Frequency Of Strikes Research Articles

Effects of urbanization on cloud-to-ground lightning strike frequency: a global perspective.

Urbanization tends to increase local lightning frequency (i.e. the 'lightning enhancement' effect). Despite many urban areas showing lightning enhancement, the prevalence of these effects is unknown and the drivers underlying these patterns are poorly quantified. We conducted a global assessment of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes (lightning strikes) across 349 cities to evaluate how the likelihood and magnitude of lightning enhancement vary with geography, climate, air pollution, topography and urban development. The likelihood of exhibiting lightning enhancement increased with higher temperature and precipitation in urban areas relative to their natural surroundings (i.e. urban heat islands and elevated urban precipitation), higher regional lightning strike frequency, greater distance to water bodies and lower elevations. Lightning enhancement was stronger in cities with conspicuous heat islands and elevated urban precipitation effects, higher lightning strike frequency, larger urban areas and lower latitudes. The particularly strong effects of elevated urban temperature and precipitation indicate that these are dominant mechanisms by which cities cause local lightning enhancement.

Movement for Black Lives at Work? Racial Justice Spillover, Labor Organization, and New Worker Militancy

ABSTRACT Emerging from a confluence of events – including Black Lives Matter Movement (BLM) – racial consciousness has intensified in recent years. In the wake of a long declining labor movement, there has also been a surprising upsurge in labor militancy. Are these two currents systematically related? Situating our analysis in the sociological literature on social movement spillover, we ask if there is evidence of racial justice spillover into and stimulating workplace militancy. Employing all known strikes and worker protests during 2021 and 2022, we find: (a) racial justice demands did, indeed, appear as part of workplace militancy during this period; (b) racial justice demands were voiced in both worker protests and strikes launched most heavily by unions but also by alt-labor/SMOs and by unorganized workers; (c) weekly time-series regression models indicate that BLM demonstrations stimulated the frequency of workplace protests and strikes with racial justice demands which, in turn, stimulated wider worker militancy over other issues; and (d) interdependency analysis of worker actions reveals that unionized worker protests served as a key catalyst driving other forms of worker militancy with racial justice demands. We discuss the implications of our findings for social movement spillover theory and for moving racial justice and labor movements forward.

Crisis and curfew: Lived experiences of community members seeking emergency maternal and neonatal care before and during the COVID-19 pandemic on Mfangano Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, families in rural sub-Saharan Africa faced numerous well-documented barriers in accessing timely care during maternal and neonatal health emergencies. We are now beginning to further appreciate the complex impacts that global disruptions, like the COVID-19 pandemic, can have on access to maternal care across vulnerable health systems, particularly for mothers seeking care in remote settings. In 2021, we initiated a qualitative follow-up study to the MOMENTUM (Monitoring Maternal Emergency Navigation and Triage on Mfangano) cohort study conducted within the remote communities of Mfangano Island on Lake Victoria, in Western Kenya, in 2019 and early 2020. Given the timing of this follow-up study, we sought to further qualify the barriers previously identified during the initial MOMENTUM quantitative survey, as well as explore specific ways that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted these barriers. In September 2021, 4 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), with a total of 44 participants, were conducted among patients and families who had recently experienced maternal and neonatal emergencies. Additionally, 15 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted with community leaders and health-care providers to allow reflection more broadly on their local emergency health-care system. A grounded theory methodology was utilized to analyze respondent themes. The lived experiences reported here by FGD and KII participants substantiate and validate numerous challenges previously identified in our prior study. Importantly, participants also highlighted specific ways that the pandemic intensified each of these factors, through the spread of misinformation, restricted mobility due to government curfews and lockdowns, increased frequency of health worker strikes, and worsening financial and resource constraints across the health system. Participants also described creative ways in which contextually experienced providers (i.e., Mfangano Health Navigators) facilitated critical coordination to help patients access care during the chaotic circumstances generated by the pandemic. These findings suggest that trained community health workers can play an influential role in improving emergency care coordination, particularly during future pandemics and similar public health disruptions within extremely resource-limited environments.

