Strong Antioxidant Research Articles

Comprehensive Phytochemical and Antioxidant Profiling of Tetrapleura tetraptera Fruit: A Nutritional and Bioactive Potential Assessment from Rivers State, Nigeria

The fruit,Tetrapleura tetraptera belongs to the Mimosaceae family and is widely used in traditional remedies for the treatment of diseases and a popular seasoning spice in southern and Eastern Nigeria. The present study investigated the proximate analysis, phytochemical composition and antioxidant studies of ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit consumed in Port-Harcourt city, Rivers State. The proximate and phytochemical compositions, including the antioxidant studies of ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit were determined using standard methods. Proximate composition and calorific value of whole sample of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit revealed that the (%) composition of moisture, ash, lipid, fibre, protein, carbohydrate and caloric value are 17.07, 17.17, 10.10, 5.26, 15.77, 34.62 and 1222.28kj/100g respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit showed that they contain relative amount of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, amino acids, steroids and coumarins. Glycosides, alkaloids and phenolics were detected in very small concentration in the extract, flavonoids, coumarins, amino acids were found in moderate amounts while saponins, tannins, steroids and terpenoids were detected in very high amount in the extract. The in vitro antioxidant activities (TAC, FRAP and DPPH) of ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit shows that the plant possessed high scavenging potency towards free radicals. The results of In vitro antioxidant studies; FRAP, DPPH and TAC suggest that Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit protects against lipid peroxidation by donating the radical chain reaction. The results demonstrated the strong antioxidant activities, nutritional and pharmacology potencies of the Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit.

Evaluation of Whitening Effects and Identification of Potentially Active Compounds Based on Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis in Different Chrysanthemum Cultivar Extracts

Chrysanthemum is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Chrysanthemum extracts are rich in bioactive compounds; however, there are few reports evaluating the whitening effects of organic chrysanthemum extracts. This study assessed the antioxidant and whitening effects of organic extracts from the petals of five chrysanthemum cultivars from Guangdong, China. Significant differences were observed among the five cultivars across various parameters, including IC50 values for tyrosinase inhibition activity, DPPH and ABTS values, UV absorption, and SPF values. Additionally, there were notable variations in total flavonoid, total phenolic, and chlorogenic acid contents. The BJ cultivar extract exhibited strong antioxidant capacity and superior whitening effects, containing the highest levels of total flavonoids, total phenolics, and chlorogenic acid. Correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between total flavonoid content and IC50 of DPPH, and between chlorogenic acid and both IC50 of ABTS and SPF. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of three representative cultivars (BJ, WYHJ, and JSHJ) identified 22 compounds potentially related to antioxidant and whitening effects. Compounds significantly correlated with multiple antioxidant or whitening indicators (p < 0.05, r > 0.8) included tangeritin, hydroquinone, eupatilin, quercetin 3-(6″-malonyl-glucoside), biochanin A, and cyanidin 3-glucoside. These compounds may play crucial roles in the antioxidant and whitening effects of chrysanthemum extracts. The results highlight the promising antioxidant and whitening properties of chrysanthemum extracts, with certain genotypes, such as BJ, showing potential as superior raw material sources.

Childhood Mediterranean Diet Compliance Is Associated with Lower Incidence of Childhood Obesity, Specific Sociodemographic, and Lifestyle Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children Aged 6–9 Years

Background: Mediterranean diet (MD) constitutes a commonly examined dietary model. It includes a plethora of bioactive ingredients with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and anticancer properties. Several substantial studies support strong evidence that MD can exert preventing actions against human morbidity and mortality, promoting human well-being and quality of life. The present study aims to evaluate whether childhood MD compliance may be associated with socio-demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors in children at the age of 6–9 years. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey on 3875 children aged 6–9 years old with their matched mothers. Qualified questionnaires were used to evaluate and collect by one-to-one interviews with trained professionals the above data. Results: Elevated MD adherence was observed only in 22.2% of the enrolled children, while 37.5% of children maintained intermediate MD adherence and 40.3% of children adopted lower MD levels. Children MD compliance was related at an independent manner with maternal education level, childhood anthropometric factors such as Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist circumference to Height ratio (WtHR), quality of life, and exclusively breastfeeding behaviors after adjusting for several possible confounders (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusions: Elevated MD adherence of children aged 6–9 years old showed a lower obesity of overweight/obesity, including abdominal obesity. A higher maternal educational status and adopting exclusively breastfeeding practices were associated with greater levels of children’s MD adherence, promoting their quality of life and well-being. Based on the present results, future prospective surveys need to be performed to evaluate if there is a causality relation concerning this topic.

