Strict View Research Articles

THE SPIRITUAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CARTOGRAPHY OF THE HUMAN SUBCONSCIOUS AND THE STRUCTURES OF NEOLIBERAL THEOLOGY

Usually, an economist, a manager, a business administrator, or any other participating member of the free market has a single and clear view of the pecuniary value of goods and the nature of capital. The logic of capitalism allows the economic agent to assign clear values to goods based on several factors. Although such a strict view of a good and its nature is mechanically correct, it is an incomplete one. Economists and economic theorists more broadly agree that commercial goods, whether they are directed to the consumer or intermediate goods in the production chain, are the result of human labour.

Kant on Lying in Extreme Situations

Abstract A crucial issue in normative ethics concerns the morality of lying. Kant defends the view that the duty to not lie does not allow for any exceptions in practical judgments: it never is a person’s right or duty to lie. Many people abhor this view. Kantians have tried to make sense of Kant’s view (and save Kantian moral philosophy) by suggesting Kantian interpretations that are less strict. I reject the attempts to nuance the strictness of Kant’s view. I break new ground by arguing that Kant’s view is best made sense of by taking his strict stance seriously. I focus on his doctrine of virtue account against lying. Kant is not always strict on the interpretation of duties. As regards other duties he does leave (limited) room for exceptions. The strictness of the duty to not lie therefore is a special case intrinsically connected to key aspects of his fundamental philosophy. My explanation of the doctrine of virtue account starts out by focusing on the inner lie. For Kant each and every inner lie is problematic because being truthful is a condition and an integral part of the moral Denkungsart; i. e., way virtue manifests itself in the empirical world. Hence, an inner lie must be interpreted as the destruction of freedom and personhood. Kant’s doctrine of virtue view on the inner lie also implies a strict view on the outer lie. Developing this implication requires the analysis of Kant’s view on human self-knowledge and their propensity to evil.

Obstetric pelvimetry by three-dimensional computed tomography in non-pregnant Japanese women: a retrospective single-center study

Objective While a basic understanding of pelvic size and typology is still important for obstetricians, pelvic measurement data for Japanese women are very scarce. To our best knowledge, no large-scale pelvimetry studies of Japanese women have been made for the past 50 years. This study aimed to investigate the accurate size, particularly the obstetric conjugate (OC) and transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet (TD), of modern Japanese women, using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT), and to obtain their reference values. Methods This retrospective, single-center observational study enrolled Japanese non-pregnant women aged between 20 and 40 years, who underwent pelvic CT examination from 2016 to 2021. CT was performed for various reasons, including acute abdomen, search for cancer metastases, and follow-up of existing disease. However, no cases were taken for pelvic measurements. Pelvimetry was performed retrospectively using a 3D workstation. The OC was measured on a strict lateral view and the TD was measured on an axial-oblique view. Other clinical data, such as age, height, and weight, were also extracted from the medical charts and analyzed. Results A total of 1,263 patients were enrolled, with the mean age of 32.7 years (standard deviation [SD] 6.2). The mean height, weight, and body mass index were 158.8 cm (SD 5.8), 54.8 kg (SD 11.7), and 21.7 kg/m2 (SD 4.4), respectively. The mean OC length was 127.0 mm (SD 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 126.5–127.5), while the mean TD length was 126.8 mm (SD 7.5, 95% CI 126.4–127.2). Both values were normally distributed. Height was significantly associated with OC (regression coefficient = 0.75 [95% CI 0.66–0.84], p < .001) and TD (regression coefficient = 0.63 [95% CI 0.56–0.70], p < .001). Age showed a weak but statistically significant positive association with TD (regression coefficient = 0.14 [95% CI 0.07–0.20], p < .001) and OC (regression coefficient = −0.10 [95% CI −0.18 to −0.01], p = .026). Conclusion The 3D CT pelvimetry in 1,263 non-pregnant Japanese women of childbearing age revealed the mean OC and TD of 127.0 mm, and 126.8 mm, which were 11.8 mm and 4.3 mm larger, respectively, than those in the survey in 1972. Our data will be referred to in clinical practice as the standard pelvic measurement values for the Japanese population.

