Amount Of Strong Acid Research Articles

Closed-Loop Process of Extracting and Separating Zinc Impurities from Industrial Cobalt Products—Pilot Test Study

The cobalt-containing products of an enterprise were selected as the object of this study. The separation effect of Cyanex 272 on Zn and Co was studied through a pilot test. The results showed that Cyanex 272 had a high extraction rate for Zn at pH 3–3.4, up to 99.8%. The extracted Zn2+ was enriched in the organic phase, and the Zn2+ in the organic phase was extracted back into the aqueous phase in the stripping stage by adding strong acid. Addition amounts of strong acid of 50 g·L−1, 80 g·L−1, and 100 g·L−1 were set. The results showed that the addition amounts of 80 g·L−1 and 100 g·L−1 could significantly reduce the pH of the back-extraction solution and effectively enrich Zn2+ in the solution. There was a large amount of Zn2+ in the back-extraction solution, which could be used twice to prepare zinc carbonate products through neutralization and precipitation. By comparing the extraction effect, economic cost, and resource loss under different strong acid addition amounts, it was found that the 80 g·L−1 strong acid addition amount was more suitable for the actual production process. This study provides data support and practical evidence for the selection of industrial extraction process parameters for Zn2+ separation in actual cobalt products.

Alkylation of Phenol with Methanol over ZSM‐5 Zeolite

AbstractThe catalytic performance of different molecular sieves in the alkylation of phenol with methanol to produce p‐cresol was evaluated, and the acidity and structure of the catalysts were characterized using N2 adsorption–desorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. It was shown that the catalytic activity of molecular sieves was closely related to their acidic site number, specific surface area, and pore structure. Since Zeolite ZSM‐5 (Zeolites Socony Mobil No. 5) has a relatively small amount of strong acid as well as a small pore size, it is favorable for the diffusion of p‐cresol out of the pores. Therefore, focusing on ZSM‐5, the effects of operating conditions such as weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), phenol/methanol (P/M) ratio, and reaction temperature on the catalytic performance were investigated. The results showed that increasing the WHSV, P/M ratio, and reaction temperature improved the selectivity to cresol. In addition, X‐ray diffraction and Thermal Gravity/Differential Thermal Gravity characterization methods were also carried out for ZSM‐5, and it was found that the deactivation of ZSM‐5 was due to coke deposition and pore blockage on the active site and that the selectivity to cresol could be restored by regenerating the catalyst and covering the strong acid site, which resulted in the reduction of the strong acid site to increase the selectivity of the product.

Feasible route for the regeneration of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries via reduction leaching and in-site precipitation

With the goal of carbon neutrality, increasing end-of-life spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is inevitable owing to the rapidly growing number of electric vehicles worldwide, which brings management and environmental problems. Nevertheless, the scarcity of valuable metals used in LIBs and the potential value of recycling them have attracted increased interest in recovering spent LIBs. The traditional methods for recycling spent LIBs, pyrometallurgy, and hydrometallurgy cause energy waste and environmental problems. Herein, green reagents, ascorbic acid, is introduced to reduce the amount of strong acid and help in-site precipitate the ternary precursor in this novel process for the recovery of spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523). A reduction reaction caused by ascorbic acid occurs on the surface of the material, determining the chemical reaction that controls the leaching process and enhances leaching efficiency. The ternary precursor is formed in-site by oxidative precipitation in the leaching solution, which exists ascorbic acid. The regenerated NCM523 shows a high discharge capacity (158.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1C), and the capacity retention rate is 83.7% after 100 cycles. This ascorbic acid coordinated leaching in the sulfuric acid system following in-site precipitation is an environmentally friendly treatment for spent LIBs, which has the potential to be applied in the industry.