Phytochemical Analysis and Multifaceted Biomedical Activities of Nitraria retusa Extract as Natural Product-Based Therapies

This study examined the phytochemical profile and biomedical activities of Nitraria retusa, a halophytic and drought-resistant shrub. HPLC analysis showed gallic acid (1905.1 μg/g), catechin (1984.1 μg/g), and ellagic acid (2671.1 μg/g) as the primary constituents, while FT-IR analysis revealed a complex organic profile with significant functional groups. The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in DPPH assays, outperforming ascorbic acid (IC50 = 18.7 ± 1.0 μg/mL) with an IC50 of 16.4 ± 4.4 μg/mL. It demonstrated specific antiproliferative effects on cancer cell lines as it showed selective cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines; normal WI38 cells were largely unaffected, showing 50.0% viability at 125 μg/mL. The most sensitive cell line was Caco2, which showed 50.0% viability at 125 μg/mL. Anti-diabetic properties were exhibited by means of inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 68.2 ± 4.2 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 22.8 ± 3.3 μg/mL). Additionally, antimicrobial activity was observed to be broad-spectrum, and it was most effective against E. coli (32.6 mm inhibition zone at 400 μg/mL) and Penicillium glabrum (35.3 mm at 400 μg/mL). These findings highlight the potential of N. retusa in developing plant-based therapeutic approaches.

Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Properties and Antibacterial Activity of Chinese Chive (Allium odorum L.).

The present study was conducted to generate the comprehensive data on the nutritional composition, minerals, heavy metal, bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Chinese chive (Allium odorum L.) grown at two different locations including Manipur and Punjab. The crop grown in Manipur exhibited higher values of nutritional and phytochemical compound values than those grown in Punjab. It exhibited significantly higher amounts of crude protein, crude fiber, potassium, calcium and iron content in the Manipur environment. The allicin content in leaves of Chinese chive on a dry weight (dw) varied from 1.31 to 1.4% and there was non-significant difference in allicin content at both locations. Besides, the heavy metal content of Chinese chive was much below the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. The IC50 value of Chinese chive was 78.908-95.140µg/ml which imparts strong antioxidant activity and higher DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)radical scavenging activity higher in fresh leaves than dried leaves. Total phenol and total flavonoid were found to be significantly high. In addition, high antibacterial activities were observed against toxin producing pathogenic bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The nutritional and bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity of Chinese chive make it ideal for its use as a functional food and/or supplement.

Screening Study on Serine Protease Inhibitory Activity of 10 Plant Species.

In this research, in vitro serine protease inhibitory activity of 10 plant species was evaluated, and extracts that showed strong activity were analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. (leaf) and Potentilla reptans L. were found to have the highest chymotrypsin inhibitory activities (83.77% and 82.01% inhibition). The highest trypsin inhibitory activity was observed in R. caucasicum (flower) (82.86% inhibition), followed by Cruciata laevipes Opiz (82.22% inhibition). Extracts showing potent enzyme inhibition were fractioned and subjected to activity tests. The highest chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was observed in the n-hexane fraction of P. reptans (92.90% inhibition). In comparison, the highest trypsin inhibitory activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction of Lythrum salicaria L. (89.81% inhibition). HPLC studies determined that the 80% ethanol extract of P. reptans contained chlorogenic acid. The screened plants were generally rich in phenol and flavonoid content and showed strong antioxidant activity.

Costus igneus: A Versatile Herbal Remedy for Multiple Health Conditions.

Costus igneus, commonly known as the insulin plant, is a potent medicinal herb with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Traditionally used in diabetes management, recent studies have highlighted its antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and kidney stone inhibitor properties. Phytochemical analyses reveal the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. In various in-vitro and in-vivo models, Costus igneus demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity. The plant exhibits strong antioxidant activity, as evidenced by FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays, with notable radical scavenging and reducing power. Other miscellaneous pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, cytotoxicity and hypotensive effects. These findings support Costus igneus as a safe and cost-effective herbal remedy for managing diabetes and other ailments, highlighting its potential for future therapeutic applications and the development of herbal formulations.

