Strong Hierarchy Research Articles

Tort-Decó: a “turtle geometry”-based package for drawing periodic designs

We have developed a package called Tort-Decó. The aim of this project was to construct a package for drawing periodic tilings by computer and an AI aid for wallpaper group and minimal generator regions recognition. The three topics covered are cyclic and dihedral groups, freezes, and wallpaper groups. There are several packages allowing users to apply movements to a subset of the plane. Some of them are specifically designed to draw periodic designs (RepTyles, Tesselmania!, Kali …). However, we know of no exhaustive approach based upon the use of “Turtle Graphics”. This approach evolved from [1] (where the motifs were fixed) and makes it possible to describe and store the periodic designs in an extremely short form. Moreover, the strong hierarchy of the consecutive steps in our approach makes the change of group clear. Finally, the classification expert system for wallpaper groups included is a novelty. It is well known that wallpaper group and minimal generator regions recognition is an algorithmic problem. Nevertheless, we have found that our students and nonmathematicians (like geologists) have serious difficulties in using these algorithms. Therefore, we decided to construct an AI aid to guide users in their search (in a similar way to expert systems designed to repair car and locomotive breakdowns).

Neutrino masses and mixing with seesaw mechanism and universal breaking of extended democracy

In the framework of a minimal extension of the SM, where the only additional fields are three right-handed neutrinos, we suggest that the charged lepton, the Dirac neutrino and the right-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrices are all, to leading approximation, proportional to the democratic matrix. With the further assumption that the breaking of this extended democracy is universal for all leptonic mass matrices, a large mixing in the 2–3 sector can be obtained and is linked to the seesaw mechanism, together with the existence of a strong hierarchy in the masses of right-handed neutrinos. The structure of the resulting effective mass matrix of light neutrinos is stable against the RGE evolution, and a good fit to all solar and atmospheric neutrino data is obtained.

High-pressure Raman study of Bi 2Sr 2CaCu 2O 8+ d:indications of strong bond-strength hierarchy and pressure-induced charge transfer

Phonon Raman scattering from slightly overdoped Bi 2Sr 2CaCu 2O 8+ d (Bi2212) samples have been investigated under hydrostatic pressure up to 7.2 GPa. The mode-specific Grüneisen parameters scale inversely with the corresponding phonon frequencies, the behavior of which is reminiscent of phonon pressure dependences in molecular solids. We also find that the 140 cm −1Cu mode exhibits a pronounced nonlinear pressure dependence which correlates to the dependence of T c versus pressure. The data are interpreted in terms of a non-uniform structural compressibility that results in a redistribution of charge carriers within the Bi2212 unit-cell.

Neutrino masses and mixings in non-factorizable geometry

We study bulk fermion fields in the localized gravity model with non-factorizable metric recently proposed by Randall and Sundrum, and Gogberashvili. In addition to a tower of weak-scale Kaluza–Klein states we find a zero mode for any value of the fundamental fermion mass. If the fermion mass is larger than half the curvature of the compact dimension, the zero mode can be localized on the “hidden” 3-brane in the Randall–Sundrum model. Identifying this mode with a right-handed neutrino provides a new way for obtaining small Dirac neutrino masses without invoking a see-saw mechanism. Cancellation of the parity anomaly requires introducing an even number of bulk fermions. This naturally leads to a strong hierarchy of neutrino masses and generically large mixing angles.

L'inventaire du quotidien : le « papier journal » d'un marchand angevin et de sa femme au XVIIe siècle

Reflections of a multi-dimensional field or research can be found in this diary of a « middle officeholder », also wine's merchant, and his wife, living in Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire) and written drom 1612 to 1662. We can retrace in this book evidences in micro-economy, with records of his professional dealings, a record of his married life and family events (according to the rules found in Anjou) and the mentions of territorial political and religious relationships, with a strong hierarchy, and very intricated interreactions, evolving very slowly. It reveals for us the small world of Falligan's family.

The light quark sector, CP violation, and the unitarity triangle

In view of the observed strong hierarchy of quark masses, we propose a new description of flavor mixing which is particularly suited for models of quark mass matrices based on flavor symmetries. The necessary and sufficient conditions for CP violation are clarified. The emergence of CP violation is primarily linked to a large phase difference (near 90°) in the light quark sector. The unitarity triangle is determined by the mass ratios of the light quarks. We conclude that the unitarity triangle should be close or identical to a rectangular triangle, and CP violation is maximal in this sense. Instructive predictions for flavor mixing angles and CP-violating parameters, which can directly be confronted with the forthcoming data from B-meson factories, are obtained from a specific texture of quark mass matrices.