The use of a 30-degree radiolucent triangle during surgery in distal avulsion fractures of the patella

BackgroundAvoiding patella baja or alta after the Krackow suture technique for distal avulsion fractures of the patella can be challenging. We aim to introduce a simple and reproducible technique using a 30-degree radiolucent triangle involving the contralateral knee to ensure the correct positioning of the patella intraoperatively.MethodThe radiolucent triangle is positioned under the contralateral knee before operating the injured knee. A strict lateral view is obtained using fluoroscopy as a reference before a Krackow technique is performed on the avulsion fracture of the patella.ResultsThe triangle technique is straightforward and easily reproducible by surgeons of all levels. It allows the surgeon to correctly position the patella intraoperatively in avulsion fracture repair and modify tension on the patellar tendon.ConclusionThis method avoids millimetric mispositioning of the operated patella, thus improving the management intraoperatively and could decrease postoperative complications.

Das Ermessen im ukrainischen Verwaltungsrecht – Entwicklungen seit 2015

Ukrainian administrative law is a young field of law. For a long time, some criminal law criteria dominated here, such as the strict view of the specificity of a legal authorization for the encroachment on citizens’ rights. In administrative law, this had the effect that any flexibility of the administration was rejected. Furthermore, the granting of flexibility was linked to corruption. Therefore, the discretion of the administration was not a major issue in legal theory and practice. Since 2015, however, changes can be observed in the practice of the administrative courts, partly also in jurisprudence. The administrative courts examine discretionary decisions of the administration based on the criteria of CoE Recommendation 80 (2) concerning the exercise of discretionary powers by administrative authorities and the relevant practice of the ECtHR. The second innovation is the Law on Administrative Procedures, which was adopted in June 2022 but came into force 15/12/2023. This law provides for a regulation on discretion in line with European standards. This will provide a clear legal framework for administrative discretion, which is also subject to judicial review. Due to the fact, that the current practice of the administrative courts and the new law are based on European legal criteria, the current Europeanised practice will be continued.

Determination of the Stifle Angle at Standing Position in Dogs.

The cranial cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most common orthopaedic diseases encountered in dogs. Surgical techniques have been developed to stabilize the stifle, with an overall accepted benefit of tibial osteotomies among which is the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA). Prior to surgery, the required TTA must be determined on a strict lateral radiographical view of the affected stifle with femur and tibia at an angle of 135° as initially recommended. This value, initially determined in only two dog breeds, has been considered the mean standard value of the canine stifle angle during the mid-stance phase. We sought to determine if this particular stifle angle around mid-stance phase was similar among multiple dog breeds. We built up a custom-made radiographic system for stifle angle measurement in standing dogs. A mean value of stifle angle of 145° was obtained. Mean stifle angle at mid-stance phase in a healthy dog is regularly higher than 135° and is likely breed and individual dependent. The pre-operative measurement of the required TTA made on stifles in 145° extension, a value close to full physiological extension could contribute to decreasing the incidence of late post-operative meniscal lesion, consecutive to underestimation of TTA.

Ridiculous Empire

This article analyses the works of Olivier Schrauwen with a particular focus on his comic Arsène Schrauwen, which plays out in the colonial context of the Congo. It argues that Schrauwen’s comics exploit the formal qualities of the colonial adventure genre that is frequent in traditional European comics as a way of subverting and satirising them. It further argues that through a constant reliance on meta-references to other works and tropes recognisable from adventure tales, in combination with the adoption of a strict colonialist world view, Schrauwen humorously ridicules the asymmetrical binaries between coloniser and colonised.