Phycocyanin Additives Regulate Bacterial Community Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Alfalfa Silage

Phycocyanin is a water-soluble pigment protein extracted from prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria and has strong antioxidant activity. As a silage additive, it is expected to enhance the antioxidant activity and fermentation quality of alfalfa silage. This study revealed the effects of different proportions of phycocyanin (1%, 3%, 5%) on the quality, bacterial community and antioxidant capacity of alfalfa silage. The results showed that 5% phycocyanin supplementation could maintain dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content; increase lactic acid (LA) content; decrease pH and butyric acid (BA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content; and improve fermentation quality. At the same time, the contents of total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), total phenol content (TP), polysaccharide content (P) and total flavonoid content (F) in the addition group were significantly increased, the antioxidant capacity was enhanced and the abundance of lactic acid bacteria was increased, which was positively correlated with silage quality. Phycocyanin can improve the metabolic function of carbohydrates and amino acids and promote the production of secondary metabolites. The application of phycocyanin broadens the variety of additives for alfalfa silage.

Preparation and Performance of ATH-OPC-PEG Bilayer Microcapsules Based on Targeted Flame Retardation Against Spontaneous Coal Combustion

ABSTRACT In order to solve the problem of spontaneous combustion of coal in the air-mining area, ATH-OPC-PEG double-layer flame retardant microcapsules were prepared. The environmentally friendly flame retardant aluminum hydroxide (ATH) was selected as the core material of the microcapsules. Due to the high action temperature and late action time of ATH, sodium alginate-modified melamine-melamine resin was used as the first layer of shell material of microcapsules to coat ATH. Then molten polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixed with the environmentally friendly strong antioxidant proanthocyanidin (OPC) was used as the second layer of shell material for the secondary coating of microcapsules. Providing antioxidant properties to microcapsules. The surface morphology, dispersion, encapsulation, pyrolysis, and flame retardant properties of the microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), and cone calorimeter. On this basis, the microcapsules were mechanically mixed with coal samples, and four coal samples were prepared for combustion tests. The results showed that ATH-OPC-PEG microcapsules prolonged the water locking time and increased the TGA by 1.162%. According to the cone calorimeter analysis, the CO and CO2 release rates of microcapsule-treated coal were reduced by 27.90% and 13.98% compared with that of pure coal. This study provides directional solution ideas for solving different stages of spontaneous combustion of coal in the mining area, and enriches the technical means of fire prevention and extinguishing.

Pembuatan Teh Herbal Dari Daun Sukun (Artocarpus Altilis) dan Bunga Melati (Jasminum Sambac)

Herbal tea is a mixture of flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, or dried fruits used as a medicinal drink. Breadfruit leaf jasmine flower herbal tea is an herbal drink made in the form of tea powder using breadfruit leaves jasmine flowers which have many benefits including, Lowering cholesterol levels, lowering high blood pressure, kidney failure, treating heart disease, stomach acid, diabetes. Herbal tea makers use variations of the withering process for (4 days, 5 days, and 6 days) and the drying method using an oven for 10 minutes at a temperature of 75 ℃. The tests carried out include yield tests, water content, ash content, antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method, tannin tests, flavonoids and organoleptic tests. The results showed the best herbal tea at 6 days of withering and compared its composition with sample 3 (TH3). The yield obtained was very low, although there was a reduction in raw materials to the product, the quality of the tea was the best because the air obtained was in accordance with the provisions of SNI No. 3.4%. 3836. 2013 and knowing the quality of life of herbal tea which was 10.6%. antioxidants contained in herbal tea breadfruit leaves have strong antioxidant content, has been proven in the IC50 equation as much as 4.865 in accordance with the provisions of less than 50 indicating the amount of antioxidant content In herbal tea made from jasmine leaves and flowers, the tannin content is 112 mg / kg body weight per day. Testing of flavonoid samples changed color to yellow which indicates positive flavonoids in herbal breadfruit jasmine leaves.