Economics of a Baltic Sea sustainability approach

Politics, economics and science interpret the concept of sustainability differently. The discussion distinguishes between economic, environmental and social sustainability. While advocates of economic sustainability assume that natural capital is substitutable by humanmade capital, policies for a sustainable development are questionable. The paper therefore highlights a regional case to show that sustainability is indivisible. Moreover, economics and policies serving Baltic sustainability need a new institutional network to manage the multispecies resource with participation of the social players and by addressing targets step by step. The findings are based on a simple ecological-economic model providing insights for the negotiation game for all players. In addition, multispecies resource management shows a strong hierarchy in both social actions and targets. Since sustainable development is an on-going, dynamic process, policy implementation and funding must also be continuous. Sustainable development therefore challenges the institutional sets for the process and its relations to local, regional and national policies.

Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range

Patterns of stand development may be interpreted from spatial analyses, based on variables such as tree age and size, together with past records of climate and disturbance. In the present study, our objective is to examine spatial patterns of tree age and size to determine if they are consistent with the episodic pattern of tree regeneration proposed for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) and expected changes in tree spatial patterns as cohort patches age. According to our hypothesis, internal patch structure should become less clumped as single cohort patches age due to self-thinning, with few trees attaining dominance in a small patch. In this study, tree spatial patterns in 16 stands of P. ponderosa in the Colorado Front Range are described and related to patterns of stand development. Analytical methods included Ripley's K(t) (a univariate statistic of tree spatial distribution), Ripley's K12(t) (a bivariate statistic of spatial association), and Moran's I (a measure of spatial autocorrelation). Spatial patterns imply establishment of patches of pines followed by self-thinning. Continued stand development results in strong size hierarchies as manifested by stronger spatial autocorrelation of tree age than tree size. Hence, pines exhibit a strong size class hierarchy developed within an even-aged patch.

Neutrino mass spectrum with vμ → vs oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos

We consider the “standard” spectrum of the active neutrinos (characterized by strong mass hierarchy and small mixing) with additional sterile neutrino, v s . The sterile neutrino mixes strongly with the muon neutrino, so that v μ ↔ v s oscillations solve the atmospheric neutrino problem. We show that the parametric enhancement of the v μ ↔ v s oscillations occurs for the high energy atmospheric neutrinos which cross the core of the Earth. This can be relevant for the anomaly observed by the MACRO experiment. Solar neutrinos are converted both to v μ and v s . The heaviest neutrino (≈ v τ ) may compose the hot dark matter of the Universe. The phenomenology of this scenario is elaborated and crucial experimental signatures are identified. We also discuss properties of the underlying neutrino mass matrix. 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Readers panel - Top heavy?

Is a strong hierarchy necessary in health care?

Hierarchical Control Over Seedling Recruitment of the Bunch-Grass Themeda triandra in a Semi-Arid Savanna

1. The persistence of populations of the economically important bunchgrass Themeda triandra in rangeland depends on seedling recruitment. A 2 5 -factorial field experiment in a single randomized block tested whether seedling recruitment of this grass in a semi-arid savanna would be enhanced by increased availability of seed, moisture, irradiance or gaps, or by decreased interference from vegetation; and evaluated which of seedling emergence, growth or first-year survival was critical for seedling establishment. 2. Availability of seed had an overwhelming influence on recruitment of T. triandra in a community where it was conspicuous but not dominant, increasing recruitment 37-fold despite dramatic effects of other treatments on the abiotic environment and sward structure. 3. Provided seed was available, shading increased seedling recruitment 7-fold by enhancing both emergence and seedling survival, because it conserved available moisture. Supplementation of moisture further improved recruitment of seedlings growing under shading by increasing their survival and growth during the first growing season. In turn, larger size conferred a survival advantage during the following dry season. Interference from established vegetation generally had a small effect on seedling recruitment, but decreased survival through the growing season of seedlings under shading. Both emergence and survival influenced seedling establishment. 4. There was a strong hierarchy amongst factors influencing seedling recruitment of T. triandra because of the magnitude of individual effects and the dependence of some factors on others. The overriding effects of seed and moisture availability suggest that recruitment of T. triandra may be vulnerable to heavy grazing, which would curtail seed input, during critical years of sufficient rainfall for recruitment.

Horizontal Symmetry for Quark and Squark Masses in Supersymmetric SU(5).