FEATURES OF TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL ACTIONS IN A TAEKWONDO FIGHT FOR SHORT ATHLETES

The article discusses the features of tactical and technical actions in a taekwondo match for short athletes. Relevance. Knowing and taking into account the anthropometric characteristics of an opponent allows you to prepare for battle more eff ectively, in particular, adapt your tactics and strategy to the individual characteristics of the enemy. It becomes relevant to study the features of tactical and technical actions in a taekwondo match for short athletes. Problem, goal, tasks. The purpose of the study is to consider the features of tactical and technical actions in a taekwondo match for short athletes. Research objectives: 1. Priority for close combat due to the lower center of gravity and stability. In this regard, avoiding long distance allows you to deliver short blows to your opponent and make blocks. 2. Maneuverability and speed of movement due to shorter strikes and avoidance of attacks and counterattacks at short distances. 3. Using a low stance, which makes it diffi cult for the enemy to strike from the head. 4. Higher frequency of impacts to the legs due to low height. 5. Quick and powerful strikes to the lower body. However, for a short athlete there is a high risk of receiving blows from above. Materials and Methods of research: analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization of scientifi c sources on the research problem. Results and its discussion. The relevance of studying the characteristics of combat by short athletes is substantiated. It is noted that the taekwondo program should include a block of educational and training activities, which includes exercises that take into account individual body proportions, the height of the op-ponent, and is aimed at analyzing the actions of a short opponent, combat tactics, and possible risks for the athlete. The results of competitions with the participation of short athletes for the period 2019–2023 are systematized. An analysis of observations of competitions with the participation of short athletes was carried out and the features of tactical and technical actions in a WTF taekwondo match were determined. These include 1) the priority of close combat due to the lower center of gravity and stability, 2) maneuverability and speed of movement due to shorter strikes and avoidance of attacks and counterattacks at short distances, 3) the use of a low stance, which complicates the task of striking with the head parts of the opponent, 4) higher frequency of strikes to the legs due to low height, 5) fast and powerful strikes to the lower body. However, for a short athlete there is a high risk of receiving gifts from above. Conclusions. It is concluded that the tactical and technical actions of a short athlete, their features and risks for the enemy.

Design and development of a horizontal contact separated (HCS) test setup for measuring the performance of triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainable energy harvesting applications.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can play a pivotal role in harnessing non-utilized reciprocating motion and convert it into electrical energy that can later be stored in a battery or capacitor to power various Internet of Things-based smart electronic and wearable devices. Herein, we designed a cost-effective instrumental test bed focused on investigating the output performance of a horizontal contact separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator by varying the input parameters, such as applied force, motor speed, triboplate separation, and frequency of instrumental setup. The test bed mainly consists of three major parts: (i) application of force, (ii) tapping of TENG sample, and (iii) output parameters measurement. The output performance in terms of open circuit output voltage (VOC), short circuit current (ISC), and power density of polydimethylsiloxane-based TENG was monitored and optimized by varying the input parameters. A low-cost current measuring circuitry using an operational amplifier integrated circuit has been proposed with 92% accuracy. The maximum value of VOC and ISC was observed to be 254V and 31.8 µA at a motor speed of 600rpm, the distance between both the plates was 6mm, the input applied force of 40 N, and the striking frequency of 3Hz. The maximum power density of 2.1 W/m2 was obtained at an input impedance of 8 kΩ. The durability of the test bed as well as the TENG sample was also measured for 25h. The degree of uncertainty was measured for VOC, ISC, and applied force and calculated to be 1.62%, 7.45%, and 6.27%, respectively.

Investigating responses to US drone strikes in Yemen using Twitter data

As part of the War on Terror, the US conducted at least 378 air and drone strikes in Yemen from 2002 to 2023. While primarily targeting members of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), these strikes have killed over 1,000 people, including more than 125 civilians. This research aims to understand the broader societal impact of US military action as shown on Twitter, now known as ‘X’. The authors take a mixed-methods approach, using both qualitative and quantitative data to investigate this impact. They perform word- and tweet-level analyses on the content and sentiment of a subset of Yemeni Twitter users and contrast the content of Yemeni users’ tweets about US drone strikes with that of US users’ tweets. Finally, the article quantifies the temporal relationship between the frequency and severity of US drone strikes and Twitter activity levels in Yemen, considering the prevalence of Twitter bots.

