Stroke SI Engine Research Articles

Experimental evaluation of gasoline-hexane fuel blends usage in a spark ignition engine

In the present study, the influences of hexane addition to gasoline were researched on performance and exhaust emissions in a SI engine. It was aimed to increase engine performance and thermal efficiency of spark ignition engine. So, a single cylinder, four stroke SI engine was operated with gasoline and gasoline/hexane fuel volumetric mixtures (H10, H20, H30 and H40) at wide opening throttle (WOT) and 4000, 3600, 3200, 2800 and 2400 rpm. It was seen that engine torque and power output decreased while SFC increased with the addition of hexane in the fuel blends. Engine torque decreased by 5.69%, 7.66%, 10.80%, 14.86% with H10, H20, H30 and H40 compared to gasoline at 2800 rpm grespectively. Thermal efficiency declined by 3.27%, 7.50%, 8.95% and 11.12% using H10, H20, H30 and H40 test fuels compared to gasoline at 2800 rpm respectively. Higher CO and HC were measured with fuel blends according to gasoline for all test fuels. CO reduced by 3.77% with H40 compared to H10 at 3200 rpm. On the contrary, CO2 increased by 16.49% with H40 compared to H10 at 3600 rpm. HC increased by about 21.26% H40 compared to H10 at 3200 rpm. Although there is no positive difference on exhaust emissions and thermal efficiency is reduced, gasoline/hexane fuel mixtures can be used without modifications in SI engines.

The Effect of using an Ethanol blended fuel on Emissions in an SI Engine

The economic impact of limited fossil fuel resources plus the mandatory limit for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions become important factors to developing alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) blends are considered as alternative fuels due to their ability to reduce the greenhouse exhaust emissions. This study highlights the effects of unleaded gasoline (E0) and ethanol- unleaded gasoline blend E30 (with 30% volume of ethanol) on engine performance and exhaust emissions experimentally using a 1.4 litre four cylinder four stroke SI engine with a compression ratio of 9:1, for a variety of load and engine speed conditions.. The results indicate that the blend E30 slightly increases the engine’s torque and power after mid-engine speeds together with fuel consumption. However, exhaust emissions at 25% open throttle sees a reduction of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) whilst nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions increase at the lower speeds. At full throttle, E30 reduces the CO considerably whilst CO2 and NOX increase. Similar quantities of HC are produced.

Experimental investigation of gasoline ethanol methanol iso-stoichiometric blends on SI engine

The current work presents the formulation and experimental investigation of E20 (Ethanol 20%, Gasoline 80% (v/v)) and its equivalent iso-stoichiometric GEM (Gasoline, Ethanol and Methanol) blends on performance and emission features of a single cylinder, four stroke SI engine. Experiments were carried out at constant engine load and at different engine speeds. The formulated blends were termed as binary blend E20 (G 80 E 20) and its equivalent GEM blends, E20_B1 (G 83 E 10 M 7), E20_B2 (G 85 E 5 M 10) and E20_B3 (G 87 E 0 M 13) respectively. The formulated E20 equivalent GEM blends have similar stoichiometric Air-Fuel ratio, Lower heating value and Octane number as binary E20 blend. The engine performance, emission values of blended fuels were measured and compared with pure gasoline, G. The results showed that the E20 equivalent GEM blends have similar brake thermal efficiency as the binary E20 blend and also improved compared to straight gasoline. And also exhaust emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) show reduced values and increased nitrogen oxide (NOx) values for mixed fuels compared to pure gasoline.

Formulation and experimental investigation of E40 equivalent iso-stoichiometric GEM blends on performance and emissions characteristics of SI engine

The current work deals with the formulation and experimental investigation of E40 (Ethanol 40%, Gasoline 60% (v/v)) and its equivalent iso-stoichiometric GEM (Gasoline, Ethanol and Methanol) blends on performanceand emission characteristics of single cylinder, four stroke SI engine. The formulated blends were termed as binary blend E40 (G 60 E 40) and its equivalent ternary GEM blends, E40_B1 (G 67 E 20 M 13) and E40_B2 (G 70 E 10 M 20). The formulated E40 equivalent GEM blends (E40_B1 and E40_B2) have identical fuel properties as conventional E40 blend. Engine performance and emissions of blended fuels were measured and compared to pure gasoline. The results obtained show that the formulated GEM blend has similar performance as the E40 binary blend significant reduction in exhaust emissions.

