Practice In Stroke Rehabilitation Research Articles

An evaluation of the validity of an aphasia friendly mood and anxiety measure for stroke patients

ABSTRACT Introduction People with post-stroke aphasia are at increased risk of experiencing depression and anxiety. Despite this, there is a lack of appropriate tools which can be used in routine stroke rehabilitation practice to support with the identification of patients experiencing these difficulties. The Stroke Aphasia Anxiety and Mood Screen (SAAMS) was developed by an interdisciplinary team of stroke rehabilitation professionals to improve mood and anxiety screening. The current study sought to evaluate the validity of this measure. Methods Twenty-one people undergoing in-patient stroke rehabilitation who experienced aphasia were administered the SAAMS, alongside the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ-H10) and the Behavioural Outcomes of Anxiety (BOA). The inclusion criteria included patients whose aphasia prevented them from completing traditional self-report measures of mood and anxiety, but who demonstrated a reliable ability to correctly respond to yes/no closed questions in Speech and Language Therapy assessments. Results Both the SAAMS-anxiety (SAAMS-A) and depression (SAAMS-D) subscales achieved adequate internal consistency, and patients’ scores were correlated with observational measures of mood and anxiety. The SAAMS achieved fair classification accuracy for identifying clinical depression and anxiety. Conclusions Patients with aphasia provided reliable responses to questions about anxiety and depression, and this is of clinical importance. While the study identified that the SAAMS has reasonable classification accuracy, further research is required to validate the SAAMS more thoroughly before it can be used routinely in clinical practice.

Examining the association between balance self-efficacy and virtual balance performance in individuals with stroke: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background Balance self-efficacy is a strong predictor of fall risk after stroke and is related to performance on balance and walking tests. The use of telerehabilitation for delivering stroke rehabilitation has increased in recent years and there is a need to adapt common clinical assessments to be administered in virtual formats, but the association between balance self-efficacy and virtually administered clinical tests of balance performance has yet to be established. This study examined the association between the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale and virtually administered Timed Up and Go (TUG), Tandem Stand, and Functional Reach tests (FRT) in individuals with stroke. Methods This was a secondary analysis of baseline data from two telerehabilitation trials with individuals with stroke. All assessments were administered by trained physical therapists through videoconferencing software. Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the associations between the ABC scale and TUG test, Tandem Stand test, and FRT, adjusted for age and number of comorbidities. Results Data from 51 participants (n = 11 female, median age = 64 [IQR: 18] years, 9.3 ± 4.6 months poststroke) were analyzed. The ABC scores were associated with TUG (R2 = 0.56, F(3,47) = 20.26, p < 0.01), but not Tandem Stand (R2 = 0.18, F(5,45) = 1.93, p = 0.11) or FRT (R2 = 0.14, F(3,47) = 2.55, p = 0.07) tests. Conclusion We observed associations between the ABC scores and virtual TUG, but not with Tandem Stand or FRT, which may be attributed to the context-specificity of balance self-efficacy. As virtual administration of outcomes assessments becomes part of common practice in stroke rehabilitation, our study supports the use of virtually administered TUG in stroke.

Spatial Neglect: An Exploration of Clinical Assessment Behaviour in Stroke Rehabilitation.

There is a large gap between evidence-based recommendations for spatial neglect assessment and clinical practice in stroke rehabilitation. We aimed to describe factors that may contribute to this gap, clinician perceptions of an ideal assessment tool, and potential implementation strategies to change clinical practice in this area. Qualitative focus group investigation. Focus group questions were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework and asked participants to describe their experiences and perceptions of spatial neglect assessment. Online stroke rehabilitation educational bootcamp. A sample of 23 occupational therapists, three physiotherapists, and one orthoptist that attended the bootcamp. Prior to their focus group, participants watched an hour-long educational session about spatial neglect. A deductive analysis with the Theoretical Domains Framework was used to describe perceived determinants of clinical spatial neglect assessment. An inductive thematic analysis was used to describe perceptions of an ideal assessment tool and practice-change strategies in this area. Participants reported that their choice of spatial neglect assessment was influenced by a belief that it would positively impact the function of people with stroke. However, a lack of knowledge about spatial neglect assessment appeared to drive low clinical use of standardised functional assessments. Participants recommended open-source online education involving a multidisciplinary team, with live-skill practice for the implementation of spatial neglect assessment tools. Our results suggest that clinicians prefer functional assessments of spatial neglect, but multiple factors such as knowledge, training, and policy change are required to enable their translation to clinical practice.

