Strict Identity Research Articles

Long-term strict ant-plant mutualism identity characterises growth rate and leaf shearing resistance of an Amazonian myrmecophyte

Over 125 million years of ant-plant interactions have culminated in one of the most intriguing evolutionary outcomes in life history. The myrmecophyte Duroia hirsuta (Rubiaceae) is known for its mutualistic association with the ant Myrmelachista schumanni and several other species, mainly Azteca, in the north-western Amazon. While both ants provide indirect defences to plants, only M. schumanni nests in plant domatia and has the unique behaviour of clearing the surroundings of its host tree from heterospecific plants, potentially increasing resource availability to its host. Using a 12-year survey, we asked how the continuous presence of either only M. schumanni or only Azteca spp. benefits the growth and defence traits of host trees. We found that the continuous presence of M. schumanni improved relative growth rates and leaf shearing resistance of Duroia better than trees with Azteca. However, leaf herbivory, dry matter content, trichome density, and secondary metabolite production were the same in all trees. Survival depended directly on ant association (> 94% of trees died when ants were absent). This study extends our understanding of the long-term effects of strict ant-plant mutualism on host plant traits in the field and reinforces the use of D. hirsuta–M. schumanni as a model system suitable for eco-co-evolutionary research on plant–animal interactions.

Trust me if you can: Practical challenges affecting the integration of carpooling in Mobility-as-a-Service platforms

App-based Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) platforms combining public transport, car- and micro-mobility-shared services with real-time dynamic carpooling are emerging as viable alternatives to solo car use for sub-urban contexts. Insights from real-life implementation are however still limited. Which practical conditions may hinder the effectiveness of MaaS platforms leveraging carpooling? We tackle this question from the perspective of potential users of MixMyRide, a Swiss-based MaaS platform, based on co-design workshop sessions performed in Summer-Autumn 2022. We find four elements of practical interest, resonating with limitations already identified for carpooling. First, integrating carpooling in inter-modal trips increases the number of inter-changes potentially affected by delays. This requires real-time traffic information data, re-scheduling tools, and features for quick interaction between platform users. Second, features to create trust between strangers are needed, which require trade-offs between strict identity check and quick registration. Third, carpooling pick-up/drop-off may either endanger safety (if bus stops are used) or require inconvenient prior agreements, negatively affecting the MaaS platform’s dynamism. Fourth, carpooling offer is not granted. To accept possible discomfort in sharing personal space with strangers and time-effort to enter trip offers, drivers need specific incentives, such as sharing of travel expenses, reward vouchers by public institutions, or virtual gamification and feedback on saved emissions.

AI-powered malware detection with Differential Privacy for zero trust security in Internet of Things networks

The widespread usage of Android-powered devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) makes them susceptible to evolving cybersecurity threats. Most healthcare devices in IoT networks, such as smart watches, smart thermometers, biosensors, and more, are powered by the Android operating system, where preserving the privacy of user-sensitive data is of utmost importance. Detecting Android malware is thus vital for protecting sensitive information and ensuring the reliability of IoT networks. This article focuses on AI-enabled Android malware detection for improving zero trust security in IoT networks, which requires Android applications to be verified and authenticated before providing access to network resources. The zero trust security model requires strict identity verification for every entity trying to access resources on a private network, regardless of whether they are inside or outside the network perimeter. Our proposed solution, DP-RFECV-FNN, an innovative approach to Android malware detection that employs Differential Privacy (DP) within a Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) designed for IoT networks under the zero trust model. By integrating DP, we ensure the confidentiality of data during the detection process, setting a new standard for privacy in cybersecurity solutions. By combining the strengths of DP and zero trust security with the powerful learning capacity of the FNN, DP-RFECV-FNN demonstrates the ability to identify both known and novel malware types and achieves higher accuracy while maintaining strict privacy controls compared with recent papers. DP-RFECV-FNN achieves an accuracy ranging from 97.78% to 99.21% while utilizing static features and 93.49% to 94.36% for dynamic features of Android applications to detect whether it is malware or benign. These results are achieved under varying privacy budgets, ranging from ϵ=0.1 to ϵ=1.0. Furthermore, our proposed feature selection pipeline enables us to outperform the state-of-the-art by significantly reducing the number of selected features and training time while improving accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to categorize Android malware based on both static and dynamic features through a privacy-preserving neural network model.