Recent interest in horizontal symmetry model building has been driven mainly by the large top mass and hence strong hierarchy in quark masses, and the possibility of appropriately constrained soft squark mass matrices, in place of an assumed universality condition, for satisfying the relevant flavor changing neutral current constraints. Here we present the first successful supersymmetric SU(5) model that has such a feature. The horizontal symmetry is a gauged ${[{Q}_{12}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)]}_{H} (\ensuremath{\subset}{[\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)]}_{H})$. All nonrenormalizable terms compatible with the symmetry are allowed in the mass matrix constructions. Charged lepton masses can also be accommodated.

Monotonic and dual monotonic language learning

Monotonic and dual monotonic language learning from positive as well as from positive and negative examples is investigated. Three different notions of monotonicity are considered. Each of them reflects an alternative formalization of the requirement that the learner has to produce better and better generalizations when fed more and more data on the concept to be learned. Strong-monotonicity absolutely requires that only better and better generalizations be produced. Monotonic learning reflects the demand that for any two guesses the one output later has to be, with respect to the target language, at least as good as the earlier one. Weak-monotonicity is the analogue in learning theory of cumulativity. The corresponding three versions of dual monotonicity describe the requirement that the inference device only produces specializations that fit the target language better and better. Dual strong-monotonic learning generates a chain of shrinking specializations converging to the target language. Dual monotonicity describes the same goal with respect to the target language and dual weak-monotonic learning is the analogue of the dual of cumulativity. The power of each of these types of monotonic and dual monotonic inference from positive as well as from positive and negative data in the context of algorithmic language learning theory is completely investigated, thereby obtaining strong hierarchies.

Depositional Cycles as a Shelf-to-Basin correlation Tool, Capitan Reef Margin - Ideas from Stratigraphic Computer Modeling: ABSTRACT

Correlations from the Yates shelf through the Capitan reef margin and into the Bell Canyon of the deep Delaware Basin (Guadalupian, Permian Basin) are not known with great detail due to limited biostratigraphic control and the inability to trace beds or time lines from the cyclic shelf deposits, through the massive reef and foreslope, and into basinal siliciclastics. The presence of a strong hierarchy of depositional cycles on the shelf and in the basin suggests that cycles may be useful as a correlation tool. A Yates shelf-to-basin correlation is proposed based on matching 3rd- and 4th-order cycles recognized with a stratigraphic computer model and on cores and outcrop. We believe thick, sand-dominated cycles were deposited in the basin during long-term lowstands; whereas, thin, organic-rich lime mudstone-dominated cycles were deposited during long-term highstands. The correlation scheme hinges on equating 3rd-order condensed intervals of organic mudstone in the basin with thick carbonate {open_quote}banks{close_quote} deposited ad the lower and upper Yates boundaries. Within this tentative large-scale framework, there is a reasonably good match between 4th-order shelf and basin cycles. Some ambiguity remains, however, due to the possibility of missed cycle beats in both the shelf (thin or no cycles, erosion) and basin (nomore » or minor condensed mudstones resulting in sand on sand, erosion) during long-term lowstands. Computer modeling suggests siliciclastics bypassed the Yates shelf and were delivered to the basin as turbidites during high-frequency (5th-order) lowstands, but the amount of bypass during any lowstand was controlled by longer-term cycles. The large-scale basinal cycles are slightly more symmetrical than their shelf counterparts; typically showing a gradual increase in clean sandstone and decrease in siltstone and organic mudstone away from a condensed interval, and the converse towards the next condensed interval.« less

Tonal Hierarchies in Jazz Improvisation

Statistical methods were used to investigate 18 bebop-styled jazz improvisations based on the so- called Rhythm Changes chord progression. The data were compared with results obtained by C. L. Krumhansl and her colleagues in empirical tests investigating the perceived stability of the tones in the chromatic scale in various contexts. Comparisons were also made with data on the statistical distribution of the 12 chromatic tones in actual European art music. It was found that the chorus- level hierarchies (measured over a whole chorus) are remarkably similar to the rating profiles obtained in empirical tests and to the relative frequencies of the tones in European art music. The chord- level hierarchies (measured over single chords) suggest that in the chord progression the improvisers have certain cognitive reference points that are outlined more carefully than the rest of the chords (strong local hierarchy vs. weak local hierarchy). Furthermore, in both analyses, it was found that the metrical structure was used to emphasize or de- emphasize tones, depending on their tonal function.

Application of OODB and SGML techniques in text database

An electronic dictionary system (EDS) is developed with object-oriented database techniques based on ObjectStore. The EDS is composed of two parts: the Database Building Program (DBP), and the Database Querying Program (DQP). DBP reads in a dictionary encoded in SGML tags, and builds a database composed of a collection of trees which holds dictionary entries, and several lists which contain items of various lexical categories. With text exchangeability introduced by the SGML, DBP is able to accommodate dictionaries of different languages with different structures, after easy modification of a configuration file. The tree model, the Category Lists, and an optimization procedure enables DQP to quickly accomplish complicated queries, including context requirements, via simple SQL-like syntax and straightforward search methods. Results show that compared with relational database, DQP enjoys much higher speed and flexibility. With EDS this paper demonstrates how to apply OODBMS's to systems that handle text information with strong yet varied intrinsic hierarchies.