Phytochemical Profile and Bioactive Compounds in Aqueous Leaf Extract of Anacardium occidentale: A GC-MS Analysis

This study investigates the phytochemical composition of the aqueous leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale (cashew tree) using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The aqueous extraction yielded a crude leaf extract rich in bioactive compounds. Major compounds identified include γ-Terpinene (13.62%), known for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and Securinine (2.08%), which exhibits anticancer and antiviral effects. Additionally, dl-α-Tocopherol (5.6%), a potent antioxidant, was found. Other notable compounds, such as 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (6.53%), demonstrated strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while Naphthalene (1.78%) exhibited antimicrobial activity. These compounds, among others identified in the extract, suggest that Anacardium occidentale leaves have a rich phytochemical profile with significant medicinal properties. The results underscore the plant’s potential for treating oxidative stress-related diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and bacterial infections. This research highlights the therapeutic promise of Anacardium occidentale and emphasizes the need for further studies on the synergistic effects of these compounds. These findings could serve as a foundation for developing new, plant-based therapeutic agents for managing chronic diseases and infections.

Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles by Using Aqueous Bark Extract of Quercus dalechampii, Q. frainetto, and Q. petraea for Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Applications.

This study aimed to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts of Quercus species (Quercus dalechampii, Quercus frainetto, and Quercus petraea) with potential biomedical applications. To optimize PdNPs biosynthesis, various parameters were explored, including the concentration of PdCl2, the extract-to-PdCl2 ratio, and the pH of the solution. The nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Total polyphenol content was measured using the Folin-Ciocâlteu method, while antioxidant capacity was evaluated through radical neutralization assays, including ABTS and DPPH, and through iron and copper reduction tests. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida species. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids from the extracts were essential for the reduction in palladium ions and the stabilization of the nanoparticles. UV/Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak, indicating the successful formation of PdNPs. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction between the bioactive compounds and PdNPs, revealing characteristic peaks of phenolic groups. DLS analysis indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 63.9 nm for QD-PdNPs, 48 nm for QF-PdNPs, and 63.1 nm for QP-PdNPs, highlighting good dispersion and stability in solution. Although the PdNPs did not exhibit strong antioxidant properties, they demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PdNPs also exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida krusei, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.63 mg/mL, indicating their ability to compromise fungal cell integrity. This study contributes to developing eco-friendly biosynthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles and underscores the potential of PdNPs in various applications, including in the biomedical field.

Protective effect of deinoxanthin in sorafenib-induced nephrotoxicity in rats with the hepatocellular carcinoma model.

Sorafenib is a synthetic compound and an orally administered multichines inhibitor that targets growth signaling and angiogenesis. It is widely recognized as the standard of care for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but has toxic side effects. Deinoxanthin, purified from the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, has strong antioxidant characteristics. In this study, the protective effect of deinoxanthin against sorafenib-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this regard, the expressions of DDAH1, KIM1, and INOS genes were examined, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed, and various parameters such as SOD, MDA, GST, CAT, TAS, and TOS were tested biochemically. BUN and creatinine levels were measured in renal tissues. RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA methods were used for all these analyses. As a result, the analyses show that deinoxanthin, which has a high antioxidant capacity, reduces kidney injury and can be used as a protective agent. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of deinoxanthin as a protective agent against the nephrotoxic side effects of sorafenib in HCC. Our study identified the potential synergistic effects of sorafenib and deinoxanthin on nephrotoxicity in rats with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Enhancing stability, bioavailability and nutritional intervention effect of procyanidins using bio-based delivery systems: A review.

Procyanidins (PCs), a kind of polyphenolic compound, have attracted extensive attention due to their strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other activities. However, PCs are susceptible to complex micro-environments, resulting in low stability, poor target tissue delivery and bioavailability, which limits their biological effects. Therefore, it is urgent to find some suitable pathways to protect PCs, avoid their degradation, and maximize their health benefits in nutritional intervention. This review focused on the design and construction of different types of bio-based delivery systems loaded with PCs, such as nanoparticles, microparticles, emulsions, liposomes, hydrogels and fibers. The advantages and biological effects of PCs-based delivery systems in promoting cellular uptake, realizing targeted release of organs, cells and organelles, and even nutritional intervention for different chronic diseases were summarized. Furthermore, the development prospects and challenges of delivery systems in the field of precision nutrition were discussed. The construction of these delivery systems can effectively improve the stability and bioavailability of PCs, and maximize their precise nutritional intervention for various chronic diseases.