Zero Trust Security Model for Enterprise Networks

Zero Trust (ZT) is security model and follow the concept of ânever trust, always verifyâ. ZT require to strict identity verification for devise and clients trying to access recourses on private networks regardless of whether they are sitting within or outside the networks. As opposed to perimeter-based architecture, which makes the assumption that all internal network parties are trusted and all external network parties are untrusted. In enterprise network the internal network parties is automatically seen as trusted entities granting them access to network resources. The insider threat actor has been successful in exploiting their access. So that, enterprise networks become more exposed to inside and outside threads. As a result, we need to add the zero-trust principle to the enterprise network to protect it from the inside. In this paper, the ZT model, is assumed inside the militarized zone. There may be a threat to the sensitive data. Any internal company network users cannot manipulation on his computer without permission from the administrator this is done by the group policies that have been implemented in ZT. This model has been shown to be quite effective in protecting the sensitive data against unauthorized access and also the manipulation by the insider user. Following that, an attack originating from inside of the network was launched against the enterprise and zero trust network. In the enterprise network, the network was effectively attacked, and the attack’s validity was also increased to fully penetrate the enterprise. The attack did not succeed in the zero-trust network because the attacker cannot pass the User Account Control (UAC) to gain the NT authority.

Providing Stability to Our World. Identity and Transference

The problem of identity is central to epistemic transference. However, relative identity appears to be the only way to work out an epistemic useful notion of identity. Relative identity, on its part, is either parasitic on strict identity or not identity at all. If, on the contrary, we ought for a strict concept of identity capable of satisfying its requirements, we end up with a tautologic and epistemic worthless category. The paper provides an answer to this problem, which, while working with a strict notion, shows how it might still serve epistemic purposes. In doing so, it shows how a formal reconstruction of our objectual world and the identities we refer to poses a workable model upon which our messy epistemic one acquires stability. The paper focuses primarily on the Geach-Quine discussion on identity.

Event-Based Switching Iterative Learning Model Predictive Control for Batch Processes With Randomly Varying Trial Lengths.

Iterative learning model predictive control (ILMPC) has been recognized as an excellent batch process control strategy for progressively improving tracking performance along trials. However, as a typical learning-based control method, ILMPC generally requires the strict identity of trial lengths to implement 2-D receding horizon optimization. The randomly varying trial lengths extensively existing in practice can result in the insufficiency of learning prior information, and even the suspension of control update. Regarding this issue, this article embeds a novel prediction-based modification mechanism into ILMPC, to adjust the process data of each trial into the same length by compensating the data of absent running periods with the predictive sequences at the end point. Under this modification scheme, it is proved that the convergence of the classical ILMPC is guaranteed by an inequality condition relative with the probability distribution of trial lengths. Considering the practical batch process with complex nonlinearity, a 2-D neural-network predictive model with parameter adaptability along trials is established to generate highly matched compensation data for the prediction-based modification. To best utilize the real process information of multiple past trials while guaranteeing the learning priority of the latest trials, an event-based switching learning structure is proposed in ILMPC to determine different learning orders according to the probability event with respect to the trial length variation direction. The convergence of the nonlinear event-based switching ILMPC system is analyzed theoretically under two situations divided by the switching condition. The simulations on a numerical example and the injection molding process verify the superiority of the proposed control methods.

On Referential Parallelism and Compulsory Binding

Binding and ellipsis are empirically and theoretically symbiotic: each reveals otherwise hidden facts about the other. Here I investigate a case where a theory of binding is entwined with a problematic ellipsis- licensing mechanism, with the result that there are strong reasons to abandon both. The ellipsislicensing mechanism in question is Referential Parallelism (Fox 2000), according to which a bound pronoun may support strict identity under ellipsis. Jettisoning this mechanism forces us to abandon theories of binding that involve what I call compulsory binding, which encode a grammatical preference for binding over coreference and for local over nonlocal binding (Reinhart 1983, Grodzinsky and Reinhart 1993, Fox 2000, Büring 2005). In their place, I suggest that we adopt what I call the violation equivalence approach to binding (Heim 1993, Reinhart 2006, Roelofsen 2010) and a Foxstyle ellipsis-licensing mechanism based on formal alternatives (Katzir 2007, Fox and Katzir 2011).