Effects of light pollution on Bluegill foraging behavior

AbstractObjectiveArtificial light at night (ALAN) is one of the most pervasive and rapidly expanding sources of anthropogenic pollution. Aquatic ecosystems may be especially vulnerable to the effects of ALAN due to their disproportionate exposure to anthropogenic pressures. However, research on mechanisms of response to ALAN by aquatic species remains sparse. Our research investigated the extent to which ALAN influences the nocturnal feeding efficiency of Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus.MethodsUsing an array of outdoor mesocosm tanks, we assigned juvenile Bluegill to five nighttime lighting treatments (control dark, 1 lx, 4 lx, 12 lx, and intermittent 12 lx). We conducted weekly nighttime feeding trials for 6 weeks to assess four prey capture variables, including capture efficiency (the effectiveness of prey strikes), capture rate (the number of prey items captured), strike rate (the frequency of prey strikes), and latency (time elapsed before the first prey strike).ResultThe steady lighting treatments, which were selected based on nighttime urban light intensities we previously measured in the field, had no apparent effect on any of the prey capture variables. However, flashing high‐intensity lights (intended to mimic the effect of passing car headlights on a busy highway) had a significant negative effect on capture rate and strike rate, thereby inhibiting the ability of fish to strike at and capture prey.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the potential for light pollution (especially flashing or intermittent lights) to interfere with the foraging behavior of this ecologically and economically important sportfish.

High frequency of germline recombination in Nestin-Cre transgenic mice crossed with Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor floxed mice.

The Cre-loxP strategy for tissue-specific gene inactivation has become a widely employed tool in several research studies. Conversely, inadequate breeding and genotyping without considering the potential for non-specific Cre-recombinase expression may lead to misinterpretations of results. Nestin-Cre transgenic mice, widely used for the selective deletion of genes in neurons, have been observed to have an incidence of Cre-line germline recombination. In this study, we attempted to generate neuron-specific Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (Glp1r) knock-out mice by crossing mice harboring the Nestin-Cre transgene with mice harboring the Glp1r gene modified with loxP insertion, in order to elucidate the role of Glp1r signaling in the nervous system. Surprisingly, during this breeding process, we discovered that the null allele emerged in the offspring irrespective of the presence or absence of the Nestin-Cre transgene, with a high probability of occurrence (93.6%). To elucidate the cause of this null allele, we conducted breeding experiments between mice carrying the heterozygous Glp1r null allele but lacking the Nestin-Cre transgene. We confirmed that the null allele was inherited by the offspring independently of the Nestin-Cre transgene. Furthermore, we assessed the gene expression, protein expression, and phenotype of mice carrying the homozygous Glp1r null allele generated from the aforementioned breeding, thereby confirming that the null allele indeed caused a global knock-out of Glp1r. These findings suggest that the null allele in the NestinCre-Glp1r floxed breeding arose due to germline recombination. Moreover, we demonstrated the possibility that germline recombination may occur not only during the spermatogenesis at testis but also during epididymal sperm maturation. The striking frequency of germline recombination in the Nestin-Cre driver underscores the necessity for caution when implementing precise breeding strategies and employing suitable genotyping methods.

Hydrodynamics of Butterfly-Mode Flapping Propulsion of Dolphin Pectoral Fins with Elliptical Trajectories.

This article aims to numerically study the hydrodynamic performance of the bionic dolphin equipped with a pair of rigid pectoral fins. We use dynamic-grid technology and user-defined functions to simulate a novel butterfly-mode flapping propulsion of the fins. This pattern of propulsion is composed of three angular degrees of freedom including the pitch angle ϕp, the azimuth angle ϕa and the roll angle ϕr, which can be divided into four stages for analysis within a single cycle. The stroke of one single pectoral fin can be approximated as an ellipse trajectory, where the amplitudes of ϕa and ϕp, respectively, determine the major and minor axes of the ellipse. The fluid dynamics involved in the specific butterfly pattern is mathematically formulated, and numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the propulsion quantitatively. The results show that the dolphin with a higher water striking frequency f can acquire higher propulsion speed and efficiency. Furthermore, the shape of the ellipse trajectory under different conditions could also have different propulsion effects. The periodic generation and disappearance of vortex structures in the butterfly flapping mode show the evolution process of fluid flow around a pair of pectoral fins, which reveals the influence of motion parameters on fluid dynamics under different working conditions.