Immunoecology of Species with Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Strategies

Alternative reproductive tactics and strategies (ARTS) refer to polymorphic reproductive behaviours in which in addition to the usual two sexes, there are one or more alternative morphs, usually male, that have evolved the ability to circumvent direct intra-sexual competition. Each morph has its own morphological, ecological, developmental, behavioural, life-history, and physiological profile that shifts the balance between reproduction and self-maintenance, one aspect being immunity. Immunoecological work on species with ARTS, which is the topic of this review, is particularly interesting because the alternative morphs make it possible to separate the effects of sex per se from other factors that in other species are inextricably linked with sex. We first summarize the evolution, development, and maintenance of ARTS. We then review immunoecological hypotheses relevant to species with ARTS, dividing them into physiological, life-history, and ecological hypotheses. In context of these hypotheses, we critically review in detail all immunoecological studies we could find on species with ARTS. Several interesting patterns emerge. Oddly, there is a paucity of studies on insects, despite the many benefits that arise from working with insects: larger sample sizes, simple immune systems, and countless forms of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. Of all the hypotheses considered, the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis has generated the greatest amount of work, but not necessarily the greatest level of understanding. Unfortunately, it is often used as a general guiding principle rather than a source of explicitly articulated predictions. Other hypotheses are usually considered a posteriori, but perhaps they should take centre stage. Whereas blanket concepts such as “immunocompetence” and “androgens” might be useful to develop a rationale, predictions need to be far more explicitly articulated. Integration so far has been a one-way street, with ecologists delving deeper into physiology, sometimes at the cost of ignoring their organisms’ evolutionary history and ecology. One possible useful framework is to divide ecological and evolutionary factors affecting immunity into those that stimulate the immune system, and those that depress it. Finally, the contributions of genomics to ecology are being increasingly recognized and sometimes applied to species with ARTS, but we must ensure that evolutionary and ecological hypotheses drive the effort, as there is no grandeur in the strict reductionist view of life.

Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality.

Strict norms about hygiene may sometimes have health benefits but may also be a burden. Based on research in the United States, it has been suggested that women traditionally shoulder responsibility for hygiene standards and therefore tend to have stricter views on hygiene. However, there is little systematic research on sex differences in hygiene norms at the global scale. We set up two hypotheses: (1) Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men is a global phenomenon. (2) The size of this sex difference varies across nations with the level of sex equality. We examine these hypotheses using data from a recent international survey (N = 17,632). Participants in 56 countries were asked for their views of where it is not appropriate for people to spit and in which situations people should wash their hands. As a measure of sex equality, we use an existing country-level measure of attitudes to equality between the sexes, available for 49 nations in the study. Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men are observed almost everywhere, but there are a few exceptions (most notably Nigeria and Saudi Arabia). The size of the sex difference in hygiene norms varies strongly with the level of sex equality, but in a non-linear way. The sex difference is most pronounced in moderately egalitarian countries with the highest recorded difference being in Chile. In more egalitarian parts of the world, more sex equality is associated with a smaller sex difference in hygiene norms. In the less egalitarian parts of the world, the opposite relation holds. We offer an interpretation in terms of what different levels of sex equality mean for the content of sex roles.

Ethics of Self-driving Cars: A Naturalistic Approach

The potential development of self-driving cars (also known as autonomous vehicles or AVs – particularly Level 5 AVs) has called the attention of different interested parties. Yet, there are still only a few relevant international regulations on them, no emergency patterns accepted by communities and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), and no publicly accepted solutions to some of their pending ethical problems. Thus, this paper aims to provide some possible answers to these moral and practical dilemmas. In particular, we focus on what AVs should do in no-win scenarios and on who should be held responsible for these types of decisions. A naturalistic perspective on ethics informs our proposal, which, we argue, could represent a pragmatic and realistic solution to the regulation of AVs. We discuss the proposals already set out in the current literature regarding both policy-making strategies and theoretical accounts. In fact, we consider and reject descriptive approaches to the problem as well as the option of using either a strict deontological view or a solely utilitarian one to set AVs’ ethical choices. Instead, to provide concrete answers to AVs’ ethical problems, we examine three hierarchical levels of decision-making processes: country-wide regulations, OEM policies, and buyers’ moral attitudes. By appropriately distributing ethical decisions and considering their practical implications, we maintain that our proposal based on ethical naturalism recognizes the importance of all stakeholders and allows the most able of them to take actions (the OEMs and buyers) to reflect on the moral leeway and weight of their options.