A scoping review of the use of creative activities in stroke rehabilitation

Objective Clarifying the distinctions between art-based creative activities in the domains of occupational therapy and art therapy in the context of stroke rehabilitation, while also describing the effects of art-based creative activities on stroke rehabilitation. Design Scoping review. Data source A systematic search was performed in nine databases (Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and four Chinese database) from their inception to December 2023. Review methods The study included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials involving art-based creative activities, as well as qualitative research providing detailed intervention measures. The study focused on stroke patients, with primary outcomes related to patients’ physiological recovery, psychological well-being, ADL, etc. Data extraction included information on intervention strategies and study results. Results Seventeen studies were included, extracting six similarities and differences in creative activity between two domains. Creative activities were observed to have positive impacts on daily living activities, limb motor function, fine motor ability, and emotional well-being in stroke patients. Conclusion Creative activities, whether in occupational therapy or art therapy, involve providing participants with tangible crafting materials for the creation of artistic works. Future stroke rehabilitation practices should tailor activities and intervention focus based on patients’ rehabilitation needs, preferences, and cultural background. The current comprehensive analysis provides initial support for the potential positive role of creative activities in stroke rehabilitation, but further in-depth research is needed to confirm their effectiveness.

Stroke rehabilitation: from diagnosis to therapy.

Stroke remains a significant global health burden, necessitating comprehensive and innovative approaches in rehabilitation to optimize recovery outcomes. This paper provides a thorough exploration of rehabilitation strategies in stroke management, focusing on diagnostic methods, acute management, and diverse modalities encompassing physical, occupational, speech, and cognitive therapies. Emphasizing the importance of early identification of rehabilitation needs and leveraging technological advancements, including neurostimulation techniques and assistive technologies, this manuscript highlights the challenges and opportunities in stroke rehabilitation. Additionally, it discusses future directions, such as personalized rehabilitation approaches, neuroplasticity concepts, and advancements in assistive technologies, which hold promise in reshaping the landscape of stroke rehabilitation. By delineating these multifaceted aspects, this manuscript aims to provide insights and directions for optimizing stroke rehabilitation practices and enhancing the quality of life for stroke survivors.

Challenge Level Contributes to the Efficacy of Treadmill Interventions after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Intervention parameters such as the challenge, amount, and dosage (challenge × amount) have the potential to alter the efficacy of rehabilitation interventions after stroke. This systematic review investigated the effect of intervention parameters of challenge, amount, and dosage on improvements in walking outcomes following treadmill training (TT) and comparison interventions in people with stroke. Randomized controlled trials were included if they: (i) investigated interventions of TT or bodyweight-supported TT (BWSTT); (ii) made comparisons with other physiotherapy interventions, other types of TT, or no intervention; (iii) studied people with stroke; (iv) reported sufficient data on challenge and amount parameters; and (v) measured walking speed or endurance. Completeness of reporting was evaluated using the TIDieR-Rehab checklist and risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The review included 26 studies; 15 studies compared TT or BWSTT with other physiotherapy interventions and 11 studies compared different types of TT. Meta-analyses provided evidence with low to moderate certainty that greater differences in challenge and dosage between treadmill and comparison physiotherapy interventions produced greater effects on walking endurance (p < 0.01). However, challenge and dosage did not influence walking speed outcomes. The analysis of intervention amount was limited by the lack of studies that manipulated the amount of intervention. Overall, the findings indicate that, after stroke, some of the efficacy of TT on walking endurance can be explained by the challenge level during training. This supports the implementation of TT at higher challenge levels in stroke rehabilitation practice.