Exploring the effect of polyacrylamide/graphene oxide composite hydrogel on the synthesis and application of ZSM-5 molecular sieves

Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of coffin-shaped ZSM-5 molecular sieves in polyacrylamide (PAM)/graphene oxide (GO) composite hydrogel using the hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Thermogravimetry analyses (TGA). The effect of PAM and GO addition on the morphology and structure of ZSM-5 was investigated. The results indicated that the introduction of PAM and GO promoted the growth of the ZSM-5 (101) plane. Moreover, samples synthesized in the PAM/GO hydrogel exhibited a longer c-axis and a more pronounced coffin-shaped morphology compared to samples synthesized solely in PAM hydrogel. The Si/Al ratio decreased with the addition of GO, possibly due to interface effects leading to the formation of ZSM-5 precursors with a higher Al content. TG, FT-IR, and XPS characterization revealed hydrogen bonding interactions between PAM and GO, and the addition of GO likely restricted the movement of polymers, improving cross-linking between monomers and forming a more uniform network structure. The sample G-15 (P-5) exhibited higher mesopore volume and average pore diameter, contributing to enhanced catalytic performance. However, with increasing GO content, the average pore diameter decreased, potentially due to functional groups on the surfaces of graphene oxide and polyacrylamide forming a more uniform and structurally stable three-dimensional network structure. This allowed for controlled modulation of the molecular sieve morphology and pore size. The introduction of PAM/GO hydrogel resulted in a moderate amount of weak acid and an increased amount of strong acid, both shifting to lower temperatures. The ZSM-5 molecular sieves synthesized in the PAM/GO composite hydrogel demonstrated outstanding MTO catalytic performance, exhibiting high selectivity for light olefins and an extended catalytic lifespan. This work is expected to provide new ideas and methods for developing efficient ZSM-5 catalysts.

Cracking of heavy-inferior oils with different alkane-aromatic ratios to aromatics over MFI zeolites：Structure-activity relationship derived by machine learning

This paper investigated the performance of catalysts with different morphology in cracking of heavy-inferior oil (HIO) to aromatics with different alkane-aromatic ratios (AAR), which include high and low-temperature coal tar (HMCT, SMCT), liquid products of coal-oil co-refining (LCOCR and HCOCR) and petroleum (YLP). The experimental results indicated that Na+ and OH− have a competitive effect on the catalyst morphology, and that low alkalinity in the synthesis system favors the synthesis of 2D zeolites. The highest selectivity of aromatics in the products of HMCT, SMCT, HCOCR and YLP after catalysis by fast pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry can reach 92.8 %, 44.5 %, 51.7 % and 42.0 %, which are 8.9 %, 36.3 %, 38.2 % and 39.3 % higher than those in non-catalytic pyrolysis under the same conditions, respectively. The catalyst with a high amount of strong acid facilitates the conversion of HIO, and it is noteworthy that the presence of aromatics in HIO will contribute to the aromatization in the reaction, which is of great significance in promoting the deep processing of HIO. The structure-activity relationship between catalysts and products was investigated by machine learning, and the importance of features on the selectivity of BTEX decreases in the order of ASS > AST > HFʺ >Smicro > Dpore size.

Effect of HCl Treatment on Acidity of Pd/TiO2 for Furfural Hydrogenation

The acidity of supports can have a positive effect on their catalytic behaviors. Herein, the effects of HCl treatment of TiO2 on its acidic properties and catalytic activity were investigated. TiO2 was treated with various molar concentrations of HCl. Subsequently, Pd was deposited on the treated TiO2 via the deposition–precipitation method; here, the catalysts were denoted as Pd/xH-T, where X is the molar concentration of HCl. Evidently, the amount of strong acid in TiO2 increased with HCl treatment, whereas that in TiO2 treated with a high concentration (5 M) of HCl decreased. After Pd was supported, the amount of acid slightly decreased compared with that on the TiO2 support; however, the order of the acid amounts was similar. The strong acid density increased such that Pd/2H-T had the highest acid content, whereas Pd/5H-T had the lowest. The Pd/2H-T catalyst exhibited the highest selectivity for THFA (95.4%), thus confirming that the selectivity for THFA is correlated with the amount of strong acid. Thus, THFA selectivity is affected by the number of strongly acid sites.

