Striata Polysaccharide Research Articles

The effects of different extraction methods on the structure and antioxidant properties of Bletilla striata polysaccharide

Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) is one of the main active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicine Bletilla striata (Thunb) Richb.f and the extraction method of BSP has a significant impact on its properties. This study investigated the effects of four extraction methods, namely hot water extraction, ultrasonic extraction, enzyme extraction, and microwave extraction, on the structure and antioxidant properties of BSP. Characterization results from FTIR and NMR showed that all four BSP consisted mainly of glucose and mannose, forming α-glycosidic and β-glycosidic linkages to form glucomannan. Hot water extraction had the lowest extraction rate of BSP at 21.78% ± 0.73%. The polysaccharide BSP-H obtained from hot water extraction had the smallest absolute Zeta potential and Grain size, but the largest molecular weight at 204 kDa. It exhibited the best thermal stability and superior antioxidant activity compared to polysaccharides extracted using the other three methods, as evaluated by three different antioxidant assays. Although the antioxidant activity of BSP-V was slightly weaker, it showed a significant improvement compared to the remaining two polysaccharides. These results suggest that hot water extraction is the most suitable method for large-scale application of BSP, preserving its activity effectively, thus facilitating practical production and product development.

A novel multi-functional skin-care dry mask based on Bletilla Striata polysaccharide electrospun nanofibers

The dual challenges of additive safety and environmental sustainability in the current cosmetics market have attracted significant attention. In this study, we obtained raw materials from natural Chinese medicine, combined with electrospinning technology, developed a new type of environmentally friendly dry nanofiber multifunctional mask with Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) as the material and loaded with the sodium ferulate (SF). The optimal manufacturing process was screened by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the diameters of the dry nanofiber facial mask (DNFM) were mainly distributed in the range of 180–240 nm. Volunteer experiments and water contact angle assessments showed that the DNFM had good moisture retention and solubility. The experimental findings showcased that the water vapor transmission rate of the PVA/BSP/SF DNFM was 4607.77 ± 74.12 g/m2/day, and the tyrosinase inhibition rate was 52.88 %, over 98 % inhibition rates against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), and a 94.99 ± 0.24 % DPPH free radical scavenging rate. The mouse group treated with the DNFM displayed stronger resistance to UV damage. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and Live/Dead staining experiments verified its safety and biocompatibility. The combined application of electrospinning technology and natural Chinese medicine components provides a new strategy for the development of an environmentally friendly and convenient mask product.

Self-assembled ROS-triggered Bletilla striata polysaccharide-releasing hydrogel dressing for inflammation-regulation and enhanced tissue-healing

The antimicrobial and pro-healing properties remain critical clinical objectives for skin wound management. However, the escalating problem of antibiotic overuse and the corresponding rise in bacterial resistance necessitates an urgent shift towards an antibiotic-free approach to antibacterial treatment. The quest for antimicrobial efficacy while accelerating wound healing without antibiotic treatment have emerged as innovative strategies in skin wound treatment. Here, a dual-function hydrogel with antimicrobial and enhanced tissue-healing properties was developed by utilizing cyclodextrin, ferrocene, polyethyleneimine (PEI), and Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), through multiple non-covalent interactions, which can intelligently release BSP by recognizing the wound inflammatory microenvironment through the cyclodextrin-ferrocene unit. Moreover, the porosity (65 % - 85 %), Young's modulus (400 KPa - 140 KPa), and DPPH scavenge rate (18 % - 40 %) of the hydrogel are modulated by varying the BSP content. The hydrogel exhibits outstanding antibacterial properties (98.3 % reduction of Escherichia coli observed after exposure to HTFC@BSP-20 for 24 h) and favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore, in a rat full-thickness skin wound model, the dual-function hydrogel significantly accelerates wound healing, increased CD31 expression promotes vascular regeneration, reduced TNF-α express and inhibited the inflammation. This multifunctional ROS responsive hydrogel provides a new perspective for antibiotics-free treatment of skin injuries.