Modeling of combustion and emissions behavior on the effect of ethanol–gasoline blends in a four stroke SI engine

Researchers are increasingly coming up with creative solutions to reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions due to the political unrest around crude oil and harsher environmental legislation around the globe. Using gasoline and ethanol blends as substitutes in SI engines is thought to be a promising approach. To lower the cost of experimental test, it is still necessary to provide a model to explore the emissions, performance and combustion of ethanol mixtures in petrol engine under various operating situations. A comprehensive quasi dimensional two zone model was used. This mathematical model could predict and analyze the engine combustion, emissions and performance parameters using MATLAB. The thermal efficiency was improved for E20 by 3%. Ethanol addition decreased SFC value by average 7.2% for E20 with respect to gasoline. In comparison to gasoline, the increases in output power were 1.1%, 3%, 4%, and 5.5% are obtained with E5, E10, E15, and E20. and 45% The highest increases in peak cylinder pressure and cylinder temperature for E20 about gasoline are 14 and 11%, respectively about gasoline. At 2500 rpm, the greatest percentage declines in NOx, CO, and HC emissions for E20 are 3.3, 23.5 and 45% about gasoline. The results of comparing the mathematical model’s validity to those acquired from experimental data and diesel RK software demonstrate that the MATLAB code is appropriate. The mathematical model proved that ethanol blending can be used up to 20% as alternative fuels to improve the gasoline engine performance, combustion and emissions.

Fabrication of Catalytic Converter with Different Materials and Comparison with Existing Materials in Addition to Analysis of Turbine Installed at the Exhaust of 4 Stroke SI Engine

Harmful pollutants (CO, NO, and unburnt hydrocarbons) coming out from the exhaust manifold of an engine must be converted into harmless gases by using catalytic converter. This field has seen vast research for increasing the conversion efficiency of pollutants by using different cheap metals. Nowadays, catalysts used in catalytic converter are noble metals, and they are also critical in the sense that they are not abundant on Earth. Platinum, palladium and rhodium are very expensive; hence, low-cost cars are not installed with catalytic converter, especially in third world countries. This research has been carried out to assess the catalytic activity of catalysts made from the salt/metal precursors, cerium sulphate tetra hydrate, manganese sulphate mono hydrate and copper sulphate penta hydrate that are not expensive and also less affected by the poison. Test sample catalysts were prepared through a coprecipitation method having different molar concentrations, and then tested for the conversion efficiency by applying the catalysts on ceramic plates by using flue gas analyzer. On the basis of the results, final catalysts were prepared and applied on a monolithic ceramic plate and then tested with regard to the resulting conversion rate of pollutants as compared to already installed catalytic converter. Moreover, turbine was installed in the exhaust passage to generate the power that would be utilized to run the electrical accessories of the engine. SOLIDWORKS were used for 3D CAD modeling and the flow analysis of turbine with radial inlet-axial outlet. In addition, ANSYS was used for stress-strain analysis.

Experimental investigation on a two stroke SI engine to optimize fuel consumption through electronic ignition

Two stroke spark ignition engines are characterized by simplicity in construction, a higher power and lower maintenance cost. However, the main, disadvantages are high specific fuel consumption, excessive exhaust emission of hydrocarbon monoxide. Great deal of research work is going all over the world to find an effective solution to the growing problem of environmental pollution and fuel conservation of gasoline powered 2-stroke S.I. Engine. Fuel conservation and environmental pollution are directly influenced by the characteristics of the combustion process. For an S.I. Engine spark is the source of ignition and combustion of the air fuel mixture inside the cylinder. Hence, the spark timings of an S.I. Engines have a significant effect on the fuel consumption and exhaust pollution. In the present work, the electronic spark timing unit was employed to vary the spark ignition timing and the engine performance was investigated.