Is there a correlation between pelvic incidence and orientation of the acetabulum? An analysis based on a three-dimensional statistical model of the pelvic ring.

The pelvic ring is a complex anatomical structure building up the connection between the trunk and the legs. Whilst there is a broad discussion in the literature about the dynamic interaction between spine, pelvis and the hip joints, there is still little information about the relation and interaction of the constant pelvic parameters. Based on a three‐dimensional (3D) statistical model consisting of 150 uninjured and bony healthy pelves (100 Europeans, 50 Japanese; 81 males, 69 females; average age 74.3 years ± 17.5 years) an evaluation of pelvic incidence (PI) and acetabular orientation in anteversion and inclination was performed and potential correlations of these intraindividual constant parameters were investigated. Pelvic incidence is defined as the angle between the perpendicular to the sacral plate at its midpoint and the line connecting this point to the middle axis of the femoral heads. Acetabular anteversion is defined as the angle between the perpendicular to the best‐fit plane on the acetabular rim and the coronal plane measured in strict lateral view. Acetabular inclination is defined as the angle between the perpendicular to the best‐fit plane on the acetabular rim and the sagittal plane in strict frontal view. Data were further analysed with regard to different subgroup's age, sex and ethnicity. A positive correlation between PI and acetabular anteversion could be demonstrated. Further, PI and also the acetabular parameters anteversion and inclination were found to be significantly higher in the European individuals than in the Asian. The results of the present study demonstrate a relation between the anatomical configuration of the constant pelvic parameters building up the connection points to the next proximal respectively caudal skeleton section. The findings might lead to more comprehensive treatment strategies in case of trauma or degenerative pathologies of the pelvis in the future.

How problem gambling by a male partner contributes to intimate partner violence against women: a gendered perspective

ABSTRACT This paper adopts a gendered perspective exploring how gambling by a male partner contributes to intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. Unstructured interviews with 30 women with lived experience of male partner violence linked to his gambling were analyzed using adaptive grounded theory. Gendered drivers of violence set the context for IPV experienced by these women. Their male partners held strict patriarchal views about gender roles, controlled decision-making, restricted the woman’s independence, and condoned using violence against women. Gambling by the male partner interacted with these gendered drivers to increase the frequency and severity of IPV. They prioritized their gambling above the family’s welfare, controlled household finances, and coerced the woman into providing money. Gambling created situations that increased IPV, including anger over losses, family stressors and conflicts, with violent backlash silencing the woman’s objections. Violence intensified as the gambling escalated, with short-term cycles of violence directly linked to gambling events. Women experienced financial, psychological, physical and sexual abuse, and patterns of coercive control that maintained a climate of fear. These findings reveal the centrality of gender inequality within intimate relationships as a foundation for IPV, which is then exacerbated by the perpetrator’s gambling.

The Strict and Broad Views of Intention Again

I reply to Steven Jensen’s article, “Phoenix Rising from the Ashes: Recent Attempts to Revive New Natural Law Action Theory,” which appeared in this journal in 2020. His arguments helpfully clarify where the disagreements between the strict and broad views of intention lie but, I argue, fail to refute the arguments and explanations he criticizes. I argue he misinterprets the strict view’s reference to necessity in its criterion for what is intended. I also argue against what he labels as the “identity thesis,” and against his attempt to show that the strict view (or New Natural Law theory of action) leads to the absurdity that most acts of adultery are not actually adultery.

