Strong Cube Texture Research Articles

A comprehensive study of the effect of scanning strategy on IN939 fabricated by powder bed fusion-laser beam

This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the effects of different scanning strategies on the material properties of IN939 fabricated using the PBF-LB process. The scanning strategies examined included alternating bi-directional scanning with rotation angles of 0°, 45°, 67°, and 90° between adjacent layers (named as shown), as well as alternating chessboard scanning with rotation angles of 67° and 90° (named as Q67° and Q90°). The results revealed that the 45° and 67° samples had the highest relative density, while the 0° and Q67° samples showed the highest average porosity. Moreover, various types of cracks, including solidification, solid-state, and oxide-induced cracks, were observed. Among the bi-directional scan samples, the 0° sample displayed the most extensive cracking and the highest σmax residual stress values in both XZ and XY planes. Conversely, the 45° and 67° samples exhibited fewer cracks. Notably, the lowest σmax residual stress in the XZ planes among the bi-directional scan samples was observed in the 67° sample. Additionally, microstructural analyses indicated differences in grain size and morphology, among the samples. Texture analysis indicated that the 0° and 90° samples exhibited strong cube textures, whereas the texture intensity weakened for the 45° and 67° samples. Moreover, the alternating chessboard scanning strategy led to rougher surfaces (higher Sa and Sz values) compared to the alternating bi-directional scanning strategy, regardless of the rotation angles. Furthermore, the microhardness values among the samples showed minimal variance, ranging between 321 ± 14 HV and 356± 7 HV.

Ultra‐Thin 3.5%Si Steel with Both Magnetic Properties and Mechanical Properties Produced by Different Process Routes of Large‐Scale Production

The microstructural and textural evolution, as well as the recrystallization kinetics under different cold‐rolling methods and their influencing mechanism on the properties of the thin‐gauge 3.5%Si nonoriented silicon steel, are investigated by electron backscattering diffraction, X‐ray diffractometer, tensile, and magnetic properties test. The results indicate that compared with the primary cold‐rolling process, the reduction rate of secondary cold‐rolling process is lower (58.3%), and many shear bands are formed in the coarse cold‐rolled sheet, which leads to the formation of strong Goss and cube texture after recrystallization annealing. Owing to the high annealing temperature, the average grain size of finished annealed sheet is little different under different cold‐rolling processes, so the mechanical properties and high‐frequency iron loss are basically the same. The iron loss of the secondary cold‐rolled products decreases with an increase in frequency, and the improvement in the iron loss of the high field (1.5 T) becomes larger than that of the low field (1.0 T). Given the high anisotropy index of the Goss texture, the iron loss anisotropy of the secondary cold‐rolled sheet is higher. Considering the magnetic and mechanical properties, the optimum process is the secondary cold rolling with the intermediate annealing temperature of 900 °C.

Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Cold-Rolled and Annealed Oxygen-Free Copper Sheets.

Commercial oxygen-free copper sheets were cold-rolled with reduction rates ranging from 20% to 87% and annealed at 400, 500 and 600 °C. The microstructure and texture evolution during the cold-rolling and annealing processes were studied using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the deformation textures of {123}<634> (S), {112}<111> (Copper) and {110}<112> (Brass) were continuously enhanced with the increase in cold-rolling reduction. The orientations along the α-oriented fiber converged towards Brass, and the orientation density of β fiber obviously increased when the rolling reduction exceeded 60%. The recrystallization texture was significantly affected by the cold-rolling reduction. After 60% cold-rolling reduction, Copper and S texture components gradually decreased, and the {011}<511> recrystallization texture component formed with the increase in annealing temperature. After 87% cold-rolling reduction, a strong Cube texture formed, and other textures were inhibited with the increase in annealing temperature. The strong Brass and S deformation texture was conducive to the formation of a strong Cube annealing texture. The density of the annealing twin boundary decreased with the increase in annealing temperature, and more annealing twin boundaries formed in the oxygen-free copper sheets with the increase in cold-rolling reduction.

