Stripping Square Research Articles

Field-deployable pencil lead-based electrochemical cell for the determination of the emerging contaminant and antidepressant drug venlafaxine in wastewater

Screening and quantification of emerging contaminants in water is of enormous relevance due to its scarcity and harmful effects on aquatic life and human health. We present a simple and cost-effective electrochemical cell for determination of the antidepressant venlafaxine, an emerging contaminant included in the EU Watch List 2022. The cell consists of pencil leads used as electrodes and a microcentrifuge tube. Modification of the working electrode with carbon nanomaterials improved the signal. Cell-related parameters (e.g., type of pencil leads or electroactive area) as well as experimental (e.g., pH, accumulation potential and time, and scan rate) were thoroughly optimized. The adsorptive nature of venlafaxine process allowed the use of adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry methodology to increase the sensitivity. Under optimized variables, a linear range from 0.8 to 10 μmol L-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.996 and a sensitivity of 1.48 μmol L-1, a LOD of 0.4 μmol L-1 and a RSD of 2.4 % were achieved. Selectivity was also studied, especially with respect to the main metabolite o-desmethylvenlafaxine. The methodology distinguishes its signal from that of the main compound, allowing its determination. A similar linear range was obtained for the metabolite, with a LOD of 0.6 μmol L-1. The platform developed was applied for venlafaxine quantification in spiked wastewaters from the Febros plant in Portugal, obtaining satisfactory recoveries. Furthermore, the versatility of pencil leads made it possible to combine them with modified paper for sampling and buffering in order to decentralize the determination, showing promising results.

Bismuth Film Electrodes: Characterization and Analytical Application

Bismuth film electrodes (BiFE) were first introduced more than two decades ago and have been regarded as a posible alternative to toxic traditional mercury electrodes, both for electro-synthesis and electro-analytical endeavors. However, despite all the associated benefits, there hasn’t been a proper characterization reported for this electrodes and their use is still limited.The present work shows the results of a physicochemical characterization of Bismuth film electrodes, as well as the application of BiFE for the detection and quantification of heavy metals (such as cadmium), which for years have been considered to be important pollutants and are toxic for humans and the environment at large; there for putting at risk the health of all organisms that come into contact with them. The analysis is carried out in a EtOH:H2O mixture at pH 5, simulating the matrix of a traditional mexican alcoholic beverage, Mezcal.The characterization includes: the calculation of the geometric area as well as the electro-active area of the electrode, the composition of the deposited film and it’s texture, and the electrical properties of the modified electrode.The analysis is carried out using Anodic Stripping Square Wave Voltammetry (ASSWV), this allows us to make use of the electrode’s ability to form strong interactions with the analyte, in a similar manner to that of mercury drop electrodes; along with the high sensitivity of this technique.

Rapid determination of uracil in biological fluids at mercury thin film electrode for early detection of potential 5-fluorouracil toxicity due to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency

Determination of plasma uracil was reported as a method for evaluation of Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity that is highly demanded to ensure the safe administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapies to cancer patients. This work reports the development of a simple electroanalytical method based on adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdSWV) at mercury film-coated glassy carbon electrode (MF/GCE) for the highly sensitive determination of uracil in biological fluids that can be used for diagnosis of decreased DPD activity. Due to the formation of the HgII–Uracil complex at the electrode surface, the accuracy of the measurement was not affected by the complicated matrices in biological fluids including human serum, plasma, and urine. The high sensitivity of the developed method results in a low limit of detection (≈1.3 nM) in human plasma samples, falling below the practical cut-off level of 15 ng mL−1 (≈0.14 μM). This threshold concentration is crucial for predicting 5-FU toxicity, as reported in buffer, and ≤1.15% in biological samples), and accuracy (recovery percentage close to 100%).