EMISSIONS AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN SI ENGINE WITH BIOGAS FUEL AT DIFFERENT CO2 RATIOS

Nowadays increasing emission regulations and environmental concerns have led to the use of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. Biogas is an alternative fuel that can be produced with clean, green and natural resources. In this study, a single cylinder, four stroke SI engine was operated at stoichiometric conditions, 2800 rpm constant engine speed with biogas fuel at different ratios. As biogas fuel, methane (CH4) and CO2 were used during engine tests. Test results which were taken by using only gasoline were compared with the results obtained by using biogas fuel at different CO2 ratios (10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume). Although it was determined specific CO emissions decrease and THC emissions slightly increases with the increasing CO2 ratio, it is foreseen that the increase in THC emissions can be prevented by the use of three way catalytic converter. Although the NOx emissions increase with the use of biogas compared to gasoline, it was significantly reduced by the increased CO2 rate in the biogas fuel, the CO2's heat carrying capacity and reducing the O2 availability of the fuel. On the other hand, because of the high cost of purification process of biogas and after-treatment equipment, it is foreseen that use of biogas at high ratio of CO2 in SI engines will be advantageous in terms of NOx emissions.

Experimental Studies on Two Stroke SI Engine by Using Novel Piston and Gasoline Blends

Experimental Studies on Two Stroke SI Engine by Using Novel Piston and Gasoline Blends

ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY ALTERNATIVE BIOFUEL PRODUCTED FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Egypt still depends largely on petrol and diesel to run internal combustion engines with its attendant problems of scarcity, pollution of the environment, and contribution to global warming, and cost. The aim of the current research is the ability to apply the biofuel produced from agriculture waste bioethanol and biogas to generate the electricity by operating the two stroke Gasoline Generator. The bio-ethanol produced from the potato’s wests in 2014, Faculty of agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University was mixed with Gasoline fuel to obtain the three different percentage 0%, 20 % and 50%. As well as the study included that the ability to produce the biogas. The biogas production unit consists of main reactor tank from plastic with capacity 1000 L fixed at ground and the collecting gas tank put into the top of main reactor tank. The gasoline with octane 80 was used as a control fuel at two different throttle fuel positions. The main treatment were the two bioethanol fuel E20 (20 %) and E50 (50%) to test at half and full open throttle valve compared to application of biogas to generate the electricity at full open fuel throttle valve. Bachrach Fylite Insight Plus ® model 374 analyzer is used to measure the exhaust gases. This current research will discuss the potentials, obstacles and necessary framework conditions for the utilization of biogas for small scale electricity generation in Egypt. The results showed that the bioethanol and biogas may able to operate two stroke SI engine. It is clearly that, the electrical energy decreases when the ethanol was added to the Gasoline fuel Oct. Nr. 80 at full and half throttle position. The electrical power for gasoline Oct.Nr.80 fuel was 720 W compared to 680 W, 540 W and 320 W for E20 and E50 bioethanol fuel and biogas respectively at full throttle position. Also the maximum electrical power generated from biogas was 332.6 W for around 57 min operating time/day. The percentage of the CO2 in exhaust gases were 9.1 %, 7.3 %, 5.9 % and 4.2 % for gasoline Oct.Nr.80 fuel, bioethanol E20, E50 and biogas respectively at full throttle position. The biogas may be reducing the exhaust gases emissions of the CO and CO2 compared with the Gasoline fuel and bioethanol E20, E50 blend fuel.

Heat Transfer Rate Enhancement of an Air Cooled Four Stroke SI Engine by Geometrically Modified Fins-A Review

The engine cylinder is one of the major I C engine components, which is subjected to high temperature variations and thermal stresses. To cool the cylinder, fins are provided on the surface of the cylinder to increase the rate of heat transfer. By doing thermal analysis on the engine cylinder fins, it is helpful to know the heat dissipation inside the cylinder. The main aim of the paper is to increase the heat dissipation rate by using the invisible working fluid of air. It is observed that, by increasing the surface area the heat dissipation rate increases, further the main purpose of using these cooling fins is to cool the engine cylinder by air. This paper presents a review to increase heat transfer rate in a four stroke S I engine by using geometrically modified fins

Ethanol in gasoline fuel blends: Effect on fuel consumption and engine out emissions of SI engines in cold operating conditions

Ethanol is considered a clean and renewable alternative fuel for SI engines when used in blends with gasoline in different fractions to increase oxygen content, thus decreasing exhaust emissions of incomplete combustion products and dependency on fossil fuels. However, the scientific literature on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of last generation SI engines during cold operating conditions and using ethanol/gasoline blends is far from comprehensive. In this experimental investigation, ethanol obtained from grape pomace was used in fuels prepared by blending it in increasing ratios (10, 20 and 30 vol.%) with oxygen-free gasoline. These ethanol/gasoline blended fuels were used to assess emissions and energy consumption of a motorcycle equipped with a large displacement four–stroke SI engine. Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions were measured during the cold transient over the execution of chassis–dynamometer tests, and calculated as a function of oxygen content of all ethanol/gasoline test fuels. Significant reductions in cold emission factors compared to the commercial gasoline were associated with well–defined percentages of ethanol content in gasoline fuel blends.