Fatigue crack propagation of AA2024 alloy under texture control using crystal plasticity coupled with accelerated cyclic cohesive zone model

The texture for AA2024 alloy is a predominant factor in the control of Fatigue Crack Propagation (FCP) behavior, and this texture feature can be well simulated using Crystal Plasticity (CP) methodology. Besides, Cyclic Cohesive Zone Model (CCZM) possesses the higher reliability than Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) in simulating FCP behavior because of its consideration of damage evolution law. In this work, CP is first integrated with CCZM to predict FCP behavior of AA2024 alloy under texture control. To decrease time-consuming, an acceleration strategy is also tactfully implemented into this coupled CP-CCZM under XFEM framework, as an attempt to faster and accurately predict the texture influence on FCP behavior. FCP and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) experiments are also carried out to provide a reference for checking the reliability and accuracy of this model. It is found that this coupled methodology shows a strong capability and robustness in simulating FCP behavior under texture control. This coupled methodology is then utilized to simulate three typical FCP features induced by sole strong Goss, Cube and Brass textures, and the corresponding FCP behaviors are comparatively analyzed in details.

The impact of welding heat input on microstructure, micro-texture, and mechanical properties of stir zone in friction stir welded DP600 steel

In this research, the impact of the heat input (HI) used during friction stir welding (FSW) on the microstructure, micro-texture and mechanical properties of DP600 steel was examined. Two different sets of rotational and transverse speeds were utilized to produce robust welds, one with low HI and the other with high. The outcomes demonstrated that various products such as polygonal ferrite (PF), Widmanstatten ferrite (WF), ferrite-carbide aggregate (FCA), and bainite were created in the stir zone (SZ) during the FSW of DP600 steel. After microscopic analysis, it was found that the high HI weld exhibited a greater amount of WF and bainite, resulting in higher hardness and ultimate tensile strength values than the low HI weld. The low HI weld displayed texture components including D1, D2, and E, with a slight cube component. These components were thought to result from the transformation of a strong B texture component and a weaker R texture component of prior austenite, indicating continious dynamic recrystallization during the FSW process. On the other hand, the high HI sample had a strong cube texture component and a weaker D shear component, a result of the transformation of a strong R shear texture component of prior austenite, suggesting discountinious dynamic recrystallization during FSW. The study determined that the welding HI greatly influences the proportion of microconstituents, the development of micro-texture, and the mechanical characteristics of the SZ during the FSW of DP600 steel.

Effects of microstructure and texture on the deep drawability of C10200 copper sheets

Formability of copper sheet is generally affected by microstructure and crystallographic texture. In this study, the effects of two different microstructure and textures on the deep drawability of C10200 copper sheets were analyzed by the optical microscopy (OM), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique. The results show that the first rolling reduction rate before intermediate annealing decreased, and the strong {001}<100> (Cube) texture was formed after final annealing. When the second rolling reduction decreased, Cube texture was weak and final annealing textures dominated by {123}<634> (S), {112}<111> (Copper) and {110}<112> (Brass) components were obtained. The texture difference had a great influence on the deep drawing quality. Strong Cube texture was unfavorable for deep drawing because of the more heterogeneous strain distribution resulted from the remarkable planar anisotropy, while the coexistence of S, Copper, Brass, and {110}<001> (Goss) texture components was conducive to improving the average r-values, which was beneficial to the deep drawability.

Intermediate annealing and strong cube texture of Ni-5at.%W alloy thin substrates for YBCO coated conductors

In this work, a series of studies have been carried out on ultra-thin Ni-5at%W (Ni5W) alloy substrates used for the coated conductors. The ultra-thin Ni5W alloy substrate can be fabricated for the large square REBCO film with a size of over 40 mm × 40 mm, which is normally used in scenarios to support a magnetic field in a specific area. To obtain a stronger recrystallized cubic texture, the intermediate annealing was added to optimize the rolling texture during the rolling process of the Ni5W alloy substrate. A typical copper-type rolling texture was obtained in the substrate which intermediate annealed at 96.25%, and the cube texture reached 97.6% after annealing recrystallization. Moreover, The deformation and recrystallization of 40 μm thick Ni-5at%W (Ni5W) alloy thin substrates were investigated by the quasi-in situ method. The fabrication of ultra-thin Ni5W substrates increases the potential of miniaturizing lightweight coated conductors, which helps to further promote and accelerate the manufacturing process of the entire coated conductor strip.