Neutrino properties from maximally-predictive GUT models and the structure of the heavy Majorana sector

Starting from a complete set of possible parametrisations of the quark-mass matrices that have the maximum number of texture zeros at the grand unification scale, and the Georgi-Jarlskog mass relations, we classify the neutrino spectra with respect to the unknown structure of the heavy Majorana sector. The results can be casted into a small number of phenomenologically distinct classes of neutrino spectra, characterised by universal mass-hierarchy and oscillation patterns. One finds that the neutrino masses reflect the natural hierarchy among the three generations and obey the quadratic seesaw, for most GUT models that contain a rather unsophisticated Majorana sector. A scenario with $\nu_{\tau}$ as the missing hot dark matter component and $\nu_e\leftrightarrow \nu_{\mu}$ oscillations accounting for the solar neutrino deficit comes naturally out of this type of models and is very close to the experimental limit of confirmation or exclusion. In contrast, in the presence of a strong hierarchy of heavy scales or/and some extra symmetries in the Majorana mass matrix, this natural hierarchy gets distorted or even reversed. This fact can become a link between searches for neutrino oscillations and searches for discrete symmetries close to the Planck scale.

Heterarchical Paths to Evolution, The Role of External Economies

Heterarchy is a useful paradigm for reanalyzing aspects of social evolution. It supplies a fresh perspective on the concept of hierarchy and complexity. This study examines the effect of external trade on local social development. The Trobriands and the Yapese empire of the Carolines supply examples of the relationship between the evolution of hierarchy and centrality and the capture of external trade. If external trade is not captured as an economic armature for evolutionary development, external trade can serve as an alternative power base that works against the development of a strong hierarchy and centrality in evolution at home. The city‐states of ancient Greece, the Maya, and Mesopotamia supply archaeological examples of social development that did not capture larger regional external trade networks. These archaeological analyses question the assumed inherency of taxation and tribute in state level evolution.

Single- and multilocus DNA fingerprinting of communally breeding pukeko: do copulations or dominance ensure reproductive success?

In behavioral and ecological studies the "function" of dominance hierarchies is thought to be related to reproductive success. In particular, dominant males are regarded as likely to gain a reproductive advantage due to enhanced "access" to females. We compare the dominance status of adults with the frequency of copulations and the patterns of parentage in communally breeding pukeko or purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus). This avian species has an unusual social system, often breeding in polygynandrous groups in which there is a strong dominance hierarchy. Typically, during the breeding season, there is considerable sexual activity, with heterosexual and homosexual copulations between adults being commonplace. Hae III-digested DNA from individuals belonging to breeding groups was hybridized to the minisatellite DNA probe YNH24, revealing putative single-locus profiles, while hybridization of the same DNA to the minisatellite probes pV47-2, 3'HVR, and per revealed typical multilocus profiles. The numbers of unattributable restriction fragments allowed the maternity and paternity of all individuals to be conclusively determined, despite high levels of band sharing among individuals within breeding groups. These close genetic similarities are a likely consequence of strong philopatry and inbreeding. We report instances of males which are high on the dominance hierarchy but have only a limited reproductive output in comparison with others and males which are subordinate but achieve a significant proportion of fertilizations. Generally these data reveal no consistent relationship between dominance, the frequency of copulations, and parentage among males. We conclude that pukeko highlight some difficulties with conventional explanations for the "function" of dominance.

The development of a care-giving burden scale.

A burden scale is described that is conceptually specific by concentrating on an assessment of different aspects of distress of care-giving burden and conceptually sensitive by distinguishing two dimensions: the relationship of the carer and the care-receiver and the limitations in the personal life of the carer. To develop a burden scale an analysis was carried out on a database of an intervention study in which 89 informal caregivers of psychogeriatric patients were interviewed twice. A principal components analysis was carried out showing two main factors that could be interpreted as the two dimensions mentioned above. Reliability analysis showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 for the total care-giving burden scale (13 items) and 0.77 for both subscales (7 and 6 items), confirmed in an independent sample. An analysis of the hierarchy of items (Mokken Scale Analysis) showed a strong and moderate hierarchy for the subscales and the total scale, respectively. Finally, an analysis of construct validity showed strong correlations of care-giving burden with depression of the carer and deviant behaviour of the patient.