Fabric Strips Research Articles

Mechanism of Working Fluid Circulation in the Multisource Organic Solid Waste Incinerator

Garbage incineration power generation is utilized to dispose of multi-source organic solid waste. This work constructed a mathematical model for a 750 t/d garbage incinerator to reveal the coupled response between the boiler and furnace sides. Field experiments validated the model, exploring various operating conditions including different loads, fuel blending ratios, primary air, and internal flue gas recirculation (IGR) air flow rates. Increasing the load by 9.1% raised furnace heat exchange by 4.0% but reduced economizer heat exchange by 19.0%. Introducing waste cloth strips and paper mill waste enhanced furnace water-cooled wall heat transfer but reduced economizer heat exchange. A 10.8% rise in primary air flow increased superheater heat exchange by 7.8%. Similarly, a 21.3% rise in IGR air flow increased economizer heat exchange by 9.0%. The temperature rise and enthalpy rise in the superheater were higher when the low calorific value of the fuel was higher. Increasing primary air velocity enhanced heat transfer, raising the outlet temperature of the medium-temperature superheater, necessitating an increase in secondary water spray to adjust the outlet temperature of the high-temperature superheater. This work provides guidance for the design and practical operation of multi-source solid waste incinerators.

Investigation of the Use of Environmental Samples for the Detection of EHV-1 in the Stalls of Subclinical Shedders.

In populations of healthy show horses, the subclinical transmission and circulation of respiratory pathogens can lead to disease outbreaks. Due to recent outbreaks of equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in the USA and Europe, many show organizers have instituted various biosecurity protocols such as individual horse testing, monitoring for early clinical disease and increasing hygiene and cleanliness protocols. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of detecting EHV-1 in the various environmental samples collected from the stalls of subclinical shedders. Four healthy adult horses were vaccinated intranasally with a modified-live EHV-1 vaccine in order to mimic subclinical shedding. Three additional horses served as non-vaccinated controls. All the horses were stabled in the same barn in individual stalls. Each vaccinated horse had nose-to-nose contact with at least one other horse. Prior to the vaccine administration, and daily thereafter for 10 days, various samples were collected, including a 6" rayon-tipped nasal swab, an environmental sponge, a cloth strip placed above the automatic waterer and an air sample. The various samples were processed for nucleic acid purification and analyzed for the presence of EHV-1 via quantitative PCR (qPCR). EHV-1 in nasal secretions was only detected in the vaccinated horses for 1-2 days post-vaccine administration. The environmental sponges tested EHV-1 qPCR-positive for 2-5 days (median 3.5 days) in the vaccinated horses and 1 day for a single control horse. EHV-1 was detected by qPCR in stall strips from three out of four vaccinated horses and from two out of three controls for only one day. EHV-1 qPCR-positive air samples were only detected in three out of four vaccinated horses for one single day. For the vaccinated horses, a total of 25% of the nasal swabs, 35% of the environmental stall sponges, 7.5% of the strips and 7.5% of the air samples tested qPCR positive for EHV-1 during the 10 study days. When monitoring the subclinical EHV-1 shedders, the collection and testing of the environmental sponges were able to detect EHV-1 in the environment with greater frequency as compared to nasal swabs, stationary strips and air samples.

A brief history of the use of Gypsum in orthopedics

Humans processed gypsum for their everyday use at least 7000 years ago. They have been using fixed limb methods for fracture treatment for nearly 5000 years. Hippocrates recognized the importance of the splint and the "roller bandage" for fracture treatment, and made the bandage hard by adding wax, pitch, lard or resin to the multi-layer cloth bandage, but not gypsum. Arabian physician El Zahrawi (936 -1013) also described a clay glue mixture, and flour and egg white as fracture fixation materials. From 970, Persian physician Muwafak used gypsum as the exclusive material for fracture fixation. The rudimentary form of modern plaster bandages was developed in the mid-19th century and spread widely after that, using methods from the Russian Pyrogov by soaking canvas in a gypsum slurry and Dutchman Massson wrapped gypsum powder in cotton cloth strips.