Synthesis of mordenite by solvent-free method and its application in the dimethyl ether carbonylation reaction

Mordenite with different Si/Al ratios were synthesized by solvent-free method and used for dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation reaction. The influence of Si/Al ratio in the feedstock on the structure, porosity and acid sites were systematically investigated. The characterization results showed that with the increase of Si/Al ratio in the feedstock, part of silicon species fail to enter the skeleton and the specific surface area and pore volume of the samples decreased. The amount of weak acid and medium strong acid decreased alongside with the increasing Si/Al ratio, and the amount of strong acid slightly increased. The Al atoms preferentially enter the strong acid sites in the 8 MR channel during the crystallization process. The high Si/Al ratio sample had more acid sites located in the 8 MR channel, leading to more active sites for carbonylation reaction and higher catalytic performance. Appropriately increasing the Si/Al ratio was beneficial for the improvement of carbonylation reaction activity over the MOR catalyst.

Flexible Al Coordination with H2O Explaining the Deviation of Strong Acid Amount from the Framework Al Content in Al-Rich SSZ-13

Flexible Al Coordination with H₂O Explaining the Deviation of Strong Acid Amount from the Framework Al Content in Al-Rich SSZ-13

Buffer Solutions of known Ionic Strength

pH buffer solutions are those in which minimal pH variations occur when moderate amounts of strong acids or bases are added or diluted. The most common buffers are those used in the intermediate pH zone and are made up of an acid-base conjugate pair (HA/A-), with Ca and Cb as analytical concentrations of acid and base respectively. The buffer capacity of a solution is the measure of its effectiveness in preserving the pH value when adding an acid or a base. Three new programs working under the Windows 10 environment have been developed. The first one, the BUFFER program, allows to prepare buffers of known ionic strength without the need of adding an inert electrolyte, calculating the pH and buffering capacity. On the other hand, the BRÖMSTED method allows calculating the pH of conjugated acid-base systems applying the Newton-Raphson method. In this work two more programs are described, one applying the Brömsted method to monoprotic acids and another new one to diprotic acids.

Efficient-selective-catalytic aromatization of methanol over Zn-HZSM-5/SAPO-34: Action mechanism of Zn

To improve the performance and stability of catalytic methanol aromatization, the Zn-modified HZSM-5/SAPO-34(Zn-ZS) composite molecular sieve was synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis, and the modified composite molecular sieve was characterized using XRD, SEM, N2 isothermal adsorption-desorption, NH3-TPD, and XPS, and the catalysts were evaluated in catalytic methanol aromatization reactions. The results showed that the introduction of in-situ Zn greatly changes the morphology of the molecular sieve, presenting a polycrystalline stacked bloom-like structure, which brings abundant micro-pore channels to the molecular sieve, but at the same time, the introduction of metallic Zn also will cause more meso-pore channels losses. The introduction of secondary external Zn brought a large number of weak strong acidic sites, and the amount of molecular sieve acid was nearly doubled; weak acidic sites were strengthened, and the ratio of weak to strong acid amount became smaller. The BTX selectivity of the Zn-doped molecular sieve was significantly enhanced and the anti-coking performance was improved. The composite molecular sieve doped with 2% Zn achieves a 41% selectivity for the BTX within the 47 h lifetime, showing good reaction stability.

Zirconium Phosphate Assisted Phosphoric Acid Co-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose for Enhanced Extraction of Nanocellulose.

The high mechanical strength, large specific surface area, favorable biocompatibility, and degradability of nanocellulose (CNC) enable it to be a potential alternative to petroleum-based materials. However, the traditional preparation of CNCs requires a large amount of strong acid, which poses a serious challenge to equipment maintenance, waste liquid recycling, and economics. In this study, a solid and easily recoverable zirconium phosphate (ZrP) was used to assist in the phosphoric acid co-catalyzed hydrolysis of lignocellulose for extracting CNCs. Due to the presence of acidic phosphate groups, ZrP has a strong active center with a high catalytic activity. With the assistance of ZrP, the amount of phosphoric acid used in the reaction is significantly reduced, improving the equipment's durability and economic efficiency. The effects of the process conditions investigated were the phosphate acid concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the yield of CNCs. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) method from the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate and optimize the preparation conditions. The optimized pre-treatment conditions were 49.27% phosphoric acid concentration, 65.38 °C reaction temperature, and 5 h reaction time with a maximal cellulose yield (48.33%). The obtained CNCs show a granular shape with a length of 40~50 nm and a diameter of 20~30 nm, while its high zeta potential (-24.5 mV) make CNCs present a stable dispersion in aqueous media. Moreover, CNCs have a high crystallinity of 78.70% within the crystal type of cellulose Ⅰ. As such, this study may pioneer the horizon for developing a green method for the efficient preparation of CNC, and it is of great significance for CNCs practical production process.