Recovery needs and psychosocial rehabilitation trajectory of stroke survivors (PReTS): A qualitative systematic review of systematic reviews

Objective Stroke has a major impact on a person's life. While much research exists on stroke prevention and treatment, explorations into psychosocial recovery needs are lacking. This review critically consolidates the challenges and needs of stroke survivors and develops a trajectory that encapsulates their journey from illness to recovery. Data sources Six major databases were searched, including Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, Global Health, Medline, PsycArticles, and PsycINFO. Methods This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and employed the PICo (population, phenomena of interest, context) framework to screen for relevant qualitative reviews published between 1 January 2010 and 31 August 2023. Following full-text screening and the assessment of methodological quality using a modified version of the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews scale, a total of 17 reviews were included for thematic synthesis. Results Included reviews referenced 400 qualitative primary studies involving more than 5623 stroke survivors. Data synthesis revealed 18 themes that were further organized into six conceptual categories: (1) The unfamiliar body, (2) compassionate healthcare system, (3) holistic rehabilitation, (4) intrapersonal strength, (5) interpersonal relations, and (6) thriving forward to form the psychosocial rehabilitation trajectory of stroke survivor (PReTS) model. The model recognizes the losses that can occur after a stroke and emphasizes the essentiality of addressing psycho-socio-emotional and spiritual needs alongside physical impairments. Conclusion The PReTS model is the first to highlight stroke survivors’ losses, recovery journeys, and psychosocial needs. The conceptualization serves to inform and advance stroke rehabilitation practices with holistic and wellness recovery research.

Dance after stroke improves motor recovery in the subacute phase: A randomized controlled trial

PurposeThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a dance program, combined with conventional treatments, on the motor recovery and quality of life of stroke survivors in comparison with conventional treatments alone. Materials and methodsA total of 16 subacute stroke survivors were randomized into two groups: a dance group (DG) and a conventional treatments group (CG). Stroke severity, cognitive abilities, and motor capacities were assessed at baseline. For six weeks, all participants underwent standard rehabilitation. However, in the DG, participants attended an additional weekly dance class. In both groups, the Mini-BESTest, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), ABC-Scale, Lower Extremity Motor Coordination Test (LEMOCOT), quadriceps strength, and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL) were measured at weeks 4 and 6. Nonparametric statistical tests were applied. ResultsCompared to the CG, the DG significantly improved recovery of balance, coordination, and FIM after four or six weeks. No differences were observed for quadriceps strength, SS-QOL, or cognition. Participants were completely satisfied with the dance class, and no adverse effects were observed. ConclusionsThis study was discontinued following the COVID-19 health crisis. However, the analysis revealed numerous beneficial effects of dance practice for subacute stroke survivors. The results contribute significantly to the advancement of artistic practices in stroke rehabilitation.

A translational roadmap for transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in stroke rehabilitation: Consensus-based core recommendations from the third stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable

Background and Aims: The purpose of this Third Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable (SRRR3) was to develop consensus recommendations to address outstanding barriers for the translation of preclinical and clinical research using the non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and provide a roadmap for the integration of these techniques into clinical practice. Methods: International NIBS and stroke recovery experts (N = 18) contributed to the consensus process. Using a nominal group technique, recommendations were reached via a five-stage process, involving a thematic survey, two priority ranking surveys, a literature review and an in-person meeting. Results and Conclusions: Results of our consensus process yielded five key evidence-based and feasibility barriers for the translation of preclinical and clinical NIBS research, which were formulated into five core consensus recommendations. Recommendations highlight an urgent need for (1) increased understanding of NIBS mechanisms, (2) improved methodological rigor in both preclinical and clinical NIBS studies, (3) standardization of outcome measures, (4) increased clinical relevance in preclinical animal models, and (5) greater optimization and individualization of NIBS protocols. To facilitate the implementation of these recommendations, the expert panel developed a new SRRR3 Unified NIBS Research Checklist. These recommendations represent a translational pathway for the use of NIBS in stroke rehabilitation research and practice.