C60 fullerene helps restore muscle soleus contraction dynamics after achillotomy-induced atrophy

Background. The search for new means that would effectively influence the pathological consequences of muscle immobilization is an urgent priority request of modern biomedicine. Previously, the positive effect of water-soluble C60 fullerenes, as strong antioxidants, was established on the background of muscle ischemia, mechanical muscle injury, and other muscle dysfunctions. These carbon nanoparticles have been shown to reliably protect muscle tissue from damage caused by oxidative stress. Materials and Methods. The biomechanical parameters of muscle soleus contraction of rats were studied by simulating non-functioning hind limbs using a clinical model – a rupture of the Achilles tendon (achillotomy). Muscle contraction parameters, namely the maximum contraction force and muscle force impulse, were determined on the 15th, 30th, and 45th days after initiation of atrophy using tensometry. As a therapeutic nanoagent, daily oral administration of C60 fullerene aqueous solution at a dose of 1 mg/kg was used throughout the experiment. Results. Previous registration of muscle soleus contraction force when applying 1 Hz stimulation lasting 1800 s with three pools revealed a decrease in maximal force responses after 15, 30, and 45 days of atrophy. The 45th day after atrophy is considered to be the limit for the fastest recovery of the muscle after immobilization, the further process takes place over several months. In all the tests performed, the therapeutic admini­stration of water-soluble C60 fullerenes (dose 1 mg/kg) an increase in biomechanical parameters was recorded (maximum force of contraction – the change in the form of the “stimulation – force contraction” dependence is a consequence of the development of the pathological process in muscle and the muscle force impulse, which allows assessing the performance of the muscular system after a long-term immobilization), by approximately 29–49±2 % for the maximum contraction force and by 21–37±2 % for the muscle force impulse compared to the atrophy group for 15, 30 and 45 days. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate the prospects of using water-soluble C60 fullerenes, which can alleviate pathological conditions in the muscular system that arise from skeletal muscle atrophy due to immobilization.

Sensitivity of Newly Prepared Nanomaterials to NO2 Gas and its Importance on Environmental and Industrial Safety

Polyaniline (PANI) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) doped with nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposite have emerged as promising materials for gas sensing applications due to their high conductivity and surface area. This study improves the synthesized PANI/MnO2:NiO nanocomposites' sensitivity towards NO2 gas. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the produced nanocomposites. More precise methods were investigated to identify problems associated with oxidation, corrosion and sensor activity, such as increasing the amount of added nickel oxide, changing the structure of nanocomposites, and regulating the working temperature and humidity. Based on the results of this study, it is critical to comprehend how sensitive nanomaterials are to NO2 gas because exposure to this pollutant can negatively impact the environment and human health. Strategies to reduce its effects and improve industrial and environmental safety can be devised based on how nanomaterials react to nitrogen dioxide gas. We also examine antioxidants and PANI/MnO2:NiO nanocomposites for their anti-corrosion properties to guarantee long-term stability with the sensor's conductivity. Strong antioxidant and corrosion-resistant substances should be added to the sensor to extend its lifespan and maintain its performance under challenging operating conditions. Integrating these sensitive nanomaterials into gas-sensing devices can significantly improve environmental monitoring and industrial safety protocols, ultimately contributing to better air quality management and public health protection.

Protective Effects of NRF2 Activator Sulforaphane in Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid-Induced In Vitro and In Vivo Model.

NRF2 is a nuclear transcription factor involved in the cellular protection against oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. Sulforaphane is a known NRF2 activator used for its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through regulation of Keap-1-HO-1 pathway. However, there is a limited exploration about the role of NRF2 activator, sulforaphane in regulation of poly(I:C)-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and injury in lung. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of sulforaphane in poly(I:C)-induced responses using in vitro as well as in vivo model. We evaluated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in poly(I:C)-induced RAW264.7 cells. We also employed in vivo animal study to evaluate tissue oxidative-antioxidative balance along with expression of NRF2, Keap-1, histopathological assessment by hematoxylin-eosin staining and picrosirius red staining to explore the protective mechanisms of sulforaphane in poly(I:C)-induced mouse model. Our results indicated that sulforaphane increased the expression of NRF2 and its downstream proteins. In addition, sulforaphane alleviated poly(I:C)-induced activation of the oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways, histopathological changes, depleted expression of GSH and superoxide dismutase in lung tissue. This study suggested that sulforaphane may be one of the useful therapeutic alternatives for poly(I:C) induced lung injury and inflammation.