Hydrothermal synthesis and thermophysical properties of (Sm1-Gd )2Zr2O7 (0≤x≤1) thermal barrier coating materials

(Sm1-xGdx)2Zr2O7 (0≤x≤1) ceramics, a new thermal barrier coating material, are commonly synthesised by chemical coprecipitation and calcination methods. However, when using the chemical coprecipitation method to synthesise ceramic powder, a large amount of strong acids and ammonium hydrate are consumed, leading to environmental pollution and restricting the production of new ceramics. Thus, a cleaner one-step hydrothermal synthesis method is proposed to synthesise (Sm1-xGdx)2Zr2O7 (0≤x≤1) thermal barrier coating ceramic powders, which avoids the use of strong acids and reduces the use of ammonium hydrate. Using this cleaner method, pure (Sm1-xGdx)2Zr2O7 ceramic powders were synthesised with particle sizes smaller than 1 μm. Subsequently, bulk ceramics were prepared, and the thermophysical properties of the bulk ceramics were determined. The results show that the thermal expansion coefficients of the ceramics changed slightly after 1300 K, and the coefficient values of the ceramics were approximately 11 × 10−6 K−1 at 1300 K. The thermal conductivities were in the range of 0.95–1.4 W m−1 K−1 from 700 K to 1500 K, which is slightly smaller than that of the ceramic synthesised by the chemical coprecipitation method. These results show that the thermophysical properties of the (Sm1-xGdx)2Zr2O7 bulk ceramics synthesised using ceramic powders are satisfactory, further demonstrating that the hydrothermal synthesis process designed in the present study is feasible.

Chemical-switching strategy for the production of green biofuel on NiCo/MCM-41 catalysts by tuning atmosphere

NiCo bimetallic catalyst was one of potential candidates used toward the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils. However, there is still lack for digging out the relationship between micro-structure pretreated by various atmosphere and its catalytic performance. To hunting the relationship, NiCo/MCM-41 precursor was synthesized via the conventional co-impregnation method, and further pretreated by different atmospheres, including NH3, CH4/H2 and H2 in order to tune the particle size, active component dispersion, and acid properties of the catalysts. NiCo/MCM-41-H pretreated by H2 exhibits superior catalytic performance (65.8 wt% biofuel yield and 98.2% C12-C18 alkanes selectivity) on converting jatropha oil than that by NH3 and by CH4/H2. For comparison, the NiCo/MCM-41-H shows the smallest NiCo alloy grains, the smallest amount of strong acid, the lowest Brønsted acid/Lewis acid ratio, and the most uniform dispersion of Ni and Co. All the distinct surface properties of NiCo/MCM-41-H reasonably account for high efficiency in hydrodeoxygenation of jatropha oil. The work reveals the relationship between NiCo bimetallic catalyst structure and its hydrodeoxygenation performance, and provides a robust pretreatment method for tuning the surface properties to improve its catalytic performance for converting biomass oils into green biofuel.

Protonation of the oxo-bridged heme/copper assemblies: Modeling the oxidized state of the cytochrome c oxidase active site

In this study on model compounds for the resting oxidized state of the iron‑copper binuclear center in cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), we describe the synthesis of a new μ-oxo-heme/Cu complex, [(TPP)FeIII–O–CuII(tmpa)][B(C6F5)4] (2) {TPP: tetraphenyl porphyrinate(2–); TMPA: tris(2-pyridylmethylamine)}, as well as two protonation events for three μ-oxo-heme/Cu complexes with varying peripheral substituents on the heme site. The addition of increasing amounts of strong acid to these μ-oxo-heme/Cu systems successively led to the generation of the corresponding μ-hydroxo, μ-aquo, and the dissociated complexes. The heme/Cu assemblies bridged through a water ligand are reported here for the first time and the 1H NMR and 19F NMR spectral properties are consistent with antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin iron(III) and copper(II) centers. By titration using a series of protonated amines, the pKa values for the corresponding μ-hydroxo-heme/Cu species (i.e., the first protonation event) have been reported and compared with the pKa ranges previously estimated for related systems. These synthetic systems may represent structural models for the oxidized FeIII–X–CuII resting state, or turnover intermediates and can be employed to clarify the nature of proton/electron transfer events in CcO. SynopsisThe resting oxidized state of the cytochrome c oxidase active site contains an Fea3−OHx−CuB moiety. Here, we investigated two successive protonation events, for a series of μ-oxo-heme/Cu assemblies and reported the pKa values for the first protonation event. The μ-aquo-heme/Cu complexes described here are the first examples of such systems.