Effect of oxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide on fibrin hydrogel formation and its application in wound healing dressing

Wound healing is influenced by various factors, including oxidative damage, bacterial infection, and inadequate angiogenesis, which collectively contribute to a protracted healing process. In this work, we designed innovative multifunctional hydrogels based on fibrin integrated with Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSP) or oxidated Bletilla striata polysaccharides (OBSP) for use as wound dressings. The preliminary structure and bioactivity of BSP and OBSP were investigated. The effect of polysaccharides on the self-assembly process of fibrin hydrogels were also evaluated. BSP and OBSP significantly altered the initial fibrin fibrillogenesis and the ultimate structure of the fibrin network. Relative to pure fibrin hydrogel, the incorporation of BSP and OBSP enhanced water swelling and retention, and decelerated the degradation of hydrogels in PBS. Furthermore, BSP and OBSP augmented the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of fibrin hydrogels, with OBSP demonstrating superior performance in these aspects. Through the development of a murine wound model, it was observed that the wound healing efficacy of hydrogels incorporating BSP and OBSP surpassed that of the pure fibrin group. Notably, the hydrogel formulated with 25 mg/mL OBSP exhibited the most pronounced therapeutic effect, achieving a healing rate approaching 100 %. Consequently, fibrin-OBSP composite hydrogels demonstrate significant potential as wound dressings.

Therapeutic effect of oxidized bletilla striata polysaccharide-natamycin eye drops on fungal keratitis.

Fungal keratitis (FK) usually develops to a poor clinical prognosis due to the fungal invasion and excessive inflammatory reaction. In order to enhance the therapeutic effect of natamycin (NAT), we used the anti-inflammatory biological polysaccharide bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) combined with NAT to prepare a new eye drop -- oxidized bletilla striata polysaccharide-natamycin (OBN). UV-vis, FT-IR, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to identify the synthesis of OBN. Biocompatibility of OBN was determined by CCK-8, scratch assay, and corneal toxicity test. RAW264.7 cells and C57BL/6 mice were stimulated with A. fumigatus and treated with PBS, OBN, or NAT. The anti-inflammatory activity of OBN was detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. In mice with FK, the clinical scores were used to evaluate the effect of OBN; HE staining was performed to assess the corneal pathological changes; MPO assay and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate neutrophil infiltration. OBN was synthesized by combining oxidized bletilla striata polysaccharide (OBSP) with NAT through Schiff base reaction. OBN did not affect cell viability at a concentration of 160μg/mL in HCECs, RAW264.7 cells, and mouse corneas. OBN versus NAT significantly improved the prognosis of A. fumigatus keratitis by reducing disease severity, neutrophil infiltration, and expression of inflammatory factors in vivo. Additionally, OBN treatment down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 and mouse models. OBN is a compound prepared by covalently linking OBSP to the imino group of NAT through Schiff base reaction. OBN treatment down-regulated inflammation and improved the prognosis of mice with A. fumigatus keratitis.

Multifunctional nanofibrous scaffolds for enhancing full-thickness wound healing loaded with Bletilla striata polysaccharides

The considerable challenge of wound healing remains. In this study, we fabricated a novel multifunctional core-shell nanofibrous scaffold named EGF@BSP-CeO2/PLGA (EBCP), which is composed of Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), Ceria nanozyme (CeO2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as the core and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as the shell via an emulsion electrospinning technique. An increase in the BSP content within the scaffolds corresponded to improved wound healing performance. These scaffolds exhibited increased hydrophilicity and porosity and improved mechanical properties and anti-UV properties. EBCP exhibited sustained release, and the degradation rate was <4 % in PBS for 30 days. The superior biocompatibility was confirmed by the MTT assay, hemolysis, and H&E staining. In addition, the in vitro results revealed that, compared with the other groups, the EBCP group presented excellent antioxidant and antibacterial effects. More importantly, the in vivo results indicated that the wound closure rate of the EBCP group reached 94.0 % on day 10 in the presence of H2O2. The results demonstrated that EBCP could comprehensively regulate the wound microenvironment, possess hemostatic abilities, and significantly promote wound healing. In conclusion, the EBCP is promising for facilitating the treatment of infected wounds and represents a potential material for clinical applications.