Strong cube texture formation of Ni5W/Ni9.3W/Ni5W composite thin substrates for YBCO-coated conductors

The Ni-5 at.%W/Ni-9.3 at.%W/Ni-5 at.%W alloy composite substrate with a thickness of 109 μm was produced by powder metallurgy and rolling process. The composite substrates with different thicknesses were produced by electrochemically polishing the outer layer of each substrate. When the thickness of the composite substrate was reduced to 72 μm, the cubic texture could still reach 97.3% by using electron backscatter diffraction. Moreover, its saturation magnetization only reached 2.3 (emu/g). Finally, the cubic texture of composite substrates was found to vary in thickness thinning because the grain growth mechanism between the inner and outer layers is different. The inner layer defect has a “pin” effect on grain boundary migration, and in the outer layer, the cubic grain grows more easily to the surface and along the rolling direction. However, the formation of cubic-oriented grains is hindered by the twin defects in the inner layer.

Enhanced {100} Recrystallization Texture in Strip‐Cast Nonoriented Electrical Steel by Two‐Stage Annealing

Herein, nonoriented electrical steel with enhanced {100} texture is prepared by two‐stage annealing, i.e., prerecovery annealing and then recrystallization annealing. The impact of the annealing process on microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties is investigated using optical microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and X‐ray diffraction. It is found that the large {100} deformed matrix with low stored energy begins to recrystallize after the matrix with high stored energy (such as shear bands) is completely recrystallized. Strong Cube and Goss ({110}&lt;001&gt;) texture is developed in the final sheet after conventional annealing. The introduction of prerecovery annealing decreases the stored energy of deformed microstructure and then retarders the start of recrystallization. The final annealed sheet subjected to prerecovery annealing exhibits enhanced multicomponent {100} recrystallization texture containing Cube and {001}&lt;120&gt;–{001}&lt;130&gt; and {001}&lt;110&gt; components. The volume fraction of {100} texture is increased to 22.7–33.6%. It can be attributed to the fact that the prerecovery annealing promotes the growth of new {100} grains recrystallized in the deformed matrix with low stored energy and activates the extended recovery behavior of {001}&lt;110&gt; deformed grains. This improvement of {100} recrystallization texture significantly increases the magnetic induction at the 45° direction and reduces the magnetic anisotropy.

Multi-scale modelling of evolving plastic anisotropy during Al-alloy sheet forming

Accurate modelling of local evolving texture and yield surface evolution in complex strain path are of crucial importance to the accurate sheet metal forming simulations. This work proposed a novel multi-scale computational scheme, in which the full-field crystal plasticity (CP) modelling is mapped and real-time updated into each integration point following the local strain path in the finite element (FE) model. By the real-time close-loop feedback and update between the FE model and CP model, the evolving texture and its induced anisotropic plasticity evolution are considered utilizing on-the-fly virtual tests in the full deformation field. To carefully verify the developed computational framework, a comprehensive validation including plastic anisotropy characterization, cyclic hardening tests and deep drawing tests is conducted in an AA6016-T4 aluminium sheet with strong cube texture using ESAFORM Benchmark 2021. By comparison with experimental results and the conventional approaches with constant yield surface for the forming case, the newly developed method is thoroughly validated, showing that the significant texture evolution is observed in large plastic deformation and various strain paths lead to different texture evolution. The local evolving texture induced plastic anisotropy evolution has a considerable effect on the prediction accuracy of the deep drawing simulations, such as earing profile, wall thickness and loading history. Additionally, this method does not increase too much computation cost, enabling cost-effectively simulation of complex forming processes.

Stability and deviations from the cube texture during rolling and annealing of Ni foil

Formation of the {100}<001> cube texture component has been reported extensively in many heavily deformed face-centered cubic (FCC) metals and alloys after annealing. The present study shows how to avoid the formation of strong cube texture on the surface of high-temperature annealed Ni foils subjected to large rolling reductions and also retain the high intensity of twin boundaries. The evolution of the surface texture of rolled and annealed foils are discussed in comparison to conventional rolling, shear, and recrystallization texture components. The stability of the cube and ND-rotated cube components in rolled foils are elaborated. In spite of discontinuous recrystallization mechanisms, a high fraction of rolling texture components is retained after annealing. Suppression of the cube component after annealing has been attributed to the constricted-annealing process and possible activation of low-energy twin boundaries. Annealing twins were found to form during the recrystallization process via a growth fault mechanism.

Microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties of Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr built by wire and arc additive manufacture

ABSTRACT The as-deposited microstructure and mechanical properties of the near-β titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) produced by wire-arc additive manufacture (WAAM) were investigated, to understand its microstructural evolution under WAAM deposition conditions and to establish correlations between the microstructure features formed and the thermal cycles experienced during deposition. The ‘as-deposited’ Ti-5553 WAAM material exhibited higher tensile strengths than other as-deposited additively manufactured Ti-5553 deposits previously reported in the literature, but had significant anisotropy in elongation, as a consequence of the coarse and columnar β-grain structure that formed on solidification, which exhibited a strong cube texture. The multiple reheating cycles, inherent to the WAAM process, were recorded using a novel ‘harpoon’ thermocouple technique, and the α precipitation evolution was related to the thermal history. Electron probe microanalysis chemical maps revealed significant solute microsegregation during solidification, which influenced the subsequent precipitation due to its effect on the local β-phase stability. As each layer experienced more reheating cycles, the microstructure evolution could be ‘time resolved’ and the α laths were found to precipitate in a specific sequence of nucleation sites, starting at the β-grain boundaries and then inter-dendritically, where there was lower matrix β stability. However, after the reheating peak temperature was insufficiently high to have any further effect, the microstructure consisted of a relatively uniform distribution of α laths.

Analysis of ESAFORM 2021 cup drawing benchmark of an Al alloy, critical factors for accuracy and efficiency of FE simulations

This article details the ESAFORM Benchmark 2021. The deep drawing cup of a 1 mm thick, AA 6016-T4 sheet with a strong cube texture was simulated by 11 teams relying on phenomenological or crystal plasticity approaches, using commercial or self-developed Finite Element (FE) codes, with solid, continuum or classical shell elements and different contact models. The material characterization (tensile tests, biaxial tensile tests, monotonic and reverse shear tests, EBSD measurements) and the cup forming steps were performed with care (redundancy of measurements). The Benchmark organizers identified some constitutive laws but each team could perform its own identification. The methodology to reach material data is systematically described as well as the final data set. The ability of the constitutive law and of the FE model to predict Lankford and yield stress in different directions is verified. Then, the simulation results such as the earing (number and average height and amplitude), the punch force evolution and thickness in the cup wall are evaluated and analysed. The CPU time, the manpower for each step as well as the required tests versus the final prediction accuracy of more than 20 FE simulations are commented. The article aims to guide students and engineers in their choice of a constitutive law (yield locus, hardening law or plasticity approach) and data set used in the identification, without neglecting the other FE features, such as software, explicit or implicit strategy, element type and contact model.

Texture and microstructure characterizations of Fe-3.5wt%Si soft magnetic alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion

Manufacturing stable grain-oriented electric steel with fewer procedures remains a challenge due to the formation of detrimental γ-fiber (〈111〉//ND) texture. In this work, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process was employed to obtain a strong λ-fiber (〈100〉//ND) texture in a Fe-3.5wt%Si electrical steel. The texture and microstructure were characterized by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The EBSD results showed a strong λ-fiber texture on the top plane of Fe-Si alloy. It included {001}〈001〉 Cube texture, {001}〈110〉 rotated cube texture and {100}〈105〉 texture. With the lowest energy density, an area fraction of 16.6% γ-fiber texture was formed on the top plane. Additionally, the formation of amorphous precipitates in additively manufactured Fe-Si alloy was firstly reported. The lattice constant of 2.7975 Å was calculated in the matrix area. The work has shown LPBF can open a new door to manufacture grain-oriented electrical steel for industrial applications. • The Fe-3.5wt%Si alloy was fabricated via laser powder bed fusion. • Amorphous precipitates were observed in additively manufactured Fe-Si alloy. • A strong λ-fiber (〈100〉//BD) texture is obtained on the top plane of the additively manufactured Fe-Si sample. • A strong rotated cube ({100}〈110〉) texture is also obtained on the top plane of the additively manufactured Fe-Si sample.