Knock probability estimation through an in-cylinder temperature model with exogenous noise

Abstract This paper presents a new knock model which combines a deterministic knock model based on the in-cylinder temperature and an exogenous noise disturbing this temperature. The autoignition of the end-gas is modelled by an Arrhenius-like function and the knock probability is estimated by propagating a virtual error probability distribution. Results show that the random nature of knock can be explained by uncertainties at the in-cylinder temperature estimation. The model only has one parameter for calibration and thus can be easily adapted online. In order to reduce the measurement uncertainties associated with the air mass flow sensor, the trapped mass is derived from the in-cylinder pressure resonance, which improves the knock probability estimation and reduces the number of sensors needed for the model. A four stroke SI engine was used for model validation. By varying the intake temperature, the engine speed, the injected fuel mass, and the spark advance, specific tests were conducted, which furnished data with various knock intensities and probabilities. The new model is able to predict the knock probability within a sufficient range at various operating conditions. The trapped mass obtained by the acoustical model was compared in steady conditions by using a fuel balance and a lambda sensor and differences below 1 % were found.

Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Two Stroke Si Engine Operated with Gasoline Manifold Injectionand Carburetion

Objectives: Developed a simple electronic controlled injection system was used in a two stroke single cylinder air cooled SI engine which injects the gasoline in the intake manifold aiming to improve the performance and reduce the emission. Methods/Analysis: The engine test was carried out at constant speed of 3000 rpm at various throttle conditions. In order to get maximum thermal efficiency best injection timing was selected for each throttle position and the results compared with carburetion systems. Findings: The Brake thermal efficiency increases in gasoline manifold injection. However, the NOx emission exhibited a different trend with higher emission compared to carburetted system One of the important features of gasoline manifold injection is it can be lead to a high output power than the gasoline carburetion system. Application/improvement: Under all operating conditions the manifold injection had lower HC and CO emissions than the gasoline carburetion system.

Simulation Of Natural Gas Combustion Process Using Pressure Based Solver

The aim of this research is to simulate the combustion process for methane using different heat transfer models combined with various fuel injection techniques to better understand the combustion process and heat transfer process inside IC engine which reflect on the engine efficiency. The simulation has been carried out using Lotus Engineering software. This model solves the nonlinear momentum and continuity equations to satisfy the conservation of mass and the conservation of momentum laws. In this analysis a single cylinder four stroke SI engine has been simulated. The fuel used in the simulation is methane. Two fuel systems have been investigated port injection and direct injection. The Wiebe heat release curve has been used. Two widely used for SI engines heat transfer models presented in the simulation, Annand and Woschni. The intension in this paper is to study the effect of various fuel systems and heat transfer models on engine efficiency for different engine speeds. Moreover, the evaluation of the heat transfer models for natural gas SI engine will be tested. Brake power, mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and heat transfer rate were calculated and discussed to show the effect of varying heat transfer models and fuel systems on engine efficiency.

Experimental studies on simultaneous injection of ethanol–gasoline and n-butanol–gasoline in the intake port of a four stroke SI engine

Two separate injectors were used to simultaneously inject ethanol and gasoline in the intake port of a single cylinder SI engine. The relative amounts of the two fuels on mass basis and the spark timing were changed using a real time controller. Neat gasoline could be used till 35% throttle beyond which higher thermal efficiency and torque could be obtained by switching to 30% ethanol. This system can be used to provide sufficient margin for knock free operation. Efficiency and torque were better at a mass ratio of 1:1 (50% of ethanol and 50% of gasoline) due to faster combustion as a result of better mixture preparation as compared to conventional pre-blended injection of gasoline and ethanol. However, NO and HC were slightly elevated. This dual injection system can allow the use of ethanol only when needed while permitting stoichiometric operation even under high torque conditions by adjusting the proportion of ethanol. Ethanol–gasoline and n-butanol–gasoline were compared in terms of performance and emission with dual injection strategy. The amount of n-butanol has to be increased with increase in torque conditions for better performance and low emission. The benefit of using ethanol with gasoline is significant at high torque conditions.