Prevalence of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Adult Sickle Cell Clinic Patients and Cardiovascular Correlates

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is strongly correlated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease in the general population, and especially in African Americans. In Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), the adverse effect of nocturnal hypoxemia is anticipated to have additional adverse effects with the sickling of red blood cells and microvascular thrombosis unique to the disease. Prospective data regarding the prevalence and consequences of SDB in this population are lacking. In an ongoing study, 27 adult subjects (age > 18 years), with homozygous HbSS genotype, presenting to the Howard University Sickle Cell Center for routine follow up have been recruited irrespective of the presence of sleep symptoms. Exclusion criteria include previous diagnosis or treatment of a sleep disorder or requirement for supplemental oxygen. Testing occurs when subjects are in a stable phase of disease, with no hospitalizations or medication changes for 4 weeks. In addition to clinical history and questionnaires, participants are assessed with blood work, 6 minute walk testing, pain and sleep diaries during 1 week actigraphy, transthoracic echocardiography and overnight in lab polysomnography with capnography. At the time of this interim analysis, the mean age is 42 (range 29-71, +/- std dev 11) and male:female distribution is 17:10. The mean BMI is 20.4 (+/- 4.5). Mean Hgb is 9.1 g/dl (+/- 1.8) and mean LDH is 325 iu/L (+/- 163). Polysomnography scoring utilized a 3% desaturation criterion for hyponeas as per American Academy of Sleep Medicine Scoring Manual Chapter VIII, 1A. Mean sleep efficiency is 77% ( std dev +/- 4.2%). 48% of subjects demonstrate some degree of sleep disordered breathing as defined by an AHI > 5 events/hour (33% mild, 4% moderate, 11% severe). 70% of subjects demonstrate an RDI > 5 events/hour (40% mild, 19% moderate, 11% severe). Twelve participants (44%) exhibit more than 5 minutes sleep duration at saturations <89% (mean = 187 minutes). Hypercapnia is not suggested as an important component of SDB with the mean ET CO2 = 40.7 mm Hg (range 30-46 mm Hg). Echocardiographic values (LVPWd, Lad, MV E/A, PVV, and RVSP) do not correlate with any indices of sleep disordered breathing other than minutes <89% saturation correlating with RVSP. In summary, this interim analysis of sleep in a population of unselected Sickle Cell Clinic patients demonstrates a striking frequency of sleep disordered breathing. This is despite a generally low BMI for these patients which is typically considered one of the most important risk factor for sleep apnea. Ongoing recruitment is planned to confirm these findings. Correlation with clinical outcomes and potential response to therapeutic interventions will be important future research questions.

British trade unionism in the 1980s reassessed. are recurring assumptions about union membership and strikes flawed?

ABSTRACT This article questions the hypothesis, put forward by several historians and IR academics, that the 1980s decline in British union membership and strike frequency, was driven by major industrial defeats, a cultural shift away from collectivism, and the adverse effects of the Conservative Government’s anti-union legislation. In contrast, this paper argues that international economic developments, most notably the globalisation of manufacturing production, along with the British Conservative Government’s economic policies, which resulted in mass unemployment in heavily unionised areas of the economy, were the principal reasons for the declines in union membership and strike frequency during the 1980s. In support of this theory, my article draws upon extensive contemporaneous research, which I conducted when I worked in the Industrial Relations Research Unit at the University of Warwick in the late 1980s. This research illustrates how strike frequency and union membership fell in the early and mid-1980s, before membership stabilized, and the frequency of strikes relative to the number of unionised workplaces increased, during the short-lived economic upturn of the late 1980s.

Green finance and the socio-politico-economic factors’ impact on the future oil prices: Evidence from machine learning

This paper suggests an innovative method of estimating crude oil prices based on multiple socio-politico-economic factors in context of green finance using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) model. This work also examines the relevance of six factors (commodities market factors, geopolitical factors, supply, demand, and financial market factors), in addition to green finace, in evaluating several forecasting models and identifying statistically essential factors for predicting future oil prices. We implement state of the art LASSO model on a data set of the abovementioned factors (26 variables). The proposed model is evaluated against four bench mark models (traditional statistical models (OLS, GARCH), EIA and artificial neural networks) at different time steps (1 step, 3 steps, 6 steps, and 9 steps). Statistical analysis of outcomes shows that the LASSO technique produces better predictions than other benchmark models. The results also deliver detailed insights into the temporal association between numerous socio-politico-economic factors, green finance and crude oil. Our findings indicate that the global output of steel, the Kilian index, the Institute for Supply Management index, green finance index, the value of the dollar, and the frequency of terrorist strikes in Central East and Northern Africa are important demand drivers. These elements, taken as a whole, are more significant than supply and speculation. We also find that no variable from the supply factor is essential in determining the future oil value. Our results are significant for government and policy makers to gain insight into future oil prices in the context of various social, economic, and political factors.

A convolutional neural network to characterize mouse hindlimb foot strikes during voluntary wheel running.