The effect of combined atmospheric plasma/UV treatments on improving the durability of organophosphorus flame retardants applied to polyester fabrics

Following application of three commercially available, flame retardants (FR) to polyester and exposure to an atmospheric plasma in the presence or absence of simultaneous UV 308 nm excimer laser radiation, the retentions to a 30 min 40 °C water-soak for the mono- and dimeric cyclophosphonate (PE-CONC and PCO 900 respectively) and a 30 min methanol-soak treatment for the resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) agents were generally enhanced with respect to unexposed controls. These results suggested that the formation of PET-FR bonding had occurred as a consequence of plasma/UV exposure. The effect of plasma/UV process sequence (pre-exposure and/or post exposure with respect to FR impregnation) as well as plasma gas type, showed that maximum post-soaking FR retentions occurred when both pre- and post-exposure conditions operated.Plasma/UV exposed fabrics both before and after soaking treatments were examined for morphological changes by SEM and surface phosphorus retention by EDX, FTIR-ATR, XPS as well as TGA/DTG/DTA, each of which showed evidence on the surface of changes in surface topography, increased phosphorus levels and modified thermal behaviour. When subjected to vertical fabric strip flammability testing, these changes were insufficient to generate significant changes in the burning rate apart from in post-methanol soaked, RDP-containing fabrics where almost all plasma/UV process sequences reduced specimen burning rates.During all experiments, the presence or absence of the UV laser radiation appeared to have no obvious effect on post-soaking FR retentions, suggesting that its presence is not required since plasma activation alone appears to be the key to improving PET-FR bonding.

Smart Elastic Fabric Strip Encompassing Prestrained Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Smart Elastic Fabric Strip Encompassing Prestrained Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

A randomized, double-blind placebo-control study assessing the protective efficacy of an odour-based ‘push–pull’ malaria vector control strategy in reducing human-vector contact

Novel malaria vector control strategies targeting the odour-orientation of mosquitoes during host-seeking, such as ‘attract-and-kill’ or ‘push-and-pull’, have been suggested as complementary tools to indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets. These would be particularly beneficial if they can target vectors in the peri-domestic space where people are unprotected by traditional interventions. A randomized double-blind placebo-control study was implemented in western Kenya to evaluate: a ‘push’ intervention (spatial repellent) using transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned at open eave gaps of houses; a ‘pull’ intervention placing an odour-baited mosquito trap at a 5 m distance from a house; the combined ‘push–pull’ package; and the control where houses contained all elements but without active ingredients. Treatments were rotated through 12 houses in a randomized-block design. Outdoor biting was estimated using human landing catches, and indoor mosquito densities using light-traps. None of the interventions provided any protection from outdoor biting malaria vectors. The ‘push’ reduced indoor vector densities dominated by Anopheles funestus by around two thirds. The ‘pull’ device did not add any benefit. In the light of the high Anopheles arabiensis biting densities outdoors in the study location, the search for efficient outdoor protection and effective pull components needs to continue.

Artifacts from the Perspective of Effutu Masquerade Performance: An Aesthetic Album

Artifacts from the Perspective of Effutu Masquerade Performance: An Aesthetic Album

Moth to Cloth: Silk in Africa

Moth to Cloth: Silk in Africa

Power and Play

Power and Play

Intelligent reversible electrochromic flexible electronic fabric based on electronic ink microcapsules

In the last several decades, electronic ink (e-ink) microcapsules have been extensively employed in display screens owing to their high reflectivity and contrast under visible light irradiation, as well as their flexibility, low cost, and low power consumption. Herein, a simple coating technique serves to combine e-ink microcapsules containing multiple color particles with fabrics to design an intelligent reversible electrochromic flexible electronic fabric. E-ink microcapsules, transparent Ag nanowires (T-AgNWs), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are sequentially and uniformly coated on the surface of the double-layer conductive strip structure composed of conductive fabric and insulating fabric. The electrophoretic discoloration of the e-ink microcapsules can be achieved by applying voltages of a certain magnitude between the bottom conductive fabric strip layer and the T-AgNWs/SWCNT composite conductive layer. Large-area flexible electrochromic fabrics can be formed by weaving strips coated with e-ink microcapsules materials based on the results of the continuous bending and soaking experiments, which has great application potential in the research of adaptive camouflage smart fabrics in the visible light field.