Emission characteristics of single cylinder 4 stroke SI engine using cobalt scrubber

Purpose – Automobiles have always been a major cause of air pollution. The vehicular emission contains several harmful pollutants that affect the surroundings and living beings. Mild CO exposure leads to headaches or unconsciousness. CO is also responsible for the global warming as well. CO is mainly generated in the IC engine due to incomplete combustion of the fuel. The purpose of this paper is to implement a CO absorption mechanism inside the exhaust pipe of vehicle. Design/methodology/approach – In this research work the single cylinder four stroke spark-ignition engine is intended to run on petroleum and petroleum blended fuels. A new post-combustion emission control device called cobalt scrubber is employed to reduce the emission of CO during idling which absorb and later release it under transient conditions. Findings – The emission of CO when the engine runs at petroleum is reduced from 6.24 to 3.02 per cent. Methanol 40 per cent+petrol 60 per cent gives a better emission result of 0.98 per cent of CO emission. So, the authors can implement the cobalt scrubber in automobiles to avoid CO emission during idling. Practical implications – The scrubber clearly overcomes the drawbacks of the existing control techniques. The cobalt scrubber is a cheap, non-radioactive. It can be employed in any kind of vehicle irrespective of its engine. Originality/value – The use of the scrubber design presented in this article, effectively reduces the emission of CO.

Comparative Studies of Heat Flow Rate in the Catalytically Activated Two Stroke SI Engine Components over Base Engine by FEA

Comparative Studies of Heat Flow Rate in the Catalytically Activated Two Stroke SI Engine Components over Base Engine by FEA

Effect of Ethanol on the Fuel Consumption of a Two Stroke Unmodified Commercial Petrol Engine

Alternative fuel source such as ethanol possess great potential to replace conventional fuels such as petrol and diesel. There has been a great increase in the usage of such fuels in the developing world, of late, with many countries having already mandated the usage of ethanol blended petrol. In developing countries, two stroke internal combustion engines continue to be used for powering agricultural implements and auto rickshaws. This paper presents the experimental investigations carried out on the usage of petrol blended with different proportions of ethanol by volume (5%, and 10%) as a fuel for an unmodified and used 100cc two stroke SI engine. The objectives of the experimental investigations are to determine whether ethanol blended petrol can be used as a suitable fuel for the commonly used two stroke internal combustion engine without any modifications. Tests were carried out on the engine, with petrol as the fuel initially and then with ethanol blended petrol with increasing proportion of ethanol. The total fuel consumption rate seemed to increase upon addition of ethanol. However, the brake specific fuel consumption remained fairly constant. The fact that brake specific fuel consumption varies only marginally indicate that ethanol can be used as a substitute for petrol, as a fuel.

Feasibility Establishment With On Board Generated Hydrogen Supplementation and Studies on Emission Characteristics of Gasoline Engine

In present times, the automotive industry is dealing with two major problems. The quest for a substitute fuel that could reduce the burden on currently used petroleum products is one these problems. Secondly, it is the rigorous norms relating to tail pipe emission due to increasing carbon footprints. Worldwide research is being conducted to find a fuel that could solve both these problem simultaneously. The experimental research presented in this paper proposes a step to find one such good fuel. One of the resources abundantly present on the earth is water. There are many ways in which we can harness energy from it. In this experimental study, electrolysis is used to extract Hydrogen/HHO from distilled water and used as a supplementary fuel to run a 4 stroke SI engine of a motorbike. Subsequently, its feasibility analysis and emission trends have also been studied. The distinguishing feature of this study is that no modifications were required at engine level to carry out this test. The addition of HHO is known to increase the octane rating of any fuel being currently used in automobiles. This phenomenon leads to more power generation using same amount of fuel thus increasing fuel efficiency. It was found that fuel consumption reduced by almost 25% depending on the ratio of hydrogen to gasoline being used in combustion chamber. Emission levels were also reduced drastically, amounting to a reduction of 38% in HC and approximately 50% in NOX.