Challenges in applying evidence-based practice in stroke rehabilitation: a qualitative description of health professional experience in low, middle, and high-income countries

Purpose: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is considered central to ethical, effective service delivery in rehabilitation, and the implementation of the World Health Organisation’s Rehabilitation Strategy 2030. This study aimed to explore and compare the experiences of health professionals regarding the application of EBP for stroke rehabilitation in each participant’s region and country, which provided perspectives from low, middle, and high-income countries.Methods and materials: Interviews were conducted with 12 experienced rehabilitation professionals from 12 different countries (5 high-income, 2 upper-middle income, 3 lower-middle income, and 2 low-income countries) and interpreted using qualitative descriptive analysis.Results: Nine factors influencing evidence-based stroke rehabilitation were: 1) the complexity of rehabilitation research; 2) the (ir)relevance of research to local context; 3) lack of time for EBP; 4) minimal training in EBP; 5) changing health professional behaviours; 6) poor access to resources for developing EBP; 7) influence of culture, patients, and families; 8) language barriers; and 9) lack of access to research evidence. Economic constraints contributed to many challenges; but not all challenges related to the country’s economic classification.Conclusion: A global approach is needed to share knowledge about EBP, especially scientific evidence and innovative thinking about its application to clinical practice. Implications for rehabilitation Rehabilitation professional groups should contribute to a global network to improve informal knowledge sharing and training around evidence-based practice. Support for training in evidence-based practice and its application needs to be developed and accessible in all countries, including low and middle-income countries. It is imperative that policymakers prioritise practical, evidence-based solutions for rehabilitation research in low and middle-income countries that can be effectively implemented within local settings. There must be solutions and increased accessibility of journal articles for those working in low and middle-income countries including those whose first language is not English.

Recovery of autonomic dysfunction assessed by heart rate variability after acute stroke: an observational study

Background/Aims Early mobilisation after acute stroke is recommended worldwide, and autonomic dysfunction is a common complication. However, little is known about autonomic adaptation to postural changes during early mobilisation. The aim of the present study was to clarify the recovery process of autonomic dysfunction after acute stroke regarding adaptation to postural changes. Methods A total of 23 patients (mean age 60 ± 11 years) were included in this observational study. Those with a history of arrhythmia, heart failure and diabetes mellitus with diabetic neuropathy were excluded. Autonomic functions were assessed using heart rate variability. Electrocardiograms were recorded when the patients were lying down, sitting up and then lying back down again for 5 minutes in each position. The indices of heart rate variability, total power, high frequency band and low frequency/high frequency ratio, which correspond to total, parasympathetic and sympathetic activity respectively, were calculated to evaluate participants' autonomic function during the 7 days after the onset of stroke. Results From days 3 to 7 after stroke onset, the low frequency/high frequency ratio was significantly higher, and the total power and high frequency were reciprocally lower in the sitting position than in the supine position. On day 7, the total power and high frequency were significantly higher while the low frequency/high frequency ratio was lower than the total power and high frequency values that were recorded on the second and third days after stroke. Blood pressure levels and heart rates also changed, corresponding to changes in heart rate variability. Conclusions The patients' autonomic function, as well as heart rate and blood pressure levels, changed gradually during the first 7 days after onset of stroke. The results could lead to optimised clinical practice in safe early stroke rehabilitation.

