines the direction of passive orientation. Immobilized Euglena and Paramecium cells could not be levitated even in the highest available magnetic field gradient as sedimentation persisted with little impact of the field on the sedimentation velocities. We conclude that magnetic fields are not suited as a microgravity simulation for gravitactic unicellular organisms due to the strong effect of the magnetic field itself, which masks the effects known from experiments in real microgravity.

The magnetic resonance

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, magnetic resonance tomography - MRT, nuclear magnetic resonance - NMR, English: Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI) is a modern non-ionizing, non-invasive radiological methods of examination which visualize and diagnose anatomical, morphological and functional state of the organs of the human body. MRI is the only one of the important radiological information system. The work of MR is based on the application of a strong homogeneous magnetic field and modern computer technology. This paper presents the basic MRI, history of MRI, magnetic field strength in MR, MR physical principles, principles of MR and MR sequences. Conclusion: MRI is a sovereign, dominant and non-ionizing radiological examination method, which are enriched radiological imaging techniques of pathological states authority, and whose work requires appropriate knowledge of physics, medicine and computer science.

High-transmission excited-state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter edge filter based on a Halbach cylinder magnetic-field configuration

We report on the realization of an excited-state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (ESFADOF) edge filter based on the 5P(3/2)→8D(5/2) transition in rubidium. A maximum transmission of 81% has been achieved. This high transmission is only possible by utilizing a special configuration of magnetic fields taken from accelerator physics to provide a strong homogeneous magnetic field of approximately 6000 G across the vapor cell. The two resulting steep transmission edges are separated by more than 13 GHz, enabling its application in remote sensing.

Deconfinement in the presence of a strong magnetic background: An exercise within the MIT bag model

We study the effect of a very strong homogeneous magnetic field B on the thermal deconfinement transition within the simplest phenomenological approach: the MIT bag pressure for the quark- gluon plasma and a gas of pions for the hadronic sector. Even though the model is known to be crude in numerical precision and misses the correct nature of the (crossover) transition, it provides a simple setup for the discussion of some subtleties of vacuum and thermal contributions in each phase, and should provide a reasonable qualitative description of the critical temperature in the presence of B. We find that the critical temperature decreases, saturating for very large fields.

Local electric current correlation function in an exponentially decaying magnetic field

The effect of an exponentially decaying magnetic field on the dynamics of Dirac fermions in 3+1 dimensions is explored. The spatially decaying magnetic field is assumed to be aligned in the third direction, and is defined by {\mathbf{B}}(x)=B(x){\mathbf{e}}_{z}, with B(x)=B_{0}e^{-\xi\ x/\ell_{B}}. Here, \xi\ is a dimensionless damping factor and \ell_{B}=(eB_{0})^{-1/2} is the magnetic length. As it turns out, the energy spectrum of fermions in this inhomogeneous magnetic field can be analytically determined using the Ritus method. Assuming the magnetic field to be strong, the chiral condensate and the \textit{local} electric current correlation function are computed in the lowest Landau level (LLL) approximation and the results are compared with those arising from a strong homogeneous magnetic field. Although the constant magnetic field B_{0} can be reproduced by taking the limit of \xi-> 0 and/or x-> 0 from B(x), these limits turn out to be singular once the quantum corrections are taken into account.

Optimal magnetic susceptibility matching in 3D

When an object is inserted into the strong homogeneous magnetic field of a magnetic resonance magnet, its intrinsic relative susceptibility can cause unwanted local magnetic field inhomogeneities in the space surrounding the object. As is known, this effect can be partially countered by selectively adding material layers with opposing sign in susceptibility to the part. The determination of an optimal magnetic susceptibility distribution is an inverse problem, in which the susceptibility-induced inhomogeneity of the magnetic field inside a region of interest is reduced by redistributing the placement of materials in the design domain. This article proposes an efficient numerical topology optimization method for obtaining an optimal magnetic susceptibility distribution, in particular, for which the induced spatial magnetic field inhomogeneity is minimized. Using a material density function as a design variable, the value of the magnetic field inside a computational domain is determined using a finite element method. The first-order sensitivity of the objective function is calculated using an adjoint equation method. Numerical examples on a variety of design domain geometries illustrate the effectiveness of the optimization method. The method is of specific interest for the design of interventional magnetic resonance devices. It is a particularly useful method if passive shimming of magnetic resonance equipment is aimed for.

Reflectance spectra of a 6H-SiC single crystal placed in a strong homogeneous magnetic field

We have made a theoretical study of the external reflection coefficients of a uniaxial anisotropic SiC (6H polytype) single crystal exposed to a strong homogeneous magnetic field (in the cases of Faraday and Voigt configurations). For the first time, in the external reflection spectra of a 6H-SiC single crystal, regions of the appearance of new oscillations due to the action of a strong homogeneous magnetic field have been revealed. The interrelationship between the phonons and plasmons in a 6H-SiC single crystal exposed to a strong homogeneous magnetic field has been studied.

Adiabatic spectrum for relativistic hydrogen in a strong homogeneous magnetic field

We study the bound states of relativistic hydrogen-like atoms coupled to strong homogeneous magnetic fields, assuming a fixed, infinitely heavy nucleus. Working in the adiabatic approximation in which the electron is confined to the lowest Landau level, we show that the corresponding Dirac Hamiltonian always has an infinite discrete spectrum accumulating at mc 2, m being the electron mass, and that, as the field strength increases, its eigenvalues successively descend into the lower part of the continuous spectrum, (−∞, −mc 2]. This phenomenon is for large B roughly periodical in log B.

Computational estimation of magnetically induced electric fields in a rotating head

Change in a magnetic field, or similarly, movement in a strong static magnetic field induces electric fields in human tissues, which could potentially cause harmful effects. In this paper, the fields induced by different rotational movements of a head in a strong homogeneous magnetic field are computed numerically. Average field magnitudes near the retinas and inner ears are studied in order to gain insight into the causes of phosphenes and vertigo-like effects, which are associated with extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. The induced electric fields are calculated in four different anatomically realistic head models using an efficient finite-element method (FEM) solver. The results are compared with basic restriction limits by IEEE and ICNIRP. Under rotational movement of the head, with a magnetic flux rate of change of 1 T s−1, the maximum IEEE-averaged electric field and maximum ICNIRP-averaged current density were 337 mV m−1 and 8.84 mA m−2, respectively. The limits by IEEE seem significantly stricter than those by ICNIRP. The results show that a magnetic flux rate of change of 1 T s−1 may induce electric field in the range of 50 mV m−1 near retinas, and possibly even larger values near the inner ears. These results provide information for approximating the threshold electric field values of phosphenes and vertigo-like effects.