Texture in cold rolled and high-temperature annealed Cu foils

Thick single crystal Cu foil substrates with specific crystallographic orientations such as {111} and {110} planes parallel to the rolling plane are desired for epitaxial growth of two-dimensional materials such as graphene. In this study, annealing experiments of a 46 μm thick cold-rolled foil were carried out at temperatures in the range of 300-1040 °C. The texture evolution during annealing was followed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) orientation mapping. It was found that the texture evolution may be divided into three stages: at relatively low annealing temperatures, a strong cube texture develops with a small population of grains having relatively larger deviations from the cube orientation; at medium temperatures, these grains with large deviations grow abnormally; and at the highest temperature, annealing twins form in the abnormally growing grains giving rise to new orientations including some with the {111} planes parallel to the rolling plane.

Tailoring the crystallographic texture of pure copper through control of the scanning strategy in Electron Powder Bed Fusion

There has been increasing interest over the past few years to evaluate how additive manufacturing can be used to tailor the microstructure of metallic materials. The objective of this work is to demonstrate through a few illustrative examples the possibility to tailor the crystallographic texture of pure copper processed by Electron Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-EB) by manipulating the molten pool morphology via the scanning strategy. We illustrate schematically how changes in molten pool geometry via modifications of the scanning strategies can affect texture development. Different processing conditions are selected to produce dense samples by PBF-EB while altering the crystallographic texture. The samples produced are examined by optical microscopy and Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) to characterize the molten pool geometry and the inherited microstructure to experimentally validate the pragmatic approach suggested in this work. Manipulations of the scanning strategies are shown to be efficient to produce a strong Cube texture or Goss texture or alternatively, a mixture between the two. A Cube texture is generated by promoting the formation of a melt pool with a flat geometry (its width being much larger than its depth). A Goss texture results from melt pools having a more hemispherical geometry with a large overlap between adjacent tracks. Adjusting the hatch spacing is a good way to achieve a mixture between columnar grains having a Cube texture and others exhibiting a Goss one. The results of this work could be considered as a guideline to tailor the microstructure of other cubic materials processed by PBF-EB.

Effect of deformation mode on hot deformation characteristics and microstructural evolution in Cu-Cr-Zr-Ti alloy

Uniaxial (UC) and plane strain compression (PSC) tests were performed on the Cu-Cr-Zr-Ti alloy specimens to investigate the effect of the deformation mode on the stress-strain response, work hardening behaviour and microstructural evolution in the alloy. These tests were performed at a strain rate of 1 s−1 and in the temperature range of 700–800 °C to impart von Mises equivalent strains of 0.15, 0.45 and 0.69. The alloy showed a regime of constant work hardening rate in the recovery stage before transitioning to the steady state under UC as opposed to PSC in which the alloy exhibited a smooth transition from recovery stage to the steady state stage. The microstructures evolved under UC consisted of randomly oriented equiaxed grains delineated by high angle boundaries (HABs) with high fraction of Σ3 boundaries. On the other hand, under PSC a very strong {001}〈100〉 cube texture evolved with increase in strain. This strong cube texture was ascribed to the evolution of and the increased stability of cube-oriented elongated substructures observed in the deformed matrix. The difference in the work hardening behaviour was thus attributed to the higher evolved Σ3 fraction under UC and the cube-oriented elongated substructures evolved under PSC. The dynamically recrystallized grains fraction calculated from area of grain orientation spread (GOS) map with GOS < 2o was found to be lower in the alloy under PSC owing to the presence of high orientation gradients within the evolved cube-oriented elongated substructures.

Effect of stress-relief annealing on rolled texture of nickel-based alloys

In this study, the effects of stress-relief annealing (SRA) on the rolled texture of nickel-based alloys were extensively analysed. Biaxially textured Ni–W alloy substrates with strong cube textures were fabricated by cold rolling and recrystallisation annealing for coated conductor applications. The results indicate that the evolution of the rolled texture, and hence the annealed cube texture, were greatly influenced by the stress-induced by deformation. The stress and rolled texture were found to be significantly correlated. X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction analyses were used to explore the effect of SRA on the cold-rolled microstructure. The stress distribution was found to be associated with the copper texture. The addition of SRA effectively eliminated stress and strengthened the copper and S textures, thereby facilitating the formation of the final annealed cube texture. Finally, the mechanism by which stress influences the rolled texture of nickel-based alloys was elaborated in detail.