The effectiveness of virtual reality cycling exercise towards the motoric and cardiorespiratory functions of post-stroke patients

IntroductionVirtual reality (VR) cycling exercise was developed as a physical rehabilitation therapy to impair the deficit on motoric function and cardiorespiratory fitness on post-stroke patients with lower extremity disorder. This study aims to figure out the effectiveness of VR cycling exercise towards the impairment of lower extremity motoric function and cardiorespiratory fitness on the post-stroke patients.MethodsThis study engaged 15 people chosen through a purposive sampling method which were divided into 8 intervention groups of post-stroke patients without comorbid (post stroke ≥ 2 years) and 7 healthy people in a control group. Fugl Meyer assessment was used to decide the participation of the patients. To assess the lower extremity motoric functions, timed up-and-go test (TUGT) was carried out. 6-minute walking test (6-MWT) was conducted to assess the function of gaits. VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max was carried out to assess the cardiorespiratory fitness. VR cycling exercise had been conducted for 3 months, twice a week.ResultsBoth groups performed significant difference (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) in terms of balance, gait ability, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The decrease of TUGT score and increase of 6-MWT and VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max tests’ scores of the intervention group obtained after having VR cycling exercise was significantly bigger than it was before taking the exercise. The group of post-stroke patients were able to take the exercise in 40–60 minutes/time of exercise.ConclusionsVR cycling exercise is such an effective intervention to increase motoric function and cardiorespiratory fitness on chronic post-stroke patients. Therefore, taking VR cycling exercise is recommended for a stroke rehabilitation and clinical practice purposes.

Standardized tools for assessing balance and mobility in stroke clinical practice guidelines worldwide: A scoping review.

Use of standardized tools to assess balance and mobility limitations is a recommended practice in stroke rehabilitation. The extent to which clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for stroke rehabilitation recommend specific tools and provide resources to support their implementation is unknown. To identify and describe standardized, performance-based tools for assessing balance and/or mobility and describe postural control components challenged, the approach used to select tools, and resources provided for clinical implementation, in CPGs for stroke. A scoping review was conducted. We included CPGs with recommendations on the delivery of stroke rehabilitation to address balance and mobility limitations. We searched seven electronic databases and grey literature. Pairs of reviewers reviewed abstracts and full texts in duplicate. We abstracted data about CPGs, standardized assessment tools, the approach for tool selection, and resources. Experts identified postural control components challenged by each tool. Of the 19 CPGs included in the review, 7 (37%) and 12 (63%) were from middle- and high-income countries, respectively. Ten CPGs (53%) recommended or suggested 27 unique tools. Across 10 CPGs, the most commonly cited tools were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (90%), 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) (80%), Timed Up and Go Test (80%) and 10-Meter Walk Test (70%). The tool most frequently cited in middle- and high-income countries was the BBS (3/3 CPGs), and 6MWT (7/7 CPGs), respectively. Across 27 tools, the three components of postural control most frequently challenged were underlying motor systems (100%), anticipatory postural control (96%), and dynamic stability (85%). Five CPGs provided information in varying detail on how tools were selected; only 1 CPG provided a level of recommendation. Seven CPGs provided resources to support clinical implementation; one CPG from a middle-income country included a resource available in a CPG from a high-income country. CPGs for stroke rehabilitation do not consistently provide recommendations for standardized tools to assess balance and mobility or resources to facilitate clinical application. Reporting of processes for tool selection and recommendation is inadequate. Review findings can be used to inform global efforts to develop and translate recommendations and resources for using standardized tools to assess balance and mobility post-stroke. https://osf.io/, identifier: 10.17605/OSF.IO/6RBDV.

Delivering Occupation-Based Practice in Stroke Rehabilitation of Hospital Settings: Thai Occupational Therapists’ Experiences

Occupation-based practice (OBP) is central to the practice of occupational therapists where occupations or meaningful activities become the focus of the assessment, intervention, and outcomes measurement process. Although occupational therapists practising in Thailand claim that they engage in OBP, this claim warrants empirical investigation. This study aimed to investigate the experiences and perceptions of hospital-based occupational therapists of OBP within stroke rehabilitation. Utilizing a qualitative design, fourteen occupational therapists were recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation was reached. Each interview was recorded and transcribed verbatim, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified (1) Perspective towards OBP, (2) OBP as professional value and cultural identity, (3) Implementing OBP for stroke rehabilitation in hospital settings, (4) Environmental factors of using OBP in stroke rehabilitation, and (5) OBP in the service management. Occupational therapists perceived that OBP is important for professional identity. Using OBP provides positive changes in stroke clients. This study provides evidence that will help implement OBP into occupational therapy in Thailand.

