Strict Legal Regulations Research Articles

Implications of Personal Data Protection Law in Consumer Health Data Management to Improve Secure and Confidential Handling in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of the implementation of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law) on the management of consumer health data in Indonesia, with a focus on enhancing secure and confidential handling. In the midst of the rapidly evolving digitalisation era, the management of personal data, especially those related to health information, requires strict and effective legal regulation. This is becoming increasingly urgent given the increasing incidents of data leaks and privacy violations, one of which occurred in the leak of the Indonesian Ministry of Health's server which collected 6 million patient medical record data. The research method used is normative juridical with a conceptual approach and a statutory approach, where secondary data is broken down into three different types of legal materials, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The PDP Law and Consumer Protection Law are the primary legal sources, accompanied by the use of relevant literature as secondary legal sources as well as dictionaries and encyclopedias as tertiary legal materials to further explain. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the existing regulations and their applicability in the health context, as well as considering the increasing public awareness of their rights to personal data. The results show that although challenges such as uneven technological infrastructure and lack of awareness among health staff still exist, the measures taken through the PDP Law have created a strong foundation for better health data protection in the future, improving security and confidentiality in health data management.

Assessing Government Responsibility in Land Acquisition for National Strategic Projects

This study analyses the Government's responsibilities in implementing land acquisition in National Strategic Projects. This is qualitative research using a statutory approach, case and conceptual approaches. The primary legal materials resulted from relevant laws and legislation. The legal material collected is analysed prescriptively. The results showed that national strategic projects' land acquisition planning arrangements must be accommodated adequately and comprehensively. There are no land acquisition planning arrangements that accommodate justice, which has encouraged the creation of land acquisition conflicts. Research findings show that the Government's responsibility in acquiring land for National Strategic Projects is weak, and regulatory arrangements are unclear. Government responsibility still needs to be stronger and have strict legal regulations. Legal certainty for economic interests in National Strategic Projects is more dominant. At the same time, the Government has ignored the interests of law and justice for the affected communities.

Polygamy and Nikah Sirri Culture of Agen Thrifting Families in Teluk Nibung: An Islamic Family Law Perspective

Ideally, Islamic family law regulates polygamy with clear provisions to ensure justice and the welfare of all parties involved. In reality, within the culture of Agen Thrifting families in Teluk Nibung, Tanjung Balai, polygamy and nikah sirri (unregistered marriages) are often adopted as strategies to circumvent stringent legal regulations, creating issues related to legal status and family rights. This study aims to examine the practices of polygamy and nikah sirri in the context of Agen Thrifting families, focusing on how these practices interact with Islamic family law provisions. This article is categorized as qualitative field research. The methodology employed is a juridical-empirical approach, combining legal analysis with direct field observations. The research findings indicate that the culture of polygamy among Agen Thrifting families is often accompanied by nikah sirri as an effort to evade strict legal regulations. This results in negative impacts, including family separation and unclear status of children. Such practices undermine the principles of Islamic family law, particularly the assurance of family rights protection and legal recognition in accordance with justice principles.

TAX CONTROL AS AN ELEMENT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN TAX PAYERS AND TAX AUTHORITIES

The article analyzes the role and importance of tax control as a key element of interaction between taxpayers and tax authorities. It is determined that tax control is a key element of the tax system, since the functioning of the country's economy depends on its effectiveness, and forms of tax control contribute to the efficiency of tax relations. The elements and methods of tax control are considered, and it is determined that it operates within the framework of strict legal regulation and has a state character. It is established that in order to increase the activity of tax control, it is necessary to resolve the issue of interaction and mutual responsibility between taxpayers and the State. This is possible through the introduction of the basic principles of taxation and the formation of a tax policy that meets budget priorities and the organization of public expenditures. The article identifies the factors that complicate the implementation of tax control. Among them are the difficult financial situation of many taxpayers, the low level of tax culture and taxpayers' distrust of the tax authorities. These problems can be overcome by improving tax legislation, strengthening the responsibility of tax officials, and by taking measures to raise awareness and educate the public about the importance of paying taxes correctly. It is analyzed that the digital transformation of tax audits leads to a significant reduction in the time required for their conduct and an increase in the likelihood of detecting tax evasion. However, this process faces a number of problems that can be solved by amending the relevant legislative acts