Cobalt(II) bis-(1,10-phenanthroline) complex electropolymerized glassy carbon electrode and its electrocatalytic sensing of diclofenac in pharmaceuticals and biological samples

Diclofenac (DCF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. High consumption and indiscriminate use of DCF pose serious health issues, prompting the consideration of electroanalytical methods for detecting and controlling DCF levels in various samples. A sensitive and highly selective sensor was established for voltammetric determination of diclofenac (DCF) based on poly[cobalt(II) bis-(1,10-phenanthroline) complex] modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the performance of a poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE sensor, revealing a negative oxidation potential shift and higher DCF peaks of current. CV and adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdSSWV) were used to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of DCF at poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE. Under the optimized experimental conditions, AdSSWV current signal of DCF at poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE provided linearity over the range of 1–250 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6.40 ×10−2 and 2.13 ×10−1, and 5.60×10−2 and 2.27×10−1 µM for Ip I and Ip II, respectively. The sensor for determining DCF was tested in pharmaceuticals, milk, serum, and urine samples, demonstrating excellent selectivity despite potential interferences like atorvastatin (ATS), chloroquine (CQ), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The detected DCF amounts ranged between 92.3% and 106.6%. The established sensor demonstrated excellent performance in determining DCF in real samples, with spiked recoveries exceeding 95.6%, demonstrating low LOD, high sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. These results confirm that the established method displays outstanding applicability for electrochemical determination of DCF in numerous real samples.

GC:BiFE As an Useful Tool for the Quantification of Health Harmful Organic Compounds in Artisanal Spiritus Beverages Via ADSV

The bismuth film electrode (BiFE) has been used for the last two decades to substitute mercury electrodes for organics and inorganic compounds electroanalysis in the ppm and ppb range. Various of these compounds are considered such as important pollutants and potentially toxic for the human health. The electrode specificity is based in the ability to form amalgams or strong interactions with the analyte under test. The present work show the application of BiFE for detection and quantification of acetaldehyde (by-product of alcoholic fermentation) in EtOH:H2O (1:1).The analysis is carried out using Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Square Wave Voltammetry (CAdSSWV) to take advantage of the ability to form strong interactions and the sensitivity of this technique.Fig 1. CAdSSWV of formaldehyde 50 ppm in EtOH:H2O (1:1) in LiClO4 0.1 M with acetate buffer (pH=4.5) as supporting electrolyte in BiFE supporting in Glassy Carbon. Edep= 0.2 V tdep=60 s. Reference electrode = Ag/AgCl Auxiliar electrode = Tungsten wireReferencesHutton, E., Ogorevc, B., Hocevar, S., Weldon, F., Smyth, M., Wang, J., An introduction to bismuth film electrode for use in cathodic electrochemical detection, Electrochem. comm., 2001, 3, 707 – 711 DOI: 10.1016/S1388-2481(01)00240-5Constant, M. G. Van den Berg, Jacinto Gil S., The determination of platinum in sea water by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, Analytica Chim. Acta, 1988, 129 – 139 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83675-2 Figure 1

Electrochemical Determination of Paraquat Using Ordered Mesoporous Carbon (CMK-3) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Ordered mesoporous carbon namely, CMK-3 was synthesized by nano casting method, and characterized using various physicochemical and electroanalytical tools like HESEM, HRTEM, BET, etc. Using Cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements on CMK-3 modified glassy carbon electrode (CMK-3/GCE) in the standard redox couple, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, the electrochemical surface area was deduced as 0.081 cm2. The modified electrode was used as an electrocatalyst for the determination of one of the herbicides, paraquat (PQ). The modified electrode shows enhanced sensitivity for the determination of PQ in phosphate buffer solution at pH 9.2 as compared to bare GCE. The concentration dependant CV studies showed a linear variation in sensitivity in the concentration range of 60 μM to 450 μM. The effect of the scan rate shows a linear variation in sensitivity as a function of the square root of scan rate suggesting a diffusion-controlled process during the detection of PQ. Anodic stripping square wave voltammetry (ASSWV) reveals the sensitivity and limit of detection as 9.51 μA μM−1 and 64 nM, respectively. The interfering ability of the other foreign molecules like metal ions, environmental samples, biomolecules, and pesticides was analyzed using CMK-3/GCE. The results revealed that the electrode is able to sense paraquat, with the retention in sensitivity ranges between 91% and 102%. The real-time applicability of the electrode was examined using vegetable and fruit extracts. The analysis revealed that the recovery values were between 102 % – 105 %.