Voluntary wheel running (VWR) is widely used to study how exercise impacts a variety of physiologies and pathologies in rodents. The primary activity readout of VWR is aggregated wheel turns over a given time interval (most often, days). Given the typical running frequency of mice (∼4Hz) and the intermittency of voluntary running, aggregate wheel turn counts, therefore, provide minimal insight into the heterogeneity of voluntary activity. To overcome this limitation, we developed a six-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) to determine the hindlimb foot strike frequency of mice exposed to VWR. Aged female C57BL/6 mice (22months, n = 6) were first exposed to wireless angled running wheels for 2h/d, 5days/wk for 3weeks with all VWR activities recorded at 30 frames/s. To validate the CNN, we manually classified foot strikes within 4800 1-s videos (800 randomly chosen for each mouse) and converted those values to frequency. Upon iterative optimization of model architecture and training on a subset of classified videos (4400), the CNN model achieved an overall training set accuracy of 94%. Once trained, the CNN was validated on the remaining 400 videos (accuracy: 81%). We then applied transfer learning to the CNN to predict the foot strike frequency of young adult female C57BL6 mice (4months, n = 6) whose activity and gait differed from old mice during VWR (accuracy: 68%). In summary, we have developed a novel quantitative tool that non-invasively characterizes VWR activity at a much greater resolution than was previously accessible. This enhanced resolution holds potential to overcome a primary barrier to relating intermittent and heterogeneous VWR activity to induced physiological responses.

An Automated Electrical Protection System against Lightning Strike

Abstract: Lightning is very difficult to predict and causes permanent damage to electrical appliances. A lightning protection device will be developed which will be less costly than the others and it can be simply controlled by any common people and can automatically protect electrical systems. This lightning protection device is for small or medium electric systems where lightning strike frequency and damage by lightning strike is very high. This lightning protection device can protect devices struck by lightning directly while the system is running. This device ‘Lightning Breaker' has been designed with ESP8266 and lightning detector circuit, two relay modules, TP4056 module, XL6009 module, and 5v 250mAh solar cell. This device has very compact structure that increases portability and decreases mounting costs.

Mammal management: Strike mitigation measures and practices at European airports

Airfield environments can be attractive to a broad range of wildlife, including mammals, and rates of wildlife-aircraft collisions are generally increasing, globally. It is important, therefore, that the components of an airfield that may be attractive to wildlife and the effectiveness of current mammal-exclusion and strike mitigation measures, are understood. However, the suite of applied measures and the efficacy thereof differs between airfields. The collation of such information would represent a useful tool in potentially mitigating strike frequency or severity for airfield managers. To this end, an online survey was distributed to personnel responsible for wildlife management at airfields in Europe (Belgium, France, Greece, Ireland, Spain and the UK) between July 2020–March 2021. Mammals were recorded at all responding airfields (n = 22), while mammal strikes were recorded at 21 locations. A mammal sightings index scored foxes (91% of airfields) and rabbits (81% of airfields) as the most frequently recorded species. The presence of specific habitat (mainly heathland/peatland) airside was associated with a high mean mammal diversity at airfields in Ireland, the UK and Belgium which reported the presence of this habitat type. The erection of fencing and grassland management measures were the most frequently implemented mitigation measures, while managing water sources within the airfield environment was ranked as the most successful mitigation measure. Our study highlights the need for Wildlife Hazard Management Plans to consider an integrated management approach that not only mitigates general strike risk but is also adaptable to species of particular concern.

Comparisons between Short- and Long-Lived Break Events during the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon

Abstract The break events of the western North Pacific summer monsoon vary significantly in duration, ranging from a few days to more than 2 weeks. In this study, we classify the monsoon break events into short-lived (≤8 days) and long-lived (>8 days) events, which account for 78% and 22% of the total events during 1979–2020, respectively. The results show that convection suppression is stronger and broader for long-lived events than for short-lived events. In addition, the temporal distributions of the two break categories are distinct: short-lived events present a roughly even distribution from late July to late September, while long-lived events are highly concentrated, with a striking frequency peak around early September. The mechanisms responsible for break events are investigated. Results indicate that both break categories are co-contributed by 10–25- and 30–60-day oscillations. Short-lived events result from a phase lock of the two oscillations, which explain 54% and 35% of the convection suppression, respectively. By contrast, long-lived events are initiated by both oscillations but maintained only by 30–60-day oscillations. In addition, 30–60-day oscillations reach the peak intensity after the monsoon onset due to seasonal background changes, which is critical for forming the frequency peak of long-lived events around early September. Furthermore, it is found that long-lived events tend to occur in the developing phase of positive SST anomalies in the tropical central Pacific, when 30–60-day oscillations are abnormally enhanced over the western North Pacific. Significance Statement The monsoon break usually refers to significant rainfall reduction during the monsoon season, which can induce abnormal weather, such as heatwaves and droughts, resulting in huge economic losses. To date, however, there are only a few studies on the break of the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM), in sharp contrast to the well-known Indian monsoon break. We note that break events of the WNPSM vary widely in duration. This study aims to reveal the remarkable difference between short- and long-lived events, including intensity, spatial extent, occurrence time, and physical mechanisms. These results will help us better understand the diversity of the break phenomenon and may serve as a scientific basis for improving the subseasonal prediction of the WNPSM.