Protective effects of degraded Bletilla striata polysaccharides against UVB-induced oxidative stress in skin

The Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSP) extracted through alkali-assisted method exhibit significant antioxidant activity, but its bioaccessibility was inadequate due to its tightly filamentous reticulation structure and high molecular weight. The anti-photoaging and anti-melanogenesis effects of degraded BSP (DBSPs) against UVB-induced oxidative stress on the skin were investigated. The molecular weights of the DBSPs were reduced to 153.94 kDa, 66.96 kDa, and 15.54 kDa from an initial value of 298.82 kDa. The degradation treatment altered the branched chain structure of the DBSPs, while the backbone structure, triple-helix structure, and crystallinity remained. DBSPs with a lower molecular weight exhibit better in vitro antioxidant activity. DBSPs did not show cytotoxicity to HSF cells but inhibited B16F10 cell proliferation. The addition of DBSPs protected HSF and B16F10 cells from oxidative stress and reduced ROS levels, B16F10 melanin content, and B16F10 tyrosinase activity after UVB damage, but DBSP-10 particles were slightly less effective due to aggregation. In contrast, DBSP-5 demonstrated effectiveness in reducing MDA levels in cells stressed by oxidative stress, increased total antioxidant capacity, and inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10, suggesting that DBSP-5 has potential as a topical therapeutic agent for the treatment of skin diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal the secondary metabolite networks in different growth stages of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f.

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. (B. striata) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. B. striata polysaccharides (BSP), stilbenes and 2-isobutyl malic acid glucosoxy-benzyl ester compounds are the main active ingredients in B. striata. However, there is limited report on the changes of medicinal components and their biosynthesis regulation mechanisms in the tubers of B. striata at different stages. The tubers of B. striata were collected during the flowering period, fruiting period, and harvest period to determine the total polysaccharide content using the phenol sulfuric acid method. The changes in secondary metabolites in the tubers at these stages were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and transcriptomics was conducted for further exploration of their biosynthetic pathways. The BSP content gradually increases from the flowering period to the fruiting period as the tubers develop, reaching its peak, but subsequently decreases at harvest time, which may be associated with the germination of B. striata buds in later stage. A total of 294 compounds were identified in this study. Among them, a majority of the compounds, such as 2-isobutyl malate gluconoxy-benzyl ester, exhibited high content during the fruit stage, while stilbenes like coelonin, 3'-O-methylbatatasin III, and blestriarene A accumulated during the harvesting period. The transcriptome data also revealed a substantial number of differentially expressed genes at various stages, providing a partial explanation for the complex changes in metabolites. We observed a correspondence between the expression pattern of GDP-Man biosynthesis-related enzyme genes and cumulative changes in BSP. And identified a positive correlation between 9 transcription factors and genes associated with polysaccharide biosynthesis, while 5 transcription factors were positively correlated with accumulation of 2-isobutyl malate gluconoxy-benzyl ester compounds and 5 transcription factors exhibited negative correlated with stilbene accumulation. It is imperative to determine the appropriate harvesting period based on the specific requirements of different active ingredients and the accumulation patterns of their metabolites. Considering the involvement of multiple transcription factors in the biosynthesis and accumulation of its active ingredients, a comprehensive investigation into the specific regulatory mechanisms that facilitate high-quality cultivation of B. striata is imperative.

Bletilla striata polysaccharide alleviates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via modulating gut microbiota and NR1H4 expression in mice

Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) is the main component of Bletilla striata and has been revealed to enhance immune responses. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results from the chronic inhalation of toxic particles and gases, which initiates innate and adaptive immune responses in the lungs. This study aimed to evaluate whether the effects of BSP on COPD were related to the abundance of gut microbiota and explored the underlying mechanism. COPD mice were induced with cigarette smoke and human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were subjected to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for in vitro studies. BSP alleviated the inflammatory response and the inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissues and promoted the recovery of respiratory function in COPD mice. BSP mitigated CSE-induced HBEC injury by repressing inflammation and oxidative stress. 16s rRNA sequencing revealed that BSP increased the abundance of Bacteroides intestinalis. Bacteroides intestinalis colonization enhanced the therapeutic effect of BSP in COPD mice by upregulating NR1H4 and its encoded protein FXR. Reduction of NR1H4 impaired the therapeutic impact of BSP and Bacteroides intestinalis in COPD. These data demonstrate that BSP inhibits COPD by upregulating NR1H4 through Bacteroides intestinalis, which underpins the application of BSP as a therapeutic agent for COPD.

Bletilla striata Polysaccharide-Containing Carboxymethyl Cellulose Bilayer Structure Membrane for Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion and Achilles Tendon Repair.