Online anti-immigrant discourse in Germany: ethnographically backed analysis of user comments

This article investigates discourse- and language-specific features of online anti-immigrant extreme speech in Germany. We analyze a context rich dataset collected and annotated through a collaborative effort involving fact-checkers, ethnographers and natural language processing (NLP) researchers. Using a bottom-up annotation scheme, we capture the nuances of the discourse and develop a typology of lexical innovations. The analysis combines thematic and critical discourse analysis with a linguistic perspective, revealing that direct forms of racism intertwine with argumentative forms of antagonism and playful word games within anti-immigrant discourses, in ways that center around narratives of victimhood and perceived threats from migrants. We further show how the specific conditions in Germany, including strict legal regulations of speech, have shaped the emergence of a non-standard language variety in and through anti-immigrant discourse, which helps the discourse community maintain group identity. The ethnographically backed analysis provides a granular understanding of the phenomenon of online extreme speech in the German context, contributing to the broader field of discourse studies and offering insights into the varieties within anti-immigrant discourse.

Characteristics of Victimological Problems Caused by the Development of Artificial Intelligence Technologies that Contribute to the Growth of Victims of Unfavorable Socialization Conditions

The relevance of the issue under consideration is due to the fact that the growth of new technologies, on the one hand, gives rise to a number of new opportunities to improve the quality of life, while exposing modern society to serious risks . The manifestation of these risks increases significantly with the use of artificial intelligence technologies, which are rapidly being implemented due to the high technocratization of many spheres of life in modern digital society . In this regard, the subject of the study was the potential risks arising from the introduction of these technologies . The goal was to study the impact of processes associated with the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies on society, to analyze the causal complex that contributes to the transformation of the population in the process of their use into victims of unfavorable conditions of socialization, as well as to make proposals aimed at minimizing the victimization of citizens . The methodological basis lies in the analysis of the most dangerous risks and vulnerabilities in the process of introducing artificial intelligence technologies, their causal complex, followed by extrapolation in the future of the identified negative trends . The results of the study indicate that the potential for harm caused during the implementation of these technologies can give rise to both completely calculated threats and a number of new risks and vulnerabilities, which, according to some experts, are unlikely, but the scale of the harm caused from which may be significant . The author has submitted for wide scientific discussion a completely new problem of an intersectoral nature, which is associated with the victimological aspects of the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies . The main emphasis is on the need to ensure the protection of victims arising after the introduction of new technologies. The author focuses on the fact that in the process of using the technologies under consideration, more and more people will be exposed to various risks and threats; accordingly, their implementation acts as one of the factors in the victimization of society . In this regard, it is necessary to resort to strict legal regulation of social relations related to artificial intelligence technologies . The area of implementation of the results of this research is such that the findings can be used in the development of program measures to counter the threats of the introduction of artificial intelligence, which contribute to the transformation of the population into victims of unfavorable conditions of socialization.

Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Rzeszów in 2023.

Legionnaires' disease is a type of severe pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria. The case fatality rate in this disease is 5-10%. People with various comorbidities, smokers and the elderly are at greater risk of developing the disease. The aim of the work is to present the results of an epidemiological investigation into the outbreak of Legionnaires' disease that occurred in the city of Rzeszów and the surrounding area in August and September 2023 and to present the threat related to the presence of Legionella bacteria in water supply installations and networks. The material for this publication was data from an epidemiological investigation conducted in the outbreak of Legionnaires disease in Rzeszów in 2023. Epidemiological investigation revealed 165 cases of Legionnaires' disease in the outbreak, including 152 confirmed cases and 13 probable cases. The case fatality rate in a legionellosis outbreak was 15%. Environmental tests were carried out in residential and public buildings and industrial installations during the investigation. As part of environmental tests, 187 water samples were collected, including 87 warm water samples. The outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in the city of Rzeszów draws attention to the potential threat from the Legionella bacteria to the health and life of especially elderly people suffering from chronic diseases. The environmental tests carried out confirmed the highest number of Legionella bacteria at medium and high levels in water samples taken in the private apartments of sick people. Despite the lack of strict legal regulations clearly specifying the obligations regarding periodic disinfection of internal hot water supply installations, cooperation with their owners should be undertaken to enforce plans and actions in this area.