A protocol to analyze the global literature on the clinical benefit of interlimb-coordinated intervention in gait recovery and the associated neurophysiological changes in patients with stroke.

Stroke is among the leading causes of disability of worldwide. Gait dysfunction is common in stroke survivors, and substantial advance is yet to be made in stroke rehabilitation practice to improve the clinical outcome of gait recovery. The role of the upper limb in gait recovery has been emphasized in the literature. Recent studies proposed that four limbs coordinated interventions, coined the term "interlimb-coordinated interventions," could promote gait function by increasing the neural coupling between the arms and legs. A high-quality review is essential to examine the clinical improvement and neurophysiological changes following interlimb-coordinated interventions in patients with stroke. Systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The literature will be retrieved from the databases of OVID, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Studies published in English over the past 15 years will be included. All of the clinical studies (e.g., randomized, pseudorandomized and non-randomized controlled trials, uncontrolled trials, and case series) that employed interlimb intervention and assessed gait function of patients with stroke will be included. Clinical functions of gait, balance, lower limb functions, and neurophysiologic changes are the outcome measures of interest. Statistical analyses will be performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3. The findings of this study will provide insight into the clinical benefits and the neurophysiological adaptations of the nervous system induced by interlimb-coordinated intervention in patients with stroke. This would guide clinical decision-making and the future development of targeted neurorehabilitation protocol in stroke rehabilitation to improve gait and motor function in patients with stroke. Increasing neuroplasticity through four-limb intervention might complement therapeutic rehabilitation strategies in this patient group. The findings could also be insightful for other cerebral diseases.

Tailored GuideLine Implementation in STrokE Rehabilitation (GLISTER) in Germany. Protocol of a Mixed Methods Study Using the Behavior Change Wheel and the Theoretical Domains Framework.

ObjectiveEvidence-based guidelines are important for informing clinical decision-making and improving patient outcomes. There is inconsistent usage of guidelines among physical therapists involved in stroke rehabilitation, suggesting the existence of a gap between theory and practice. Addressing the German guideline “evidence-based rehabilitation of mobility after stroke (ReMoS),” the aims of this project are (1) to describe the current physical therapy practice within the context of stroke rehabilitation in Germany, (2) to evaluate barriers and facilitators of guideline usage, (3) to develop, and (4) to pilot test a theory-based, tailored implementation intervention for the benefit of guideline recommendations.Materials and MethodsThis study uses a stepwise mixed methods approach for implementing a local guideline. A self-reported online questionnaire will be used to survey the current physical therapy practice in stroke rehabilitation. The same survey and systematic-mixed methods review will be used to evaluate the barriers and facilitators of guideline usage quantitatively. Semi-structured interviews will add a qualitative perspective on factors that influence ReMoS guideline implementation. The Behavior Change Wheel and Theoretical Domains Framework will be used to support the development of a tailored implementation intervention which will be pilot tested in a controlled study. Patient and physical therapy-related outcomes, as well as the appropriateness, such as acceptance and feasibility of the tailored implementation intervention, will be analyzed.ConclusionThis will be the first endeavor to implement a guideline in German stroke rehabilitation with a focus on changing care provider behavior based on the knowledge of current practice and determining factors using a tailored and theory-based intervention.

Are implementation interventions effective in promoting the adoption of evidence-based practices in stroke rehabilitation? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary.