The Undertaking

The Undertaking Ellen Rogers (bio) When J began a side job as an undertaker at a funeral home, our partnership was ending—a death of a different sort. J was mainly a sword swallower. He performed in nouveau cirque shows along the West Coast. Even though he had traveled with tents big enough to hold hundreds of awe-struck showgoers across the country, neither of us ever had much money. He took on extra jobs to fill some of the gaps, most of them a little dangerous; prior to becoming an undertaker he worked as an arborist and an electrician. It was as if he wanted to confront death in all the work he chose. Before I knew him, early on in his career, J was rushed to the emergency room after nicking his epiglottis with his sword during a show—blood on the tip of his blade. He could have died. In the first months we dated, I could barely watch any time he performed. But soon the act felt normal, like breathing. To some, the circus might seem like fun and games, just a distraction from real life. But each act looks life and death right in the face: the drop from an aerial rig, the slice of a sword in the throat. It’s risky business. Performers swallow death, then bow. Fatality is always possible amidst impossible feats. Each show shows us all that death will cull and how it could. Then the glorious circus ends, and the train leaves town. [End Page 57] I was awed by these lessons even as I struggled with them. Since J and I broke up, my struggles with these lessons have not gone away. Though I don’t long to resurrect our relationship, this part of my life, even years later, haunts me—the daring I felt I never quite picked up, the wildness I later ceded to comfort, the sense of misdirection in my own life that didn’t end when we did. ________ I first met J at a music festival, not far from the Nooksack River’s teal waters, at the height of blackberry season when the Pacific Northwest teems with sunlight and no one wants to be inside. Even the way he walked was playful. His allure was his rare freedom. We got together and stayed partners for years. J made a point of meeting everyone. He shook any stranger’s hand, then spun his signature black felt bowler hat upside down on his finger and tossed it via triple-flip back onto his head—a little magic for the shuffling grocery store line or someone’s morning commute. For a person who risked his life with each performance, he was jovial and warm, nothing grim about him. I will always admire this, though sometimes I felt drab in comparison back then, forgettable except for the fact that I stood next to him. At my worst, I used to wonder if our partnership was to blame, as if his personality overshadowed mine. Our circus friends were brave and playful and crafty. I admired them too, even though I often felt awkward around them, not cut out for the bold life they led. People use the phrase “when pigs fly” to mean something will never happen. But when a friend wore a pig suit for a comedy burlesque act set to “Harlem Nocturne,” J and the crew figured out how to hoist her through dancing clouds on stage. Every day, what I didn’t think could happen happened. Whatever they dreamed, they did. Rose-petal confetti. A swordfish sword to swallow, a bouquet to swallow, a glowing neon sword to swallow that lit J from within. A tour down the Willamette River on a homemade boat that doubled as a floating stage. Impossibility flew above our heads, then stuck its landing. [End Page 58] The weekend before I broke up with J, we decorated his small circus tent as if for a funeral, his chosen theme for that night’s show. He borrowed a casket from work. We made bouquets of dead branches and dried flowers. We strung fraying fabric strips into white webs overhead and hauled...

Fabrication of Mg/Al Clad Strips by Direct Cladding from Molten Metals

This work describes the fabrication of AZ91D/A5052 clad strips by direct cladding from molten metals using a horizontal twin roll caster. Subsequently, the effects of roll speed, pouring sequence, and solidification length on the AZ91D/A5052 clad strips were investigated. The AZ91D/A5052 clad strips with a thickness of 4.9 mm were successfully cast at a roll speed of 9 m/min and with a 5 mm roll gap. The cladding ratio of AZ91D/A5052 was about 1:1. The single-roll casting results showed that the experimental solidification constants of AZ91D and A5052 were 62 mm/min0.5 and 34 mm/min0.5, respectively. The twin-roll casting results showed that the effect of rolling speed on the surface condition of A5052 was greater than that of AZ91D. In addition, the high melting point A5052 alloy poured into the lower nozzle could solve the remelting problem of the low melting point AZ91D. Moreover, extending the upper solidification distance could reduce the generation of intermetallic compounds. The EDS analysis results showed no voids at the bonding interface, while three intermetallic compound layers were also found at the bonding interface of AZ91D/A5052 strips, namely α-Mg + Mg17Al12, Mg17Al12, and Al3Mg2. This study could be instructive for dissimilar sheet metal bonding.