Evaluation of Telemedicine Support for Medics from the Perspective of Course Instructors.

Health services in the theater/district areas often contain difficulties. Although telemedicine has a huge potential to support medics in the area, there are challenges as well. Our aim is to evaluate the telemedicine support that can be provided to the medics from the perspective of course instructors. Our study was carried out in The University of Health Sciences, Türkiye. All of the instructors of a medic course were asked to fill a 13-question questionnaire and Likert-type scale, sent via e-mail. Among 79 instructors, 71 of them (55 physicians, 16 nonphysicians) responded and were included in the study. The distributions of the categorical variables in the groups were analyzed with the Pearson Chi-square. Of the 71 participants, 37 (52.11%) stated that there is a need for legal and ethical regulations for telemedicine (medical liability, malpractice, obtaining consent from the casualties, civilians, cross border missions, and rank-related problems) and patients' rights, additionally, to clarify the responsibilities of the doctors giving telemedicine support and the medics in the area. It was observed that physicians' and nonphysician group's opinions about the telepsychotherapy were statistically significantly different (χ2 = 8.675, P = .013). Most of the instructors believed that telemedicine could carry the knowledge and skills of specialist physicians to the field of operation. Access to high-quality health services in a short time through telemedicine support can increase the courage and commitment of the personnel. It is thought that with telemedicine, medics will not feel alone in the field, their worries about making wrong decisions will decrease, and their knowledge and skills will increase. Participants were particularly concerned about who will be held responsible for problems arising from interventions carried out using telemedicine, and strict legal and medical regulations are needed.

Economic behavior of agricultural land market subjects

The purpose of the study is to build the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior models. The formation of rational land use in the agrarian sphere indicates influence of institutional factors – motives and interests of land owners that allow to ensure land distribution included in the market turnover between the most efficient users. The structural scheme of the agricultural land market subjects’ behavior motives has been proposed. The motives of sellers in the land market are to optimize income that is achieved by increasing a land plot attractiveness. Buyers are guided by the possession motives, use and disposal of land by acquiring a land plot. Sellers and buyers of land plots are individuals and legal entities. Agricultural organizations, individual entrepreneurs, farms, personal subsidiary plots, and citizens (rural population) participate in land sailing. Buyers in the market are owner, land user, landowner, and tenant. The functions of sellers and buyers have been systematized considering the purpose and action of the actors. Destructive and rational models of the agricultural land market actors’ economic behavior have been presented and developed. The application of the destructive model is associated with negative consequences characterized by land withdrawal from economic turnover, change of its intended purpose, and land transfer to another category. The rational model includes finding an optimal alternative under a set of constraints and provides for a high level of human intelligence and knowledge to make right decisions. Factors of this model are coordination of land ownership institutions and creation of a legal framework. It is characterized by strict administrative and legal regulation that contributes to eradication of shadowing in land relations. The area of application of the developed rational model of the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior is scientific organizations, agro-industrial complex management bodies at the regional and municipal levels, and agricultural producers.

Cyber security and its role in the financial sector: threats and protection measures