Право на тіло: в полоні соціокультурного та юридичного дискурсів

The human body in the conditions of (post) modernity becomes significant both from the point of view of the person and from the regulatory discourses in which this significance is fixed. Therefore, there is talk about having the right to a body, the implementation of which is problematic, because the body is controlled by various discourses, including socio-cultural, economic, media, medical, legal and others. The article deals with the right to a body, which can be considered in the context of the theory of generations of human rights and attributed to the fourth generation of human rights - somatic rights. In the socio-cultural perspective, the right to the body can be seen as the right to free bodily existence outside the controlling gaze, the choice of one’s own appearance (shape, weight, level of care, etc.), one’s own sexuality, marriage partner. At the same time, society has a system of rules that determine bodily norms and deviations, the conditions under which they are formed and exist and the characteristics according to which they are determined, the pool of experts who can dictate and evaluate, and categories of people depending on their compliance to those norms. First of all, such a strict normative view is aimed at women, which leads to a variety of negative consequences, including extreme forms of violation of the right to the body, including severe injuries. The existence of the norm is supported by discrimination against non-compliant social groups or stigmatization of inappropriate bodily practices. However, a person has the inalienable right to choose what to do with his/her own body, to take care of it, to express himself/herself by any means, i.e. he/she has the right to bodily autonomy and non-violence. The quality of his/her life depends on this direction. In Ukrainian society, the exercise of the right to the body is associated with both the existing socio-cultural discourse that legitimizes bodily norms and legal discourse that defines certain bodily practices as significant and therefore regulated by law (this includes birth / reproductive rights, including abortion and artificial insemination, euthanasia, cloning, gender reassignment).

Does working from home work? Experience of working from home and the value of hybrid workplace post-COVID-19

PurposeThis study aims to understand how knowledge workers working from home during COVID-19 changed their views on physical work environments and working-from-home practices.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted a survey targeting workers in the USA recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. A total of 1,651 responses were collected and 648 responses were used for the analysis.FindingsThe perceived work-life balance improved during the pandemic compared to before, while the balance of physical boundaries between the workplace and home decreased. Workplace flexibility, environmental conditions of home offices and organizational supports are positively associated with productivity, satisfaction with working from home and work-life balance during the pandemic.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the strict traditional view of “showing” up in the office from Monday through Friday is likely on the decline, the hybrid workplace with flexibility can be introduced as some activities are not significantly affected by the work location, either at home-based or corporate offices. The results of this study also highlight the importance of organizations to support productivity and satisfaction in the corporate office as well as home. With the industry collaboration, future research of relatively large sample sizes and study sites, investigating workers’ needs and adapted patterns of use in home-based and corporate offices, will help corporate real estate managers make decisions and provide some level of standardization of spatial efficiency and configurations of corporate offices as well as essential supports for home offices.Originality/valueThe pandemic-enforced working-from-home practices awaken the interdependence between corporate and home environments, how works are done and consequently, the role of the physical workplace. This study built a more in-depth understanding of how workers who were able to continue working from home during COVID-19 changed or not changed their views on physical work environments and working-from-home practices.

Bare singulars and singularity in Turkish

This paper explores the semantics of bare singulars in Turkish, which are unmarked for number in form, as in English, but can behave like both singular and plural terms, unlike in English. While they behave like singular terms as case-marked arguments, they are interpreted number neutrally in non-case-marked argument positions, the existential copular construction, and the predicate position. Previous accounts (Bliss, in Calgary Papers in Linguistics 25:1–65, 2004; Bale et al. in Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 20:1–15, 2010; Görgülü, in: Semantics of nouns and the specification of number in Turkish, Ph.d. thesis, Simon Fraser University, 2012) propose that Turkish bare singulars denote number neutral sets and that morphologically plural marked nouns denote sets of pluralities only. This approach leads to a symmetric correlation of morphological and semantic (un)markedness. However, in this paper, I defend a strict singular view for bare singulars and show that Turkish actually patterns with English where this correlation is exhibited asymmetrically. I claim that bare singulars in Turkish denote atomic properties and that bare plurals have a number neutral semantics as standardly assumed for English. I argue that the apparent number neutrality of bare singulars in the three cases arises via singular kind reference, which I show to extend to the phenomenon called pseudo-incorporation and a construction that I call kind specification. I argue that pseudo-incorporation occurs in non-case-marked argument positions following Öztürk (Case, referentiality, and phrase structure, Amsterdam, Benjamins, Publishing Company, 2005) and the existential copular construction, whereas kind specification is realized in the predicate position. The different behaviors of bare singulars in Turkish and English stem from the fact that singular kind reference is used more extensively in Turkish than in English. Furthermore, while there are well-known asymmetries between singular and plural kind reference cross-linguistically, Turkish manifests a more restricted distribution for bare plurals than English in the positions where pseudo-incorporation and kind specification are in evidence. I explain this as a blocking effect, specific to Turkish, by singular kind terms on plural kind terms.