Postoperative tissue adhesion and poor tendon healing are major clinical problems associated with tendon surgery. To avoid postoperative adhesion and promote tendon healing, we developed and synthesized a membrane to wrap the surgical site after tendon suturing. The bilayer-structured porous membrane comprised an outer layer [1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether cross-linked with carboxymethyl cellulose (CX)] and an inner layer [1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether cross-linked with Bletilla striata polysaccharides and carboxymethyl cellulose (CXB)]. The morphology, chemical functional groups, and membrane structure were determined. In vitro experiments revealed that the CX/CXB membrane demonstrated good biosafety and biodegradability, promoted tenocyte proliferation and migration, and exhibited low cell attachment and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, in in vivo animal study, the CX/CXB membrane effectively reduced postoperative tendon-peripheral tissue adhesion and improved tendon repair, downregulating inflammatory cytokines in the tendon tissue at the surgical site, which ultimately increased tendon strength by 54% after 4 weeks.

Application of Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrogel for wound healing among in diabetes

Diabetes has become an increasingly serious global health crisis. Long-term hyperglycemia can lead to vascular and neurological disorders, thus deterring wound healing. Therefore, exploring treatment modalities for wounds in individuals with diabetes is clinically significant. Bletilla striata polysaccharide and bioactive natural polymers carbomer 940 and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) are cross-linked to form the Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrogel (named CCHG/BSP). Upon characterization, we found that the hydrogel has a porous structure and good mechanical and moisture retention properties. A hemolysis test revealed that the hydrogel had high safety. Furthermore, the hydrogel effectively promoted proliferation and migration in mouse L929 fibroblasts. In back wounds inflicted in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes, the CCHG/BSP hydrogel significantly promoted wound healing. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining of tissues around the wound suggest that the mechanism underlying wound healing in diabetes may involve the promotion of angiogenesis, regulation of inflammation, and promotion of collagen regeneration. This provides a foundation for studies on and the development of new BSP pharmacotherapeutic products and the clinical application of its hydrogel dressing, and provide novel avenues for treating wounds in individuals with diabetes.

Structural characterization and innate immunomodulatory effect of glucomannan from Bletilla striata

The crude polysaccharide of Bletilla striata in this study was extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation and further purified by gel column to yield the purified component Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP). Its structure and innate immune regulation activity were studied. BSP mainly comprises mannose and glucose, with a monosaccharide molar ratio of 2.9:1 and a weight-average molecular weight of 28,365 Da. It is a new low-molecular-weight water-soluble neutral glucomannan. BSP contains a → 6)-β-Manp-(1→, →4)-β-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-Manp-(1 → and →3)-α-Manp-(1 → linear main chain, containing β-Glcp-(1 → and β-Manp-(1 → two branched chain fragments were connected to the Man residue at position 4. BSP can enhance the anti-infection ability of Caenorhabditis elegans against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly improve the phagocytic ability of RAW264.7 macrophages, stimulate the secretion of NO and TNF-α, and have good innate immune regulation activity. These findings guide the use of Bletilla striata polysaccharides with immunomodulatory action.

A hydrogel based on Bletilla striata polysaccharide and hyaluronic acid topically administers tetramethylpyrazine for diabetic wound therapy

The delayed and incomplete wound healing often gives rise to the disability and mortality of diabetic patients. Conventional regimens are frequently inefficient to achieve diabetic wound recovery, and innovative alternatives are therefore needed to provide therapeutic benefits. Over the past decades, the advances in phytomedicines have revolutionized the field of wound healing and tissue regeneration. In the present study, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), an alkaloid isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, was applied for diabetic wound treatment. A hydrogel was developed using two biopolymers namely Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) for facilitating in situ administration of TMP on full-thickness wound in mice with streptozocin-induced diabetes. The resulting hydrogel formulation (termed TMP-BSP-HA) fulfilled inflammation attenuation, blood vessel growth, and collagen deposition. Consequently, TMP-BSP-HA significantly expedited diabetic wound healing relative to a TMP-loaded hydrogel formulation prepared by INTRASITE Gel (a commercial carboxymethylcellulose-based wound dressing). The present study demonstrates the pro-healing efficacy of TMP-BSP-HA, and provides a promising approach for diabetic wound therapy.

Bletilla striata Polysaccharide-/Chitosan-Based Self-Healing Hydrogel with Enhanced Photothermal Effect for Rapid Healing of Diabetic Infected Wounds via the Regulation of Microenvironment.