The paper examines the critical role of cybersecurity in the financial sector and the challenges facing financial institutions in today's digital world. The conceptual apparatus of cyber security as an important component of the national security of the state, as well as the most common cyber threats and attacks in the financial sector, were studied. The definitions of the concept of "cyber security" proposed in scientific sources are detailed with the main stages of its provision in financial institutions. Attention is focused on the need to develop an approach to cyber security as an element of risk management, which will help financial institutions reduce the number of threats and losses and maintain the stability of their activities in the conditions of cyber warfare. The paper also examines the main safeguards that financial institutions should take to ensure their cyber security. The role of technologies, proactive monitoring, creating a culture of cyber security and other factors in ensuring the safety and stability of financial systems is analyzed. In addition, the paper examines current trends in cyber security and innovative approaches to protecting financial institutions from complex and distributed threats. It highlights the importance of cross-sector collaboration and information sharing for early detection and prevention of cyber threats. An important aspect of the paper is the emphasis on the need to constantly update and improve cyber security strategies, as threats are constantly evolving and financial institutions must be ready to respond to new challenges. The conclusions emphasize the fact that the financial sector plays a key role in maintaining the economic liquidity and functionality of the state. Cyber-attacks that cause service disruptions or data loss can lead to irreparable losses in financial activity, which will have a negative impact on the global economy. In addition, cyber threats can undermine the confidence of customers and investors, which, in turn, will lead to an outflow of assets and a decrease in the reputation of the financial institution. That is why the financial sector is subject to strict legal regulation and standardization of the cyber security system. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in sanctions and fines, as well as the loss of relevant licenses and permits.

Introduction and Comparison of Novel Decentral Learning Schemes with Multiple Data Pools for Privacy-Preserving ECG Classification.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have led to prominent and spectacular innovations in various scenarios. Application in medicine, however, can be challenging due to privacy concerns and strict legal regulations. Methods that centralize knowledge instead of data could address this issue. In this work, 6 different decentralized machine learning algorithms are applied to 12-lead ECG classification and compared to conventional, centralized machine learning. The results show that state-of-the-art federated learning leads to reasonable losses of classification performance compared to a standard, central model (-0.054 AUROC) while providing a significantly higher level of privacy. A proposed weighted variant of federated learning (-0.049 AUROC) and an ensemble (-0.035 AUROC) outperformed the standard federated learning algorithm. Overall, considering multiple metrics, the novel batch-wise sequential learning scheme performed best (-0.036 AUROC to baseline). Although, the technical aspects of implementing them in a real-world application are to be carefully considered, the described algorithms constitute a way forward towards preserving-preserving AI in medicine.

Legal environmental regulation and green technology innovation of energy enterprises: based on panel threshold regression

Legal environmental regulation is not only an important tool for green technology innovation and energy efficiency improvement, but also a key measure for enterprise upgrading and high-quality economic development. Based on the panel data of China’s listed energy companies from 2010 to 2020, this paper finds that legal environmental regulation has a significant positive impact on enterprise green technological innovation by using SYS-GMM. And the threshold regression model is used to examine the nonlinear impact of legal environmental regulation on green technology innovation in this paper. The results show that the positive impact of legal environmental regulation on green output of energy enterprises is more prominent than that of non-R&D investment. In addition, the impact of legal environmental regulation on green technology innovation of energy enterprises has a threshold effect. That is, the loose legal environmental regulation (LER ≤ 399.656) has a negative impact on the green output of energy enterprises, while the impact of strict legal environmental regulation (LER > 399.656) is the opposite. Meanwhile, the loose legal environmental regulation (LER ≤ 491.291) and strict legal environmental regulation (LER > 491.291) have a negative impact on the non-R&D investment of energy enterprises. Finally, there are huge differences in green technology innovation capabilities of energy enterprises.

The Importance Of Understanding Mathematical Concepts In Calculating Zakat Income

Zakat is the fourth pillar of Islam and is obligatory for Muslims who can afford it. The Qur'an mentions several forms of wealth that are recommended to pay zakat as one of Allah's rights, one of which is professional or income zakat. In determining the nisab for zakat, it certainly requires accuracy in calculating it, therefore we need to understand the mathematical concept to calculate the nisab for zakat, especially on professional or income zakat. The research method in this article uses literature study, which is a method of collecting data by understanding and studying theories from various literature related to this research. Professional zakat is one of the new cases in Islamic law. The Al-Qur'an and al-Sunnah do not contain strict legal regulations regarding professional zakat, this is due to the limited types of business or community work during the time of the Prophet and mujtahid priests. The determination of the nisab for professional zakat is the same as gold, namely 85 grams of pure gold and there are also those who argue that it is equal to 96 grams. However, as a careful step in interpreting a worship, it is better to measure the lowest.