Experimental validation of a new technique for the assessment of posterior tibial translation (ABC angle) after posterior cruciate ligament rupture

BackgroundThe aim of this cadaver study was to evaluate an original technique for measuring posterior tibial translation based on an angle value instead of a distance value, with and without posterior stress application. It was hypothesized that an angle measurement of the posterior tibial translation would confirm the presence of a PCL tear with the knee flexed and completely extended.MethodUsing fresh cadavers, a set of strict lateral views were taken by fluoroscopy with the knee at 0°, 45° and 90° flexion on the intact knee and after transecting the PCL. The primary endpoint was the change in the posterior translation measured using a new technique, the ABC angle. This measurement was compared to the conventional posterior translation distance measurement with and without a posterior stress placed on the knee.ResultsApplication of a posterior stress revealed clear changes in posterior translation after PCL transection with the knee at 0° for the angle technique and at 45° and 90° for the two techniques (p < 0.05). Contrary to the reference method, the ABC angle method found a statistically significant difference in posterior translation with the knee in extension.ConclusionOur technique provides a reliable radiographic measurement of posterior translation with the knee in extension, which should make it easier to acquire radiographs in patients who have pain with knee flexion. This angular measurement also has the advantage of not needing length calibration contrary to the reference technique.Level of evidenceIV

Santri with attitude: support for terrorism and negative attitudes to non-Muslims among Indonesian observant Muslims

ABSTRACT Scholars continue to wrestle with determining the extent and ways in which religiosity – and particularly more strict religious views and practices – provides fertile ground for the emergence and growth of terrorism. Using large samples of Muslim respondents from across the Indonesian archipelago, we find that: (1) higher levels of orthodox religiosity are associated with more negative attitudes to non-Muslims, and (2) higher levels of orthodox religiosity are associated with lower support for terrorist groups. We propose that this finding is consistent with the type of orthodox religiosity of Indonesian santri – that is, observant Muslims – which is usually characterised by collective religious practices, affiliation with religious mass organisations and religious education. In the Indonesian context, orthodox religiosity might provide vehicles but not motives of terrorist mobilisation, and – although it can foster negative views of out-groups – it can actually constitute a barrier to broader support for terrorism.

Two-Dimensional Visualization of the Three-Dimensional Planned Sacroiliac Screw Corridor with the Slice Fusion Method.

Insertion of sacro-iliac (SI) screws for stabilization of the posterior pelvic ring without intraoperative navigation or three-dimensional imaging can be challenging. The aim of this study was to develop a simple method to visualize the ideal SI screw corridor, on lateral two-dimensional images, corresponding to the lateral fluoroscopic view, used intraoperatively while screw insertion, to prevent neurovascular injury. We used multiplanar reconstructions of pre- and postoperative computed tomography scans (CT) to determine the position of the SI corridor. Then, we processed the dataset into a lateral two-dimensional slice fusion image (SFI) matching head and tip of the screw. Comparison of the preoperative SFI planning and the screw position in the postoperative SFI showed reproducible results. In conclusion, the slice fusion method is a simple technique for translation of three-dimensional planned SI screw positioning into a two-dimensional strict lateral fluoroscopic-like view.

Directive Content

AbstractRepresentations may have descriptive content, directive content, or both, but little explicit attention has been given to the problem of distinguishing representations of these three kinds. We do not know, for instance, what determines whether a given representation is a directive instructing its consumer to perform some action or has descriptive content to the effect that the action in question has a certain value. This paper considers what it takes for a representation to have directive content. The first part of the paper presents the Liberal View, which might be taken to be the default position on this issue. The Liberal View has some attractions, but as the second part shows, these are less conclusive than they might at first appear, and there is much to be said for an alternative, the Strict View.