Less is more: repellent-treated fabric strips as a substitute for full screening of open eave gaps for indoor and outdoor protection from malaria mosquito bites

BackgroundProviding protection from malaria vector bites, both indoors and outdoors, is crucial to curbing malaria parasite transmission. Screening of house entry points, especially with incorporated insecticides, confers significant protection but remains a costly and labour-intensive application. Use of spatial repellents has shown promise in creating areas of protection in peri-domestic areas.MethodsThis study aimed at comparing the protection provided by transfluthrin-treated and untreated complete screens over open eave gaps with incomplete transfluthrin-treated eave strips as a potential replacement for a full screen. Human landing catches were implemented independently inside and outside an experimental hut under controlled semi-field conditions, with insectary-reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes.ResultsThe odds of a female mosquito finding a human volunteer indoors and attempting to bite were similar whether the eaves were completely open or there was an untreated fabric strip fixed around the eaves. However, when the eave gap was completely screened without insecticide, the odds of receiving a bite indoors were reduced by 70% (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.20–0.47). Adding transfluthrin to the full screen, further increased the protection indoors, with the odds of receiving a bite reduced by 92% (0.08, 95% CI 0.04–0.16) compared to the untreated screen. Importantly, the same protection was conferred when only a narrow transfluthrin-treated fabric strip was loosely fixed around the eave gap (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.04–0.13). The impact of the transfluthrin treatment on outdoor biting was correlated with evening temperatures during the experiments. At lower evening temperatures, a transfluthrin-treated, complete screen provided moderate and variable protection from bites (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.37–1.03), whilst at higher evening temperatures the odds of receiving a bite outdoors was over four times lower in the presence of transfluthrin, on either a full screen (OR 0.22 95% 0.12–0.38) or a fabric strip (OR 0.25, 95% 0.15–0.42), than when no treatment was present.ConclusionThe findings suggest that transfluthrin-treated fabric strips can provide a substitute for complete eave screens. They are a simple, easy-to-handle tool for protecting people from malaria mosquito bites indoors and potentially around the house in climatic areas where evening and night-time temperatures are relatively high.

CELLULOSOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF SOILS OF THE ODESA CITY

Problem Statement and Purpose. Cellulose cleavage is of great importance in the carbon cycle, as it contains more than 50% of all organic carbon in the biosphere. This is a fairly stable organic compound that is destroyed only by very strong oxidants. Under natural conditions, the destruction of cellulose is carried out by various microorganisms that produce cellulase enzymes. The activation of cellulose decomposition is influenced by temperature, pH level, soil aeration, biological properties of vegetation, etc. Being very resistant to physicochemical factors, cellulose is easily decomposed by microorganisms with the release of carbon, which in the form of various compounds is involved in creating soil fertility. Cellulose is broken down by aerobic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. The peculiarity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms is their high demand for nitrogen sources. Soil-destroying soil microorganisms are the most important suppliers of organic matter to various groups of microorganisms (including nitrogen-fixing) in the common food chain. Since the activity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms also depends on the presence of available phosphorus and other elements in the soil, the degree of decomposition of fiber can be considered to reflect the direction of microbiological processes in general. Cellulolytic activity indicates the intensity of biological processes in the soil. The more intensively the cellulose decomposes, the faster the biological cycle of elements takes place and the fuller the plants are provided with nutrients. Therefore, cellulose activity is used as one of the indicators of biological activity of the soil environment. Data &Methods. The author, in the study of cellulosolytic activity of soils in the city of Odessa, used the method of applications (laying in the soil strips of filter paper or linen cloth fixed on the glass). Applications were laid vertically in the upper 15-cm layer of soil of 5 pieces on the site. A month later, they were dug up, carefully washed from the soil and decay products, dried and weighed again. Cellulolytic activity was determined by weight loss of exposed tissue. Results. As a result of research on the study of cellulolytic activity of soils in the city of Odessa, it was found that cellulolytic activity is an important indicator of the intensity of destructive processes in the soil. The intensity of cellulose decomposition in the soil is determined by the combined action of several factors: weather conditions, the nature of vegetation, the amount of organic matter entering the soil, soil type, its physical properties, chemical composition. In an urban environment, the intensity of cellulosolytic processes is also regulated by the nature and degree of anthropogenic impact on soil, atmosphere and vegetation. The intensity of cellulose destruction in the city soils is estimated to be very weak, weak and medium. The cellulolytic processes in the soils of the city of Odessa in 2021 were stimulated by abundant precipitation (r = 1,000). The decrease in CA in some parts of the city may be due to minimal anthropogenic impact on the soil cover.