EVAPORATION OF METHYLATED SPIRIT AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF RADIOACTIVITY DEMONSTRATION IN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVELS

Practical demonstrations by teacher and learner, especially in Science Education, make teaching-learning process pragmatic, learner-centred, easier to understand, and more appreciated. Also, it has been observed that radioactivity is one of the important topics in Physics and Chemistry at Secondary School levels. Unfortunately, its concept appears abstract and illusion in the minds of the learners due to lack of practical demonstrations or experimentation of the theory. The reason for such deficiency may be attributed to hazardous nature of radioactive substances, strict legal regulations on their exposures (both at the international and domestic levels), associated risk during transportation and handling, etc. The essence of this research is to devise a way of practically demonstrating radioactivity by utilising a non-radioactive substance that is cheaply available with high level of sustainability and potential to exhibit decay. Specifically, methylated spirit was used as the non-radioactive substance in this study. It was put in a syringe clamped vertically with an open end facing up and timing of its evaporation was performed separately for intervals of 10 minutes and 15 minutes. In each case, the volume of the methylated spirit left was recorded and the data obtained were analysed It was observed that the volume – time relationships were of exponential decay characteristic supported by empirical formula governing radioactivity, notwithstanding the time intervals considered. For 10 minutes interval consideration, the results showed evaporation constant (which is analogous to decay constant), and half-life to be 8.14 x 10-4 min-1, and 851.4 minutes respectively whereas in the case of 15 minutes interval, they were found to be 8.40 x 10-4 min-1, and 825.0 minutes respectively. Hence, it could be adjudged that methylated spirit is a promising non-radioactive substance for practical experiment/demonstration to make teaching and learning of radioactivity learner-centred for a better understanding of the topic in Physics and Chemistry at Secondary School levels.

What’s new in the field of serum-based eye drops

Worldwide serum-based eye drops are successfully used in the treatment of the Dry Eye Syndrome (DES). Autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs) are most common but allogenic eye drops were introduced in many countries mostly because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Not all aspects of the product formula have however been worked out so far. Each medical entity involved in the preparation, packaging and distribution of the product performs according to its own procedures. Various actions have therefore been undertaken to standardize, harmonize and exchange the experience in this field. In 2022 the 5th edition of EDQM’s Guide to the quality and safety of tissues and cells for human application was issued. Within the EU4Health Programme a new group for Recommendations and Guidance Documents for the Management of Substances of Human Origin (SoHO) in Hospitals is being formed. International cooperation of serumbased product users lead to the establishment of working group events — Workshops on the Eye Drops of Human Origin (EDHO) and Serum eye drop manufacturer’s group. Despite the widespread use of serum-based eye drops all over the world, in almost none of the countries, EU included, are there strict legal regulations for handling the product. It is therefore necessary to come up with a universal definition of artificial tears therapy and to determine specific procedures for the product preparation.

On the representativeness of hygienic and sanitary data

Hygienic and sanitary research, as a rule, are related to the selective control. In this case, the decision on the quantitative characteristics of environmental factors or public health is based on the results of checking one or more selections of samples, and environmental quality is assessed by comparing the values of these characteristics with standards, primarily – maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants. Strict legal regulation of such work is necessary, but the current regulatory documents are incomplete and even contradictory. There are erroneous decisions due to unrepresentativeness, not only to the insufficient amount of initial data, but also to their unsatisfactory processing. The consequence of such decisions is unjustified requirements for enterprises that pollute the environment, charging inflated payments for a negative impact on the environment, etc. Using the example of monitoring for highly variable indicators of the quality of natural and waste waters, showed that in order to make a correct conclusion about the fulfillment or violation of hygienic and sanitary requirements, based on a comparison of several samples, it is necessary to equalize their statistical weights. Violation of this condition can lead to the dependence, oriented in one direction in stratified datasets, will acquire the opposite direction after their summation. In preventing such errors, the role of territorial bodies of sanitary and epidemiological control and supervision is essential.