The Universal Nature of a Spinozistic Substance

There is a longstanding alliance between rationalism and realism concerning universals. Spinoza does not disrupt that alliance. The nature of a Spinozistic substance, after all, is a universal. That is what I argue here. My central point is that a realist conception of universals is a key presumption behind Spinoza’s case for substance monism, a view historically recognized as a natural outgrowth of realism’s toleration of strict identity in diversity. After defending my central point (and, in addition, the secondary point that Spinoza is likely cognizant of this presumption), I respond to two concerns. First, I explain how the nature of a Spinozistic substance is a universal even though there can be only one instance of that nature. Second, I explain how Spinoza’s infamous rejection of universals does not contradict the fact that the nature of a substance is a universal.

‘Zoetology’: A New Name for an Old Way of Thinking

AbstractThe classical Greeks give us a substance ontology grounded in ‘being qua being’ or ‘being per se’ (to on he on) that guarantees a permanent and unchanging subject as the substratum for the human experience. With the combination of eidos and telos as the formal and final cause of independent things such as persons, this ‘substance’ necessarily persists through change. This substratum or essence includes its purpose for being, and is defining of the ‘what-it-means-to-be-a-thing-of-this-kind’ of any particular thing in setting a closed, exclusive boundary and the strict identity necessary for it to be this, and not that.In the Yijing 易經 or Book of Changes we find a vocabulary that makes explicit cosmological assumptions that are a stark alternative to this substance ontology, and provides the interpretive context for the Confucian canons by locating them within a holistic, organic, and ecological worldview. To provide a meaningful contrast with this fundamental assumption of on or ‘being’ we might borrow the Greek notion of zoe or ‘life’ and create the neologism ‘zoe-tology’ as ‘the art of living’. This cosmology begins from ‘living’ (sheng 生) itself as the motive force behind change, and gives us a world of boundless ‘becomings’: not ‘things’ that are, but ‘events’ that are happening, a contrast between an ontological conception of the human ‘being’ and a process conception of what I will call human ‘becomings’.

SemSyn: Semantic-Syntactic Similarity Based Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation Metric

Machine translation evaluation is difficult and challenging for natural languages because different languages behave differently for the same dataset. Lexical-based metrics have been poorly represented semantic relationships and impose strict identity matching. However, translation and assessment become difficult for target morphologically rich languages with relatively free word order. Most of the standard evaluation metrics consider word order but do not effectively consider sentence structure. In this paper, we propose a novel machine translation evaluation metric SemSyn which incorporates both semantic and syntactic similarity. We incorporate the term frequency-inverse document frequency with the earth mover’s distance and word embedding to cover the semantic similarity. The part of speech and dependency parsing tags assist in covering syntactic similarity in the sentence structure. Part of speech and dependency parsing tags are extracted from universal dependencies and trained on the SpaCy library. Experimental results show that SemSyn has a higher correlation with human judgment than other evaluation metrics for morphologically rich language and other languages.

Zero Trust and the future of cybersecurity in healthcare delivery organizations

Digital care transformation, the proliferation of disruptive technologies and the changing hybrid workforce have forced the evolution of traditional information technology network boundaries of healthcare organizations. The new landscape has rendered legacy existing perimeter defined and based cybersecurity solutions inadequate to meet increasing regulatory and federal demands for highly secure access management. Emerging compliance requirements, coupled with the concerning increase in healthcare data breaches, ransomware attacks, and security incidents targeting the healthcare sector, have transformed our historic notion of trust into an organizational vulnerability. A “Zero Trust” approach to information security is driven by an imperative to “never trust, always verify,” and requires strict, rigorous and continuous identity verification to minimize trust zones and their associated risk of security breach. Healthcare delivery organizations need to appreciate the importance of a Zero Trust strategy in reducing vulnerabilities, strengthening health system information security, and preventing successful security breaches, while also recognizing how identity and access management serves as the foundation of achieving Zero Trust.