Utilization of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in wastewater treatment and their impact on animal health

Ziziphus leaf extract (ZEX), chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) and Ziziphus leaf extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ZEX-CS NPs) were prepared in this study and after chemical analysis and characterization, they were used in wastewater purification. The study also aimed to establish, using an animal model, the feasibility of employing treated water in drinking applications. ZEX-CS NPs were prepared by ionic gelation method. About 25 male Sprague Dawley rats (10 weeks and 170-200 g) were divided into five groups (5 rats/group): group I received tape water; group II received untreated wastewater, group III received ZEX treated wastewater, group IV received CS NPs treated wastewater and group V received ZEX-CS NPs treated wastewater. ZEX-CS NPs have a size of 73 nm, hydrodynamic size of 85.81 nm and zeta potential of −33.68 mV. In addition, ZEX-CS NPs have stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with moderate anti-coagulant activity and weaker cytotoxicity than ZEX and CS NPs. Group II showed a significant elevation in the kidney function parameters, oxidative stress and cytokine levels when compared to the other groups, in addition; no significant differences were found in all measured parameters between the rats of group I and V. ZEX-CS NPs were effective in wastewater purification.

Investigation of the polysaccharides synthesis enhancement mechanism from Agaricus bitoquis (Quél.) Sacc Chaidam and its fermentation regulation technology system based on multi-omics technologies

The polysaccharides (PS) of Agaricus bitoquis (Quél.) Sacc. Chaidam (ABSC) had attracted the attention of researchers due to their strong anti hypoxia, antioxidant, and anti fatigue activities. Therefore, this article focuses on studying the regulatory channels of exogenous additives-Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Anthocyanin (LRA) to delay fungus cell aging and promote the incremental synthesis of PS from ABSC, and optimizing the regulation system for pilot fermentation experiments. The joint analysis of Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOFMS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) database elucidates that at the molecular level, the crude extract of LRA inhibits the Telecommunications Association (TCA) cycle, transferring carbon metabolism to the synthesis of polysaccharide precursors (UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, etc.), promoting the synthesis of PS, promoting the formation of key antioxidant substances (including flavonoids such as quercetin and alginate), improving cell membrane fluidity (saturated fatty acid to unsaturated conversion) and enhancing the degradation of toxic substances (oxidized glutathione), thereby promoting the anti-aging activity and PS synthesis ability of mycelial cells; LRA-adding could enhance the activity in the pilot fermentation of ABSC, which make the mycelia biomass, EPS and IPS production were significantly increased (89.04 %, 65.46 % and 37.64 % respectively) compared with the untreatment control. Based on the optimal fermentation system of PS synthesized in mycelium by adding LRA, Logistic, Gauss, and Asymptotic kinetic equations were used to describe the cell growth, product synthesis and regulatory substrate consumption from ABSC. The correlation coefficients of three models were all above 0.95, indicating a good fit between the experimental values and predicted value, this indicated ABSC fermentation kinetics model could better simulate the actual production process and provide theoretical data for the industrial production of polysaccharides. The results demonstrated that the present proposed LRA intensification approach could be useful to boost up the fermentation of ABSC, which possibly applied to yield increase and fermentation product acquisition of macrofungi.

Polysaccharide-potato protein coacervates for enhanced anthocyanin bioavailability and stability

Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess strong antioxidants, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties but are limited use by their susceptibility to environmental factors. This study aims to overcome these limitations by developing and assessing a novel coacervate system, consisting of potato protein isolate (PPI) combined with various polysaccharides, to stabilize and encapsulate anthocyanins from black carrot concentrate The polysaccharides included in this system include inulin, gum Arabic, guar gum, pectin, and soluble fiber. The coacervate system's effectiveness in maintaining stability and increasing the bioavailability of anthocyanins was evaluated compared to conventional soybean protein-based systems. The results show that pH considerably influences potato protein solubility, with maximum solubility at strongly acidic (pH 2) conditions. Hygroscopicity and moisture content analysis of the coacervates showed significant variations, with potato protein-guar gum (PPIGG) microcapsules having the lowest moisture content and potato protein gum Arabic (PPIGA) microcapsules having the highest moisture content. SEM imaging illustrated distinct microcapsule morphologies, while FT-IR measurement verified the successful integration of proteins and polysaccharides. The significance of the research reflects its proof that potato protein isolate (PPI) based coacervate systems consists of potato protein with polysaccharides, particularly those containing gum Arabic and pectin, have significant potential for improving anthocyanin stability and bioavailability. These findings guide future studies to investigate other polysaccharides, improve coacervation processes, and explore applications in the food and nutraceutical sectors. It also offers valuable insights for creating efficient encapsulation techniques for bioactive substances.