Dual-Role Peptide with Capping and Cleavage Site Motifs in Nanoparticle-Based One-Pot Colorimetric and Electrochemical Protease Assay.

A new method for enzyme substrate assembly and its use in proteolytic enzyme assays with colorimetric and electrochemical detection is presented. The novelty of the method is the use of dual-function synthetic peptide containing both gold clustering and protease-sensitive moieties, which not only induces the simple formation of the peptide-decorated gold nanoparticle test substrates but also allows for the detection of proteolysis in the same batch. Protease-treated nanoparticles with a destabilized peptide shell became more prone to electroactivity, and thus, the model enzyme plasmin activity could be quantified with stripping square wave voltammetry analysis as well, giving an alternative method to conduct aggregation-based assays. Spectrophotometric and electrochemical calibration data proved to be linear within the 40-100 nM active enzyme concentration range, with possible extensions of the dynamic range by varying substrate concentration. The simple initial components and the ease of synthesis make the assay substrate preparation economic and easy to implement. The possibility of cross-check analytical results with two independent measurement techniques in the same batch greatly increases the applicability of the proposed system.

Low Cost Electrochemical PGE Platform for Sensitive Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II)

Low-cost electrochemical platform for sensitive Pb(II) and Cd(II) detection in aqueous solution were fabricated using pencil graphite leads. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to electrochemical characterization of the Pencil Graphite Electrode (PGE). Average electroactive surface was determined as 2.58 times its geometrical area. Parameters for the electrochemical detection of lead and cadmium ions were optimized using Anodic Stripping Square Wave Voltammetry (ASSWV) in 0.1 M HCl (Edep= -1 V, tdep= 60 s). Electroanalysis results exhibited linear increment of electrochemical signals with an increase in the concentration of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in two different ranges. Based on the calibration curve, limits of detection (LOD = 3σ m-1) were 0.946 mg L-1 and 1.107 mg L-1 respectively. This electrochemical platform constitutes an effective and low-cost approach (0.20 USD per unit) that may be useful to industry, academia, or regulatory agencies.

The Effect of Anionic Surfactant and Stripping Voltammetry on the Signal of Ibrutinib at Nano-Level

Ibrutinib is a selective inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, which is used in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treatment. In this study, an adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry was developed to quantify the nanomolar level of ibrutinib in an anionic surfactant medium. The effect of supporting electrolyte, pH, surfactant concentration, and scan rate on the voltammetric peak current and potential of ibrutinib were evaluated using a glassy carbon electrode. The possible electrochemical mechanism was discussed with model compounds. The electrochemical behaviour of ibrutinib shows irreversible and diffusion-adsorption mixed controlled oxidation processes depending on scan rate studies in 0.1 M sulphuric acid. The sensitivity of the method was increased by the combined use of surfactant and stripping conditions. Under optimum conditions, a concentration range of 4.00 × 10−9 to 2.00 × 10−7 M was linear in 0.1 M sulphuric acid, including 2.00 × 10−3 M sodium lauryl sulphate. The limit of detection was calculated as 2.73 × 10−10 M. The proposed method was applied for the quantification of ibrutinib in biological samples. In addition, this method was evaluated in the presence of some potential interference substances.