Thermal stability of thin rolled potassium-doped tungsten sheets during annealing at temperatures up to 1400 °C

Microstructural changes will occur in tungsten when used as plasma-facing material in future fusion reactors due to the high operation temperatures. Potassium doping has proven to delay such undesired changes in drawn tungsten wires. The same strategy is adapted to thin cold-rolled tungsten sheets containing 80 ppm potassium. Their thermal stability is characterized by isochronal annealing for two hours as well as isothermal annealing at selected temperatures for longer times. Mechanical degradation is quantified by micro hardness testing; microstructure and texture evolution are investigated using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. During annealing for two hours at temperatures between 800 °C and 1400 °C, the potassium-doped tungsten sheets undergo recovery. The strong rotated cube texture present in the as-rolled condition intensifies enormously during annealing for two hours, but does not change significantly during further annealing. Isothermal annealing at temperatures between 1300 °C and 1400 °C causes significant loss in hardness during the first two hours, but only smaller changes further on, indicating that solely extended recovery is occurring. No evidence for primary recrystallization is found as recrystallization is retarded by a combination of high angle boundaries being absent due to the strong texture and their immobilization by potassium bubbles. The recovery kinetics is quantified based on Kuhlmann’s recovery model and compared with observations on differently rolled thin plates of pure tungsten. Despite different amounts of recoverable hardness, the recovery parameters resolved for potassium-doped tungsten fit nicely to the master curve for recovery obtained earlier on pure tungsten plates confirming that recovery is indeed the dominating restauration mechanism and that doping with 80 ppm potassium does not alter the recovery mechanism fundamentally.

Regulating the recrystallized grain to induce strong cube texture in oriented silicon steel

• Cube texture contains two easy magnetization direction 〈001〉 parallel to rolling and transverse direction respectively, which is the most ideal magnetic texture suitable not only for transformers but also for rotating machines. In this study, strong cube texture with ODF density of 50.73 mrd was successfully obtained by controlling orientation using pulsed electric current in finished oriented silicon steel. • To transform from Goss to cube texture in oriented silicon steel, cross cold rolling process intentionally “created” metastable deformed cube orientation in oriented silicon steel. • The effects of Joule heating and heating rate on the cube recrystallization texture were distinguished, which fills a significant gap in our knowledge of the mechanism of pulse electric current induced texture transformation. • This idea of current-controlled texture is worthy of popularization in more materials and the realization of electromagnetic field to crystal orientation selection is an interesting topic. Cube texture contains two easy magnetization directions 〈001〉 parallel to rolling and transverse direction, respectively, which is the most ideal magnetic texture suitable not only for transformers but also for rotating machines. In this study, a strong cube texture with ODF density of 50.73 mrd was successfully obtained by regulating the recrystallized grain orientation using cross-rolling and pulsed electric current, compared to conventional thermal annealing (the average cube texture intensity is ~10 mrd in lots of latest studies). Cross cold rolling process intentionally “created” metastable deformed cube orientation in oriented silicon steel and the specific recrystallization texture rotation path was identified under pulsed electric current in 5 min: {114}<261>→{114}<151>→{114}<041>→{001}<150>→{001}<010>. The cube-oriented grains were induced by pulsed electric current (800 °C) and rapid heating (51.9 °C/s, 750 °C), while the cube grains were observed in the annealed samples at the high temperature (1060 °C). Recrystallized grain size of pulsed samples is about twice that of the annealed sample. This phenomenon is considered that the concurrent effects of electron wind force and Joule heating affected the nucleation, growth and rotation of cube grains by reducing the nuclear barrier, producing higher grain boundary mobility and structural evolution towards a state with lower electrical resistance. This idea of current-controlled texture is worthy of popularization in more materials and the realization of an electromagnetic field to crystal orientation selection is an interesting topic.