The coming of age of interpretable and explainable machine learning models

Machine-learning-based systems are now part of a wide array of real-world applications seamlessly embedded in the social realm. In the wake of this realization, strict legal regulations for these systems are currently being developed, addressing some of the risks they may pose. This is the coming of age of the concepts of interpretability and explainability in machine-learning-based data analysis, which can no longer be seen just as an academic research problem. In this paper, we discuss explainable and interpretable machine learning as post hoc and ante-hoc strategies to address regulatory restrictions and highlight several aspects related to them, including their evaluation and assessment and the legal boundaries of application.

Agile Leadership and Digital Transformation in Savings Cooperative Limited: Impact on Sustainable Performance Amidst COVID-19

Savings Cooperative Limited in Thailand is a financial institution that operates under strict legal regulations and self-imposed limitations to mitigate potential risks arising from its business activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the adoption of agile leadership within the organization becomes crucial in reducing inertia and facilitating the digital transformation process, leading to sustainable financial and non-financial performance. This research aims to investigate the direct and indirect effects of agile leadership and organizational inertia on sustainable financial and non-financial performance, with digital information playing a significant role.The study comprised 100 managers or deputies from Savings Cooperative Limited in Thailand, selected through purposeful sampling to meet specific criteria. Data collection involved a questionnaire based on concepts and theories, administered via email, phone, and mail. Subsequently, the collected data underwent analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM) to yield results. The findings of this study demonstrate a positive relationship between agile leadership and digital transformation, as well as sustainable financial and non-financial performance. Furthermore, organizational inertia was found to have a negative impact on digital transformation. However, the relationships between other variables were not statistically significant. These results contribute to a better understanding of the definition of agile leadership, highlighting its inability to eliminate the influence of external factors such as legal constraints. Therefore, it is recommended that authorities responsible for enforcing laws consider providing leniency during crisis conditions, allowing Savings Cooperative Limited to employ agile leadership in practical ways. Any leaders within Savings Cooperative Limited in Thailand aiming to implement digital transformation and achieve success should prioritize the selection of agile leadership based on these findings. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-01-04 Full Text: PDF

Research on The Legal Path of Female Egg Donation in China under The Background of Low Fertility Rate

With the fertility rate declining yearly in China, egg donation has become a meaningful way to solve people's infertility and improve fertility. However, more laws and regulations on egg donation behavior norms and constraints must be more relevant. Promoting the legalization of egg donation in China and establishing a standardized national unified egg bank can help infertile parents reproduce through reproductive assistance technology and improve the national fertility level. Through literature review and summary, this paper found that there are ethical and moral risks, lack of reasonable supervision, and the egg donation platform has yet to be fully established in China. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and improve the relevant legal management system of egg banks and carry out more standardized and strict supervision and legal regulations on the specific procedures of egg donation, egg use, egg collection, and egg freezing. The public welfare of voluntary egg donation should be publicized more to reduce the possibility of commercial egg donation and egg freezing. Pay attention to the construction of egg banks, conduct data statistics, prevent the occurrence of inbreeding, protect the privacy of egg donors more comprehensively, and provide encouraging economic compensation to egg donors; Finally, the physical and mental health and safety of egg donors should be guaranteed to reduce the risk of egg donation.

Legal Conflicts and Gaps in the Context of Labor Legislation of Ukraine.

In the conditions of the democratization of the Ukrainian state, the reform of labor legislation is an objective necessity, about which there are many discussions. The current labor legislation was developed during the existence of strict legal regulation of labor relations, when state property was their economic basis. The relevance of the chosen research topic lies in the fact that the current legislation regulating labor relations is outdated and unbalanced, has problems, shortcomings, conflicts and gaps, and is simply not suitable for regulating this area in a market economy. The present study used a set of general and special methods of scientific knowledge. The purpose of this study is to establish the nature of problems, shortcomings and gaps in the legal regulation of labor relations in Ukraine, identify some of them and find ways to solve them, and formulate proposals to improve existing labor legislation in our country.