Simultaneous determination of Pb2+ and Hg2+ at food specimens by a Melamine-based covalent organic framework modified glassy carbon electrode

Heavy metals determination is of great importance. In this respect, a recently synthesized melamine-based covalent organic framework (Schiff base network1 (SNW1)) was used in this research as a novel modifier to alter a glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous anodic stripping square wave voltammetric measurement of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions. At first, the complexation of SNW1 with Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions were evaluated by density functional theory calculations. Afterward, the modified electrode was characterized by various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Then, all of the effective experimental factors including pH, supporting electrolyte type, and instrumental parameters were optimized. Under optimized conditions (pH = 2.0, deposition time = 150 S, accumulation potential = -1000 (mV), pulse amplitude = 40 mV, frequency = 50 Hz, and voltage step = 7 mV) the designed sensor showed a linear response over the concentration ranges of 0.01–0.3 and 0.05–0.3 µmol/L for Pb2+ and Hg2+ respectively with a detection limit of 0.00072 and 0.01211 µmol/L. In the end, the designed electrochemical sensor was successfully employed for simultaneous measurement of Pb2+ and Hg2+ at different edible samples.

Poly(diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric determination of gallic acid in honey and peanut samples

In this study, a sensitive and selective voltammetric method based on poly(diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(DPASA)/GCE) was developed for determination of gallic acid. Appearance of an irreversible oxidative peak at both bare GCE and poly(DPASA)/GCE for gallic acid with about three folds current enhancement and much reduced potential at poly(DPASA)/GCE showed catalytic property of the modifier towards oxidation of gallic acid. Under optimized conditions, Adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetric peak current response of the poly(DPASA)/GCE showed linear dependence with gallic acid concentration in the range 5.00 × 10−7–3.00 × 10−4 mol L−1 with limit of detection of 4.35 × 10−9. Spike recovery results between 94.62 and 99.63, 95.00–99.80 and 97.25–103.20% of gallic acid in honey, raw peanut, and commercial peanut butter samples respectively, interference recovery results with less than 4.11% error in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid, lower LOD and relatively wider dynamic range than most of the previously reported methods validated the potential applicability of the method based on poly(DPASA)/GCE for determination of gallic acid real samples including in honey and peanut samples.

Cyclic Voltammetric determination of an antidepressant drug (Duloxetine hydrochloride) by using glassy carbon electrodes in bulk form and human biological fluids

Duloxetine hydrochloride was measured by employing Differential Pulse Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (DP-CAdSV) and Square Wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in bulk form and human biological fluids. Duloxetine hydrochloride exhibited one distinct and well-defined cathodic peak in the potential range -0.80 to -0.85 V v/s Ag/AgCl/KCl reference electrode. Cyclic Voltammetry, DP-CAdSV and SW-CAdSV showed one reduction wave with peak potential -0.85 V at pH 7. The proposed method's excellent sensitivity was demonstrated by the obtained LOD of 2.233X10-8mol L-1and a LOQ of 7.445X10-8mol L-1bulk by applying DP-CAdSV). On the other hand, a LOD of 5.099X10-8mol L-1and a LOQ of 1.699X10-7mol L-1bulk Duloxetine hydrochloride were achieved by applying SW-CAdSV method. The described methods could be recommended for use in trace analysis, quality control and clinical laboratories.

Electrochemical Determination of Paraquat Using Gold Nanoparticle Incorporated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

The present work focuses on electrochemical estimation of the herbicide, paraquat using Au nanoparticle incorporated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AuNP-MWCNT). The catalyst was synthesized and characterized using physical characterization techniques like HRSEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD. The techniques reveal the successful incorporation of Au nanoparticles onto MWCNT and it was utilized for the electrochemical determination of paraquat (PQ). The AuNP-MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNP-MWCNT/GCE) was able to detect PQ reversibly using cyclic voltammetric analysis. From the electrochemical tests, it was discovered that the electrode is an efficient catalyst for the effective electrochemical sensing of PQ. Using the cathodic stripping square wave voltammetric technique (CSSWV), the sensitivity and limit of detection of the matrix against PQ were evaluated. They were found to be 0.197 mA μM−1 and 32 nM, respectively. The electrode is able to produce the linear variation in sensitivity in the concentration range of 1.0 μM to 2.0 μM with a regression coefficient value of 0.99. Further, selectivity studies clearly demonstrated that the proposed catalyst was interference-free from other possible foreign molecules. The practical applicability of the electrode was checked in the electrolyte containing real samples and the appreciable recovery was achieved.