Dynamic Trapping as a Selective Route to Renewable Phthalide from Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol.

A novel route for the production of the versatile chemical building block phthalide from biorenewable furfuryl alcohol and acrylate esters is presented. Two challenges that limit sustainable aromatics production via Diels–Alder (DA) aromatisation—an unfavourable equilibrium position and undesired regioselectivity when using asymmetric addends—were addressed using a dynamic kinetic trapping strategy. Activated acrylates were used to speed up the forward and reverse DA reactions, allowing for one of the four DA adducts to undergo a selective intramolecular lactonisation reaction in the presence of a weak base. The adduct is removed from the equilibrium pool, pulling the system completely to the product with a fixed, desired regiochemistry. A single 1,2‐regioisomeric lactone product was formed in up to 86 % yield and the acrylate activating agent liberated for reuse. The lactone was aromatised to give phthalide in almost quantitative yield in the presence of Ac2O and a catalytic amount of strong acid, or in 79 % using only catalytic acid.

Dynamic Trapping as a Selective Route to Renewable Phthalide from Biomass‐Derived Furfuryl Alcohol

AbstractA novel route for the production of the versatile chemical building block phthalide from biorenewable furfuryl alcohol and acrylate esters is presented. Two challenges that limit sustainable aromatics production via Diels–Alder (DA) aromatisation—an unfavourable equilibrium position and undesired regioselectivity when using asymmetric addends—were addressed using a dynamic kinetic trapping strategy. Activated acrylates were used to speed up the forward and reverse DA reactions, allowing for one of the four DA adducts to undergo a selective intramolecular lactonisation reaction in the presence of a weak base. The adduct is removed from the equilibrium pool, pulling the system completely to the product with a fixed, desired regiochemistry. A single 1,2‐regioisomeric lactone product was formed in up to 86 % yield and the acrylate activating agent liberated for reuse. The lactone was aromatised to give phthalide in almost quantitative yield in the presence of Ac2O and a catalytic amount of strong acid, or in 79 % using only catalytic acid.

Modification of MWW Layer Structure to investigate the Effect of Acidity and Zn-type sites on Ethane Dehydroaromatization

MWW derivatives zeolite of MCM-22 with 3D layer structure, MCM-56 with partial disordered layer, MCM-36 with pillared layer and ITQ-2 with delaminated layer were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and further modification to investigate the effect of acidic and interlayer structure on the catalytic performance of ethane dehydroaromatization and ethylene aromatization. With the retention of the MWW structure and confirmation of the intercalation or delamination efficiency, it was found that the increased exposed half-cup pocket and aluminum site on the external MWW layer structure can improve the xylene selectivity and catalytic stability. Although the amounts of total and strong acid site of H-form ITQ-2, MCM-36, MCM-56 are lower than those of MCM-22, the ratio of Lewis(L)/Brönsted(B) acid sites increases, which indicates that the exposed tri-coordinated framework aluminum in the half-cup pocket of external surface generated by exfoliation and pillaring can acted as the L acid sites. After loading Zn species, the strong acid amount and L acid sites amount are improved by the interaction between the loaded Zn species and MWW framework aluminum. The impregnated Zn species exist on the MWW zeolite with the state of ZnO and ZnAl2O4. The Zn species play roles of both ethane dehydrogenation and ethylene aromatization. The strong B acid sites play an important role for the oligomerization and aromatization of light olefins, while the excess amount of strong acid sites causes the increasing of cracking step which favors for light olefins production.