Stroke is the leading cause of disability among neurological disorders. Evidence-based practices to reduce disability are presumed to be associated with more favorable outcomes. To assess whether implementation interventions are effective at increasing uptake of evidence-based practices in stroke rehabilitation. The Cochrane Review by Cahill et al. (2020) is summarized. The effectiveness of implementation interventions on health professionals' use of evidence- based practices is uncertain. There is an urgent need for future research investigating the utility of implementation interventions to ensure the uptake of evidence by health professionals for the benefit of stroke survivors.

Leveraging Factors of Self-Efficacy and Motivation to Optimize Stroke Recovery.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework recognizes that an individual's functioning post-stroke reflects an interaction between their health condition and contextual factors encompassing personal and environmental factors. Personal factors significantly impact rehabilitation outcomes as they determine how an individual evaluates their situation and copes with their condition in daily life. A key personal factor is self-efficacy—an individual's belief in their capacity to achieve certain outcomes. Self-efficacy influences an individual's motivational state to execute behaviors necessary for achieving desired rehabilitation outcomes. Stroke rehabilitation practice and research now acknowledge self-efficacy and motivation as critical elements in post-stroke recovery, and increasing evidence highlights their contributions to motor (re)learning. Given the informative value of neuroimaging-based biomarkers in stroke, elucidating the neurological underpinnings of self-efficacy and motivation may optimize post-stroke recovery. In this review, we examine the role of self-efficacy and motivation in stroke rehabilitation and recovery, identify potential neural substrates underlying these factors from current neuroimaging literature, and discuss how leveraging these factors and their associated neural substrates has the potential to advance the field of stroke rehabilitation.

Challenges in applying evidence-based practice in stroke rehabilitation: A qualitative description of experiences of health professionals from low, middle, and high-income countries

Challenges in applying evidence-based practice in stroke rehabilitation: A qualitative description of experiences of health professionals from low, middle, and high-income countries

Implementation strategies and outcomes for occupational therapy in adult stroke rehabilitation: a scoping review

BackgroundStroke survivors often encounter occupational therapy practitioners in rehabilitation practice settings. Occupational therapy researchers have recently begun to examine the implementation strategies that promote the use of evidence-based occupational therapy practices in stroke rehabilitation; however, the heterogeneity in how occupational therapy research is reported has led to confusion about the types of implementation strategies used in occupational therapy and their association with implementation outcomes. This review presents these strategies and corresponding outcomes using uniform language and identifies the extent to which strategy selection has been guided by theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs).MethodsA scoping review protocol was developed to assess the breadth and depth of occupational therapy literature examining implementation strategies, outcomes, and TMFs in the stroke rehabilitation field. Five electronic databases and two peer-reviewed implementation science journals were searched to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers applied the inclusion parameters and consulted with a third reviewer to achieve consensus. The 73-item Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) implementation strategy taxonomy guided the synthesis of implementation strategies. The Implementation Outcomes Framework guided the analysis of measured outcomes.ResultsThe initial search yielded 1219 studies, and 26 were included in the final review. A total of 48 out of 73 discrete implementation strategies were described in the included studies. The most used implementation strategies were “distribute educational materials” (n = 11), “assess for readiness and identify barriers and facilitators” (n = 11), and “conduct educational outreach visits” (n = 10). “Adoption” was the most frequently measured implementation outcome, while “cost” was not measured in any included studies. Eleven studies reported findings supporting the effectiveness of their implementation strategy or strategies; eleven reported inconclusive findings, and four found that their strategies did not lead to improved implementation outcomes. In twelve studies, at least partially beneficial outcomes were reported, corresponding with researchers using TMFs to guide implementation strategies.ConclusionsThis scoping review synthesized implementation strategies and outcomes that have been examined in occupational therapy and stroke rehabilitation. With the growth of the stroke survivor population, the occupational therapy profession must identify effective strategies that promote the use of evidence-based practices in routine stroke care and describe those strategies, as well as associated outcomes, using uniform nomenclature. Doing so could advance the occupational therapy field’s ability to draw conclusions about effective implementation strategies across diverse practice settings.