Некоторые клинико-лабораторные особенности первичных оториноларингологических проявлений новой коронавирусной инфекции

The beginning of the 21st century was marked by the emergence of a new viral infection that has become a pandemic. Humanity has long been familiar with the coronavirus family. Their pathogenicity concerns mammals, including humans, amphibians, and birds causing diseases of various parts of the respiratory and digestive tracts. In nature, coronaviruses have a strict species identity, not spreading between macroorganisms of different species. However, under the necessary conditions, thanks to the reassortment of genetic material, they – like influenza viruses – are able to mutate and spread between different species. In the process of development, the virus acquired new properties, changing the nature of the course of the disease, giving it a wavelike appearance. These waves differed from each other both in the subjective sensations of patients and in clinical and laboratory manifestations and indicators. The world community and the healthcare systems of many states were not ready for such a test. The main task for dealing with the new coronavirus threat during the first wave of the so-called Wuhan strain since the beginning of 2020 has been the deployment of new hospitalization places as soon as possible and the fight against the terminal stages of the disease. In this regard, in most of the materials currently presented, there is extremely insufficient information about the manifestations of coronavirus infection from the upper respiratory tract. Attempts to understand this problem in more depth reveal a variety of clinical manifestations, a retrospective study of which will contribute to the early detection of the onset of this disease. On the basis of the clinic of otorhinolaryngology, the Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University analyzed the manifestations of a new coronavirus infection from the ENT organs during the pandemic from October 2021 to March 2022.

Synthetic Attributes and the Schematized Categories

AbstractWithin Kant scholarship, there is an entrenched tendency to distinguish, on Kant’s behalf, between pure and ‘schematized’ categories. There is also a widespread tendency to view the schematized categories as conceptually richer than the pure categories. I argue that this reading of the distinction, which I call the standard view, should be rejected. In its place, I draw on a neglected part of Kant’s theory of marks – namely, his account of ‘synthetic attributes’ – to propose an account of the distinction that preserves a strict identity between pure and schematized categories at the level of analysable content.

On the Importance of Coefficient Alpha for Measurement Research: Loading Equality Is Not Necessary for Alpha's Utility as a Scale Reliability Index.

The population relationship between coefficient alpha and scale reliability is studied in the widely used setting of unidimensional multicomponent measuring instruments. It is demonstrated that for any set of component loadings on the common factor, regardless of the extent of their inequality, the discrepancy between alpha and reliability can be arbitrarily small in any considered population and hence practically ignorable. In addition, the set of parameter values where this discrepancy is negligible is shown to possess the same dimensionality as that of the underlying model parameter space. The article contributes to the measurement and related literature by pointing out that (a) approximate or strict loading identity is not a necessary condition for the utility of alpha as a trustworthy index of scale reliability, and (b) coefficient alpha can be a dependable reliability measure with any extent of inequality in the component loadings.

Zero Trust Security: Reimagining Cyber Defense for Modern Organizations

In an era where cyber threats are growing in frequency and sophistication, traditional perimeter-based security models have proven inadequate for protecting modern organizational infrastructures. As digital transformation accelerates, driven by remote work, cloud adoption, and mobile device proliferation, organizations are adopting a new paradigm: Zero Trust Security. Zero Trust is a strategic approach to cybersecurity that assumes all network traffic, both external and internal, may be hostile. This model enforces strict identity verification, limited access, and continuous monitoring of every user, device, and system interaction within an organization’s network. This paper explores the principles and architecture of Zero Trust Security, outlining its core components such as Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), micro-segmentation, Identity and Access Management (IAM), and least privilege access. By examining why organizations are shifting to this model, the paper highlights how Zero Trust addresses the limitations of conventional security approaches, including their vulnerability to insider threats and unauthorized lateral movement within networks. We discuss the benefits of implementing a Zero Trust strategy, including enhanced security, improved regulatory compliance, and the potential for significant cost savings. Additionally, we provide case studies demonstrating the successful adoption of Zero Trust in various sectors. The paper also addresses the challenges that organizations face when transitioning to a Zero Trust framework, including integration with legacy systems and managing user experience. Finally, we propose metrics for measuring Zero Trust effectiveness and include a cost-benefit analysis comparing traditional and Zero Trust security models over a five-year period. Through this comprehensive examination, the paper emphasizes the role of Zero Trust Security as a reimagined approach for robust cyber defense in today’s complex digital environment, offering actionable insights for organizations looking to modernize their security postures.

Prevalence of questionable research practices, research misconduct and their potential explanatory factors: A survey among academic researchers in The Netherlands.