The management of diabetic ulcers poses a significant challenge worldwide, and persistent hyperglycemia makes patients susceptible to bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the overuse of antibiotics may lead to drug resistance and prolonged infections, contributing to chronic inflammation and hindering the healing process. To address these issues, a photothermal therapy technique was incorporated in the preparation of wound dressings. This innovative solution involved the formulation of a self-healing and injectable hydrogel matrix based on the Schiff base structure formed between the oxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) and hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan. Furthermore, the introduction of CuO nanoparticles encapsulated in polydopamine imparted excellent photothermal properties to the hydrogel, which promoted the release of berberine (BER) loaded on the nanoparticles and boosted the antibacterial performance. In addition to providing a reliable physical protection to the wound, the developed hydrogel, which integrated the herbal components of BSP and BER, effectively accelerated wound closure via microenvironment regulation, including alleviated inflammatory reaction, stimulated re-epithelialization, and reduced oxidative stress based on the promising results from cell and animal experiments. These impressive outcomes highlighted their clinical potential in safeguarding the wound against bacterial intrusion and managing diabetic ulcers.

A Multifunctional Herb-Derived Glycopeptide Hydrogel for Chronic Wound Healing.

Chronic wounds constitute an increasingly prevalent global healthcare issue, characterized by recurring bacterial infections, pronounced oxidative stress, compromised functionality of immune cells, unrelenting inflammatory reactions, and deficits in angiogenesis. In response to these multifaceted challenges, the study introduced a stimulus-responsive glycopeptide hydrogel constructed by oxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide (OBSP), gallic acid-grafted ε-Polylysine (PLY-GA), and paeoniflorin-loaded micelles (MIC@Pae), called OBPG&MP. The hydrogel emulates the structure of glycoprotein fibers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), exhibiting exceptional injectability, self-healing, and biocompatibility. It adapts responsively to the inflammatory microenvironment of chronic wounds, sequentially releasing therapeutic agents to eradicate bacterial infection, neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulate macrophage polarization, suppress inflammation, and encourage vascular regeneration and ECM remodeling, playing a critical role across the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the efficacy of OBPG&MP hydrogel in regulating the wound microenvironment and enhancing the regeneration and remodeling of chronic wound skin tissue. This research supports the vast potential for herb-derived multifunctional hydrogels in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Green Synthesis of Blumea balsamifera Oil Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Natural Emulsifiers and Its Effect on Wound Healing.

In this study, we developed a green and multifunctional bioactive nanoemulsion (BBG-NEs) of Blumea balsamifera oil using Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) as natural emulsifiers. The process parameters were optimized using particle size, PDI, and zeta potential as evaluation parameters. The physicochemical properties, stability, transdermal properties, and bioactivities of the BBG-NEs under optimal operating conditions were investigated. Finally, network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism underlying its wound-healing properties. After parameter optimization, BBG-NEs exhibited excellent stability and demonstrated favorable in vitro transdermal properties. Furthermore, it displayed enhanced antioxidant and wound-healing effects. SD rats wound-healing experiments demonstrated improved scab formation and accelerated healing in the BBG-NE treatment relative to BBO and emulsifier groups. Pharmacological network analyses showed that AKT1, CXCL8, and EGFR may be key targets of BBG-NEs in wound repair. The results of a scratch assay and Western blotting assay also demonstrated that BBG-NEs could effectively promote cell migration and inhibit inflammatory responses. These results indicate the potential of the developed BBG-NEs for antioxidant and skin wound applications, expanding the utility of natural emulsifiers. Meanwhile, this study provided a preliminary explanation of the potential mechanism of BBG-NEs to promote wound healing through network pharmacology and molecular docking, which provided a basis for the mechanistic study of green multifunctional nanoemulsions.

Cytochemical localization and synthesis mechanism of the glucomannan in pseudobulbs of Bletilla striata Reichb. f.