The Lazarus Effect: A Commentary on I-Kind Guaranteed Paymentss

When he had said this, he cried with a loud voice, “Lazarus, come out!” The dead man came out, his hands and feet bound with strips of cloth, and his face wrapped in a cloth. Jesus said to them, “Unbind him, and let him go.”– John 11:43-44Section 707 of the Internal Revenue Code contains a number of provisions that control the tax implications of transactions involving a partnership and its partners. In particular, section 707(a) provides that a transaction between a partnership and a partner, in which the partner is not acting in his capacity as a partner, is to be treated as a transaction with a third party. Alternatively, section 707(c) provides that a transaction between a partnership and a partner, in which the partner is acting in his capacity as a partner, is also to be treated as a transaction with a third party but only for certain limited purposes and only if the payment to the partner is not determined with regard to the income of the partnership. Payments satisfying the requirements of section 707(c) are referred to as guaranteed payments.Almost 20 years ago, in response to various congressional enactments and amendments, we authored a eulogy proposing the repeal of section 707(c). Although we may have been somewhat premature in laying to rest the concept of guaranteed payments as no longer possessing purpose or use in Subchapter K, at a minimum we viewed section 707(c) as “twisting slowly in the wind.”

Heat transfer analysis and experimental study of unequal diameter twin-roll casting process for fabricating Cu/Al clad strips

Heat transfer analysis and experimental study of unequal diameter twin-roll casting process for fabricating Cu/Al clad strips

Resin infusion process monitoring using graphene coated glass fabric sensors and infusible thermoplastic and thermoset matrices

AbstractIn this study, an online process monitoring system based on rGO coated glass fabric sensors was developed to monitor different stages of the resin infusion process. The developed sensors were able to monitor reinforcement compaction response, resin flow, race tracking, and resin cure when using thermoset resin and a novel low viscosity thermoplastic resin (i.e., Elium®). The coated glass fabric patches and strips were embedded at different locations within the laminate. The electrical resistance changes occurring within the embedded sensors during different stages of the manufacturing process were continuously monitored. The relative drop in overall resistance of the sensors upon contact with the resin systems was different for epoxy resin and Elium® resin due to differences in their electrical conductivity. It was found that the coating quality, dimensions, and spatial position of the sensors within the laminate and the type of resin system affected the performance of the sensors.

Pervious Concrete Reinforced with Waste Cloth Strips

Pervious concrete is considered an environment-friendly paving material and its main feature is that it allows water to penetrate within its structure. Because of open pores in pervious concrete structures, there is a high risk of corrosion, so this concrete is used without any reinforcement or with fiber reinforcement. The incorporation of fibers in concrete is known to substantially increase the tensile strength, toughness, and ductility of concrete. The fast-fashion trend encourages people to buy more clothes and dispose of them in a shorter period of time, resulting in 85% of clothes ending up in landfills or being burned. In this paper, old cotton T-shirts were cut into narrow strips about 5 ± 1 cm long for the purpose of reinforcing pervious concrete. A total of eight concrete mixtures were made: four without reinforcement and four with textile-strip reinforcement. The number of textile strips was 1% of the total volume. Tests carried out on the specimens were: slump, density, porosity, compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, infiltration rate, and abrasion resistance. Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) was used for an X-ray examination and quantitative analysis of the specimens (ROI; region of interest) and 3D visualization (VRT; volume rendering technique). With an X-ray examination, the large holes in the cross sections of the specimens have been observed. They were caused by an insufficient compaction effort during the specimens’ placement, which affected the test results. Based on the obtained laboratory results, the waste strips improved the compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion resistance of the concrete with the addition of fine fractions, and generally increases the ductility of pervious concrete.