Persistent Self-Induced Larmor Precession Evidenced through Periodic Revivals of Coherence.

Interferometric measurements of an optically trapped exciton-polariton condensate reveal a regime where the condensate pseudo-spin precesses persistently within the driving optical pulse. For a single 20 μs optical pulse, the condensate pseudo-spin undergoes over 10^{5} full precessions with striking frequency stability. The emergence of the precession is traced to polariton nonlinear interactions that give rise to a self-induced out-of-plane magnetic field, which in turn drives the system spin dynamics. The Larmor precession frequency and trajectory are directly influenced by the condensate density, enabling the control of this effect with optical means. Our results accentuate the system's potential for the realization of magnetometry devices and can lead to the emergence of spin-squeezed polariton condensates.

The Multilevel Politics of County-to-District Mergers in China

ABSTRACT County-to-district mergers (chexian gaiqu), a major form of ’administrative division adjustment’ (ADA), have occurred with striking frequency across Chinese cities in recent decades. Despite the high stakes of county mergers, scholars have yet to systematically analyze the political variables that shape where and when such reforms occur. Addressing this gap, the authors assemble a novel dataset to examine the relationship between institutional and leadership factors at different government levels and the incidence of county mergers. This analysis highlights the importance of national leadership priorities in shaping the frequency and regional distribution of county mergers. It also finds that, at least in times of greater central policy permissiveness, the bargaining power of cities is a strong predictor of which localities carry out county mergers.

Analysis of Lightning Strike Effects on Crude Oil Storage Tank Protection System at PT. Pertamina Balongan Indramayu

Main Gathering Station (MGS) Balongan Pertamina EP Asset 3 OGT is an industry engaged in the oil and gas sector by always paying attention to QHSE (Quality, Health, Safety and Environment) aspects. This industry is a national vital object categorized as a zone 1 and zone 2 hazardous area. There is a source of danger that has the potential to cause damage to equipment and people. The electrical installation used is a lightning protection system with reference to the NFPA 780-2017 standard concerning the Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems. The rolling sphere method is used to calculate the need for a lightning protection system. To calculate the need for a grounding electrode, a rod electrode grounding system is used. Construction MGS Balongan (Hazardous Construction) has a value of direct lightning strike frequency (Nd) of 0.03 lightning strikes per year with an equivalent area of building lightning strikes (Ae) of 1082.95 m2. The value (Ng) of the intensity of lightning strikes to the ground is 27.6 lightning strikes per km2 per year, the protection level is level II with a radius of 30 meters and the earth resistance value is 0.344 Ω. The design value of this calculation is in accordance with PUIL 2011 standards, namely it must be below 5Ω for the overall value of earth resistance.

Repressing worker dissent: lethal violence against strikers in the early American labor movement

ABSTRACT Despite U.S. labor-management history having long been recognized as the most violent and bloody of any Western industrialized nation, unanimity has failed to materialize regarding its impact on concomitant labor protests, organizations, and politics. We examine the impact of striker fatalities on the strength and trajectory of the early American labor movement against the null hypothesis that such bloodshed is largely random and/or inconsequential by building recently constructed measures of fatal strike violence into time-series regression models of strike frequency, union membership, and membership within the Socialist Party of America. The results suggest that killing strikers, labor organizers, and strike sympathizers had deleterious consequences for labor: dampening strike activity through the long-term cumulative history of picket-line deaths – particularly strikes for union recognition; and hampering union and Socialist Party organizational growth. Thus, repressive elite violence appears to have contributed, in part, to propelling the American labor movement along what has traditionally been characterized as an ‘exceptional’ path of weakening labor’s potential power during its formative decades.