Development of a Diamond Nanoparticles‐based Nanosensor for Detection and Determination of Antiviral Drug Favipiravir

AbstractThis study developed a nanosensor for the detection and determination of favipiravir, a presumed drug that has potential therapeutic efficacy in treating COVID‐19 patients, from tablets and serum samples. This nanosensor was obtained by adding the optimum amount of diamond nanoparticles into carbon paste. For the determination of favipiravir adsorptive stripping differential pulse (AdSDPV) and adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdSSWV) were used. Limit of detection values were found as 4.83×10−9 M and 2.44×10−7 M for bulk and 5.18×10−8 M and 4.38×10−8 M for serum samples using AdSDPV and AdSSWV, respectively. Recovery studies made of the tablet and serum produced satisfactory results.

Disposable Passive Electrochemical Microfluidic Device for Diagnosis of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation

AbstractA disposable pump‐free electrochemical microfluidic device made by using a multilayer lamination technique is proposed for diagnosis of glycosylation disorders. Thanks to the stacking of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films and double adhesive layers, it is possible to create a geometry that allows the filling of the tailored channels in a fixed time. In the main channel of this passive microfluidic device, the necessary steps to perform the electrochemical determination of transferrin are performed: labeling of the protein with Os (VI) complex (electrochemical tag), washing with water of the osmium residues and electrochemical detection by adsorptive transfer stripping square wave voltammetry. Electrochemical detection released two electrochemical signals: one from Os (VI) complex due to carbohydrates at −0.9 V, and other from the intrinsic electrochemical signal of glycoprotein due to the amino acids at +0.8 V. The ratio between them establishes an indicator of the degree of glycosylation (called electrochemical index of glycosylation). The method was successfully applied to the analysis of clinical samples from patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation.

A sensitive electrochemical analysis for cadmium and lead based on Nafion-Bismuth film in a water sample

This study presents a simple, low-cost, sensitive and environmentally friendly approach for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of lead and cadmium based on a commercial screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) with Nafion and an in situ bismuth film. The developed sensor was coated with a Nafion polymer to reduce the interference and enhance the stability and reproducibility of the gold working electrode and an in situ bismuth film to increase the sensitivity and achieve a low detection limit. Electrochemical properties were investigated using anodic stripping square voltammetry. The composite film was characterized using cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electron microscopy was carried out for the morphological characterization of the modified electrode. It was found that the prepared electrode has high sensitivity and good repeatability with a limit of detection below the Environmental Protection Agency limits (5 µg/L Cd and 10 µg/L Pb). The linear calibration curves for Pb(II) ranged from 20 ppb to 300 ppb, and for Cd(II), they ranged from 50 ppb to 300 ppb. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were estimated to be 3 ppb for Pb(II) and 4 ppb for Cd(II). This method was effectively applied in the application of river and tap water samples, and the results were compared with flame-atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis.

Near-electrode pH change for voltammetric detection of insoluble lead carbonate

Lead contamination of drinking water is a concern to all inhabitants of old cities where lead pipes and soldering are still present. Simple on-site electrochemical detection methods are promising technologies that have gained attention recently. However, conventional electrochemical techniques only quantify soluble forms of lead in water without accounting for insoluble particulates. Herein, a simple voltammetric technique for quantification of insoluble lead species is reported. Lead carbonate (PbCO3) was used as a model compound to show the possibility of detecting particulate lead species directly in solution without chemical treatment. Specifically, electrochemical generation of protons was used as an alternative method to dissolve PbCO3 and thus obtain a more realistic assessment of lead contamination. Lead was detected using cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry (CSSWV). After applying a high oxidizing potential to the electrode immersed in a PbCO3 solution with solid PbCO3 particulates, a significant increase in current was observed as compared to that of a saturated PbCO3 solution. The signal was proportional to the amount of added PbCO3, even when the solubility limit was exceeded. Thus, the combination of a local pH change with CSSWV provides a simple, rapid, and reagentless method for an in-situ detection of insoluble lead species.