Blue: A History of the Color as Deep as the Sea and as Wide as the Sky

Blue:A History of the Color as Deep as the Sea and as Wide as the Sky Nana Ekua Brew-Hammond, Daniel Minter, and Betty Bush Brew-Hammond, Nana Ekua Blue: A History of the Color as Deep as the Sea and as Wide as the Sky; illus. by Daniel Minter. Knopf, 2022 [40p] Library ed. ISBN 9781984894373 $21.99 Trade ed. ISBN 9781984894366 $18.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9781984894380 $11.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R* 5-8 yrs When Brew-Hammond's primary-school audience first encountered "blue" in picture books as little ones, the pedagogical goal was likely identification: distinguish the blue balloon from the red one, recognize the difference between the blueberry and the cherry, or note the change in shades between the morning and twilight skies. Now, however, that audience is invited to make a conceptual leap and ponder what blue is. If sea water runs clear through your fingers, where does the blue go? If blue can be that elusive, how do we capture it? And, provocatively, how has blue managed to permeate language, to influence and reflect our moods? It's a tall order for a short book, but Brew-Hammond's graceful prose and fluid organization, coupled with Minter's emotive illustrations, set synapses firing. Exposition begins with an overview of the earliest human efforts to harness sources of blue, which "appears in the strangest places, discovered throughout history in unexpected ways." Ground lapis lazuli from the region of modern-day Afghanistan found its way into Egyptian cosmetics and, later, into paint. Animal dyes appeared next, coaxed drop by drop from cracked snail shells in the Middle East and squeezed from snail feet in Mexico. Yielding a cheaper, more durable dye, Indigofera plants advanced trade in blue, with exports from India and West Africa making those regions into hubs but also staining blue's narrative: "Indigo became so precious, people spent it like money. In parts of Africa, some merchants used strips of indigo cloth to buy people, and sell them into slavery." By 1905, when chemical blue made an official appearance, generations of global workers had been forced into labor to feed the demand of the royal and the wealthy for fabrics in coveted blue. The text segues then to contemporary times, connecting the scarcity, value, and even religious associations surrounding blue to the personal feelings it has come to connote. The blue of sadness is rooted in "painful memories of working the mines or of slavery on indigo plantations," while "nothing but blue skies" counters pain with hopefulness. "Once in a blue moon" harkens to blue's rarity as pigment and dye, and blue ribbons are used around the world as recognition of greatness, perhaps referring to the color's longtime association with royalty. Minter, whose body of work demonstrates an intimacy with the intricate patterns of African wax resist dying techniques, is an ideal illustrator for this title, as he weaves rhythmic lines and patterns into representations of fabric and stylized backgrounds. The emergence of blue dye work in non-European cultures is visually [End Page 145] evidenced in scene after scene of brown-skinned inventors and craftspersons whose names are lost to time. Those people are reimagined here, engaged in their creativity and labor, or as midnight blue shadows stealthily materializing from dappled clouds and adire cloth. An author's note, list of resources, and hints for further exploration are useful addenda, but children will require little urging to brainstorm ways that blue imbues their lives and ponder the hidden histories of other colors as well. (See p. 147 for publication information.) Copyright © 2021 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Growth and yield assessment of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): an economic feasibility and performance evaluation of capillary wick irrigation system

The study assessed the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in order to evaluate the performance and economic feasibility of capillary wick irrigation system. Unlike any other capillary rise-based systems that uses the matric potential of the soil to dictate the amount of water to be drawn, this system aimed to continuously supply water imitating a full-time drip irrigation system but cheaper in terms of materials and operating cost. A 5 mm-width, cotton fabric strip was used as a wick material based from the results of the preliminary testing to verify several literature claims. In order to determine number of wicks to optimally supply the water demand of lettuce, treatments namely, T1= 1 wick, T2 = 2 wicks, T3 = 3 wicks and a control treatment T4 which uses manual irrigation method, were tested and compared against each other. Significant results were in terms of the volume of water applied, and the water use efficiency in which T1 showed a better performance among other treatments. However, it does not imply that T1 had produced a supreme yield output. Instead, this can be attributed to the efficient application of irrigation water to an optimal level. This means that T1 or the use of 1 wick material minimizes irrigation water losses through evaporation and percolation. An economic analysis was performed and has resulted to a return on investment of 41.92% or 41.92% of the investment cost will be returned after three cropping, which is an attribute of the particular set-up cost of the study.