Effect of modified carrier fluoride on the performance of Ni\u2013Mo/Al2O3 catalyst for thioetherification

An alumina support was modified by fluorine via impregnation to investigate the effect of fluoride content on the reactivity of Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) isotherms, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Sulfur etherification performance of the catalyst was studied using a fixed-bed reactor. The results show that increasing fluoride content increases the pore volume and pore size but reduces the specific surface area. In addition, the degree of sulfidation of Ni first increases and then decreases. The amounts of strong acid and total acid also increase with increasing fluoride content. Performance evaluation of the catalyst reveals that the fluoride content has a minor effect on the thioetherification performance of the catalyst; however, an optimum fluoride content, which was determined to be 0.2%, can ensure lower olefin saturation and an efficient diene selective hydrogenation.

Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application of hierarchical nano-ZSM-5 zeolite.

Hierarchical nano-ZSM-5 zeolites (Z5-X) with different grain sizes were synthesized by varying amounts of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) in the hydrothermal synthesis strategy. Moreover, the conventional ZSM-5zeolite(Z5), which was prepared without KH-560, was used as the reference sample. The crystalline phases, morphologies, porous characteristics, Si/Al molar ratios and acidic properties of all fresh catalysts were characterized using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption–desorption, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP) and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) techniques. Results show that the grain size and strong acid amount of zeolite decreased with the increasing amount of KH-560. The micropore surface areas and the corresponding volume of Z5-X changed less compared with Z5. Consequently, the high shape-selectivity of zeolite was preserved well under the addition of KH-560. However, the mesopore surface areas and the corresponding volume increased significantly with the increasing amount of KH-560. Benefiting from the abundant hierarchical structure, the Z5-X catalysts exhibited a larger coke capacity than the Z5 catalyst. The coke depositions of all the deactivated catalysts were characterized by the thermogravimetric technique (TG), and the results are indicative of the decreased average rate of coke deposition with an increasing amount of KH-560, which could result from the gradually reduced strong acid amount and the nano-sized crystallites. The catalytic performance of methanol-to-aromatics (MTA) indicates that the Z5-0.12 catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity and selectivity of BTX as the reaction was prolonged, which could result from the synergistic effect among the proper strong acid amount, the smaller zeolite grain size, and the abundant hierarchical structure.

Laser-Induced Graphene.

Research on graphene abounds, from fundamental science to device applications. In pursuit of complementary morphologies, formation of graphene foams is often preferred over the native two-dimensional (2D) forms due to the higher available area. Graphene foams have been successfully prepared by several routes including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods and by wet-chemical approaches. For these methods, one often needs either high temperature furnaces and highly pure gases or large amounts of strong acids and oxidants. In 2014, using a commercial laser scribing system as found in most machine shops, a direct lasing of polyimide (PI) plastic films in the air converted the PI into 3D porous graphene, a material termed laser-induced graphene (LIG). This is a one-step method without the need for high-temperature reaction conditions, solvent, or subsequent treatments, and it affords graphene with many five-and seven-membered rings. With such an atomic arrangement, one might call LIG "kinetic graphene" since there is no annealing in the process that causes the rearrangement to the preferred all-six-membered-ring form. In this Account, we will first introduce the approaches that have been developed for making LIG and to control the morphology as either porous sheets or fibrils, and to control porosity, composition, and surface properties. The surfaces can be varied from being either superhydrophilic with a 0° contact angle with water to being superhydrophobic having >150° contact angle with water. While it was initially thought that the LIG process could only be performed on PI, it was later shown that a host of other polymeric substrates, nonpolymers, metal/plastic composites, and biodegradable and naturally occurring materials and foods could be used as platforms for generating LIG. Methods of preparation include roll-to-roll production for fabrication of in-plane electronics and two different 3D printing (additive manufacturing) routes to specific shapes of LIG monoliths using both laminated object manufacturing and powder bed fabrication methods. Use of the LIG in devices is performed very simply. This is showcased with high performance supercapacitors, fuel cell materials for oxygen reduction reactions, water splitting for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions coming from the same plastic sheet, sensor devices, oil/water purification platforms, and finally applications in both passive and active biofilm inhibitors. So the ease of formation of LIG, its simple scale-up, and its utility for a range of applications highlights the easy transition of this substrate-bound graphene foam into commercial device platforms.