Pump-Free Microfluidic Device for the Electrochemical Detection of α1-Acid Glycoprotein.

α1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a glycoprotein present in serum, which is associated with the modulation of the immune system in response to stress or injuries, and a biomarker for inflammatory diseases and cancers. Here, we propose a pump-free microfluidic device for the electrochemical determination of AGP. The microfluidic device utilizes capillary-driven flow and a passive mixing system to label the AGP with the Os (VI) complex (an electrochemical tag) inside the main channel, before delivering the products to the electrode surface. Furthermore, thanks to the resulting geometry, all the analytical steps can be carried out inside the device: labeling, washing, and detection by adsorptive transfer stripping square wave voltammetry. The microfluidic device exhibited a linear range from 500 to 2000 mg L-1 (R2 = 0.990) and adequate limit of detection (LOD = 231 mg L-1). Commercial serum samples were analyzed to demonstrate the success of the method, yielding recoveries around 83%. Due to its simplicity, low sample consumption, low cost, short analysis time, disposability, and portability, the proposed method can serve as a point-of-care/need testing device for AGP.

Effect of Triton X-100 on the Electrochemical Behavior of Hydrophobic Lapatinib Used in the Treatment of Breast Cancer: A First Electroanalytical Study

A novel electroanalytical method has been developed for the quantification of hydrophobic lapatinib in the presence of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 on a glassy carbon electrode. Lapatinib presented three well-defined anodic peaks (Ep 1, Ep 2, and Ep 3) by square wave voltammetry. The oxidation behavior of Ep 1 and Ep 2 showed diffusion-adsorption mix controlled processes by cyclic voltammetry. The possible electro-oxidation mechanism is discussed. The stripping conditions and square wave voltammetry parameters were optimized. The sensitivity of the proposed method was increased in the presence of Triton X-100. The hydrophobic interaction between Triton-X-100 and lapatinib guaranteed that more drug molecules could rapidly reach the electrode surface. The adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry exhibits a linear calibration range from 2.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−6 mol l−1 for both ip 1 and ip 2 in 0.1 M H2SO4. The developed method was applied for the quantification of lapatinib in serum sample and pharmaceutical dosage form with satisfactory accuracy and precision. In the serum sample, the values of LOD were found to be 5.71 × 10−9 and 2.79 × 10−9 mol l−1 for ip 1 and ip 2, respectively. The developed method shows excellent analytical performance with nano-level detection limits, simplicity, and green chemistry compatibility.

Rod-like CuO nanoparticles/waste masks carbon modified glassy carbon electrode as a voltammetric nanosensor for the sensitive determination of anti-cancer drug pazopanib in biological and pharmaceutical samples

In the present work, the first voltammetric method is developed for the detection of pazopanib (PZB), a pharmaceutically active ingredient belonging to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor class, using a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Rod-like CuO nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method and finger-like carbon material obtained from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of waste masks (M) were used as modification agents. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the synthesized materials were elucidated using various analytical techniques. The results show that carbon material has a core-shell structure, a critical property that increases electrical conductivity. Thus, the effects of both nanoparticles and carbon material on the electrooxidation behavior of pazopanib were investigated and compared. The effect of scan rate, pH, and supporting electrolyte on the voltammetric response of pazopanib was investigated on bare and modified GCE. The possible electrochemical oxidation mechanism was discussed with model drugs on bare GCE. The electrooxidation of PZB was an adsorption-controlled process on modified GCE at pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution as proved by cyclic voltammetry (CV). All parameters of stripping conditions and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were optimized. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 2.0 × 10–10-1.0 × 10–6 M by adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdSSWV). The proposed method was used for the quantification of pazopanib in human serum samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms with satisfactory precision and accuracy. The method showed excellent analytical performance at nano- detection levels. Besides, the nanosensor was tested in the presence of some interfering compounds and ions.