The dried pseudobulbs of Bletilla striata, an important traditional Chinese medicine named BaiJi, have an extraordinary polysaccharide content and excellent prospects for medicinal effects. However, the distribution and molecular mechanism underlying biosynthesis are poorly understood. In this study, chemical and immunologic analyses were performed in representative tissues of B. striata, and the results showed that what are conventionally termed Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSPs) are water-soluble polysaccharides deposited only in pseudobulbs. The structural component of BSPs is glucomannan, with a mannose:glucose mass ratio of ~3:2. BSPs are present in the parenchyma of the pseudobulbs in cells known as glucomannan idioblasts and distributed in the cytoplasm within cellular membranes, but are not contained in the vacuole. Comparative transcriptomics and bioinformatics analyses mapped the pathway from sucrose to BSP and identified BsGPI, BsmanA, and BsCSLAs as the key genes of BSP biosynthesis, suggesting that the functional differentiation of the cellulose synthase-like family A (CSLA) may be critical for the flow of glucomannan to the BSP or cell wall. Subsequently, virus-mediated gene silencing showed that silencing of two CSLAs (Bs03G11846 and Bs03G11849) led to a decrease in BSP content, and yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation experiments confirmed that four CSLAs (Bs03G11846, Bs03G11847, Bs03G11848, and Bs03G11849) can form homo- or heterodimers, suggesting that multiple CSLAs may form a large complex that functions in BSP synthesis. Our results provide cytological evidence of BSP and describe the isolation and characterization of candidate genes involved in BSP synthesis, laying a solid foundation for further research on its regulation mechanisms and the genetic engineering breeding of B. striata.

In sight the behavior of natural Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrocolloids by molecular dynamics method

Plant polysaccharides, distinguished by diverse glycosidic bonds and various cyclic sugar units, constitute a subclass of primary metabolites ubiquitously found in nature. Contrary to common understanding, plant polysaccharides typically form hydrocolloids upon dissolution in water, even though both excessively high and low temperatures impede this process. Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSP), chosen for this kinetic study due to their regular repeating units, help elucidate the relationship between polysaccharide gelation and temperature. It is suggested that elevated temperatures enhance the mobility of BSP molecular chains, resulting in a notable acceleration of hydrogen bond breakage between BSP and water molecules and consequently, compromising the conformational stability of BSPs to some extent. This study unveils the unique relationship between polysaccharide dissolution processes and temperature from a kinetics perspective. Consequently, the conclusion provides a dynamical basis for comprehending the extraction and preparation of natural plant polysaccharide hydrocolloids, pharmaceuticals and related fields.

Hydrogel microspheres based on Bletilla striata polysaccharide as a promising cervical positioning drug delivery system

Due to female cervical mucosa is smooth and covered with a mucous layer, so the spreadability and mucoadhesion are crucial for the development of cervical positioning drug delivery system (CPDDS). In this work, the natural polymer Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) as a hydrogel matrix-forming material was used for the preparing of hydrogel microspheres (HMs) by an improved emulsion crosslinking method. The prepared HMs have a spherical or quasi-spherical shape with a size of 115 ± 27 μm, resulting a good fluidity for spreading well at the administration site. By the physical entanglements of hydrophilic polymer chains of BSP, the matrix of HMs presents a microporous structure. With microporous matrix, the HMs could absorb water from mucous layer and achieve an optimum hydration required for mucoadhesion when they contact the cervical mucosa, also could keep their mucoadhesion behavior and morphology for a long time even after absorbing more water. As a result, the cervical positioning drug release behavior and long retention time at the cervical mucosa obtained. The loaded drug release profile of HMs include a low initial burst release and subsequent a longer sustained release, this is beneficial for the local treatment of cervical diseases. Owing to the BSP is a natural biodegradable polymer, the HMs have better biocompatibility with mucosal tissues and without causing irritation. In conclusion, this work suggest that the HMs based on BSP polymer is a promising CPDDS for clinical applications.

Biocompatible Bletilla striata polysaccharide-based hemostatic sponges enhance wound healing and reduce the risk for infections

Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) is an extract derived from the rare and valuable Chinese herb Bletilla striata [Thunb.] Reichb. f. Although BSP research has progressed considerably, producing portable BSP dressings with hemostatic efficacy remains challenging. This study describes a novel dressing with a reticulate structure. To create this structure, BSP sponges were cross-linked with chitosan and lyophilized. The resulting BSP sponges had excellent mechanical properties, a high density of pores, and an outstanding capacity for fluid absorption. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the BSP sponges had excellent hemostatic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties; they also exhibited good stimulation of cell growth and wound healing properties. Furthermore, they were less likely to provoke complications than traditional materials. Cytocompatibility assays revealed that they also stimulated cell proliferation. Therefore, our study suggests that BSP sponges have promising clinical applications as wound dressings.