Prevalence of research misconduct, questionable research practices (QRPs) and their associations with a range of explanatory factors has not been studied sufficiently among academic researchers. The National Survey on Research Integrity targeted all disciplinary fields and academic ranks in the Netherlands. It included questions about engagement in fabrication, falsification and 11 QRPs over the previous three years, and 12 explanatory factor scales. We ensured strict identity protection and used the randomized response method for questions on research misconduct. 6,813 respondents completed the survey. Prevalence of fabrication was 4.3% (95% CI: 2.9, 5.7) and of falsification 4.2% (95% CI: 2.8, 5.6). Prevalence of QRPs ranged from 0.6% (95% CI: 0.5, 0.9) to 17.5% (95% CI: 16.4, 18.7) with 51.3% (95% CI: 50.1, 52.5) of respondents engaging frequently in at least one QRP. Being a PhD candidate or junior researcher increased the odds of frequently engaging in at least one QRP, as did being male. Scientific norm subscription (odds ratio (OR) 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.00) and perceived likelihood of detection by reviewers (OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.88) were associated with engaging in less research misconduct. Publication pressure was associated with more often engaging in one or more QRPs frequently (OR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.30). We found higher prevalence of misconduct than earlier surveys. Our results suggest that greater emphasis on scientific norm subscription, strengthening reviewers in their role as gatekeepers of research quality and curbing the "publish or perish" incentive system promotes research integrity.

Hobos – on the Fragility of Human Diachronic Identity in Whitehead’s Process Philosophy

After an exposition of the importance of the concept of diachronic identity and a short sketch of the bewildering confusion concerning the meaning of the terms intimately connected to it, an outline of the basic features of Whitehead’s process approach is presented in as far as it is relevant for the topic of the human person and identity. In a further step, Whitehead’s concept of ‘person’ as nested in this approach will be discussed and the dilemma between securing human identity on the one side and accounting at the same time for its flexible adaptivity to the environment on the other, will be elaborated. Then the concepts of strict and partial identity (in the sense of equivalence) and the problem of the fragility of human identity, and even its possible loss, and how identity can be secured within this processorganismic conception of ‘person’ will be dealt with. Finally, the sources of partial diachronic identity within the framework of process philosophy will be discussed.

Perspectives of digital identity – the case of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Each individual is unique, and the digital identity associated with a person should model and guarantee this uniqueness and the ability to reliably recognize him/her. In this paper, we review the challenges posed by the sudden transfer of a significant part of the social activity in the online realm, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with unforeseen consequences on the educational process in particular. If there was a fairly large spectrum of economic activities that were taking place or were facilitated via a digital medium prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the education system worldwide proved to not have been prepared to provide an effective and consistent response to the going online approach, which was merely a choice, but rather the only embraceable option. In the context of online education, this paper can design a comprehensive and integrated framework for assisting the process of students’ digital identity validation, particularly when attending an examination or any other form of academic evaluation conducted remotely. We also consider the integration of digital identity validation with platforms that offer educational content, knowledge evaluation tests, and other elements to which access must be ensured only for authorized users, based on a strict identity identification process to eliminate those who want to defraud or disrupt the functionality of the system.

John C. Swanson. Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary.

John C. Swanson. <i>Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary.</i>

AdaBLEU: A Modified BLEU Score for Morphologically Rich Languages

Machine Translation (MT) depends upon the MT evaluation for comparing several MT systems and gives a measure of their efficiency in terms of translation sentences. Consequently, MT evaluation has become an integral part of the MT procedure and it has led to the development of several MT evaluation metrics which can automatically assess the MT systems. Lexical metrics like BLEU have been mostly used in MT evaluation. However, these metrics poorly represent lexical relationships and impose strict identity matching, leading to less correlation with human evaluation for morphologically rich languages. To overcome the limitations posed by the BLEU evaluation metric for morphologically rich languages, we propose a MT evaluation score called AdaBLEU that is a modified BLEU evaluation score. The proposed score considers the lexical and syntactical properties for any language including the morphologically rich languages. It considers the Parts-of-Speech tags and Dependency Parsing tags along with the BLEU score of sentences. Our modification to the BLEU score does not require multiple reference sentences for evaluation. The evaluation of the performance of AdaBLEU has been conducted by comparing our proposed metric’s performance with several other evaluation metrices on different test datasets for different morphological languages. Experimental results show an improved performance in the case of the proposed score.